Benefits
- Benefit
-
0.22 standard deviations higher in math and 0.20 standard deviations higher in Hindi
Awaiting review
- Outcome identifiers
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Category
-
Improved Learning
Awaiting review
- Status
-
Reported benefit
Awaiting review
- Beneficiary groups
-
People. Organizations.
Awaiting review
- Beneficiaries
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Reach
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Distribution and access
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Duration
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Expected?
-
Yes
Awaiting review
- Costs and harms
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
AI system
- System
-
Mindspark personalized adaptive learning software (math and Hindi), used in school computer labs
Awaiting review
- Model
-
This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Release
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Provider
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Role
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Configuration
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Inputs and outputs
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Autonomy
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Workflow
-
Schools moved part of regular math and Hindi time into computer lab periods on the software. Each school had a lab assistant who kept the computers working. Gains rose with the time that students spent on the platform.
Awaiting review
- Human oversight
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Relation to AI
-
Schools were randomized to the whole program or to regular teaching. The program bundled the adaptive software with new computer labs, lab assistants and changed timetables, so the trial does not separate the software's adaptation from the extra equipment and time on computers.
Awaiting review
- AI contribution
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
Measurement
- Studies
-
Randomized. [1]
Fully reviewed: supporting details for Studies
Review date: 29 October 2026.
Sources: [1]
- Study design
-
Randomized. [1]
Fully reviewed: supporting details for Study design
Review date: 29 October 2026.
Sources: [1]
- Measurement
-
Independently designed and administered math and Hindi tests, scaled with item response theory. [1]
Fully reviewed: supporting details for Measurement
Review date: 29 October 2026.
Sources: [1]
- Setting and sample
-
80 Adarsh public schools (about 6,500 students) in four districts of Rajasthan, India. [1]
Fully reviewed: supporting details for Setting and sample
Review date: 29 October 2026.
Sources: [1]
- Measures
-
Test scores in standard deviations after 18 months. [1]
Fully reviewed: supporting details for Measures
Review date: 29 October 2026.
Sources: [1]
- Comparison
-
40 comparison schools with regular teaching. [1]
Fully reviewed: supporting details for Comparison
Review date: 29 October 2026.
Sources: [1]
- Results
-
0.22 SD in math and 0.20 SD in Hindi. [1]
Fully reviewed: supporting details for Results
Review date: 29 October 2026.
Sources: [1]
- Additional value from AI
-
Not isolated; the estimate covers the software with labs, lab assistants and timetable changes. [1]
Fully reviewed: supporting details for Additional value from AI
Review date: 29 October 2026.
Sources: [1]
- Limitations
-
Working paper; no effect on school exams; Adarsh schools have better infrastructure than other public schools. [1]
Fully reviewed: supporting details for Limitations
Review date: 29 October 2026.
Sources: [1]
Money
- Kind of value
-
The kind of monetary value is unclear.
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Amount
-
The monetary value is not established.
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Currency and prices
-
The currency and price basis are unclear.
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Period and unit
-
The period and unit of the monetary estimate are unclear.
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Realization
-
Whether the monetary value was realized is unclear.
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Recipients and payers
-
The recipients and payers are unclear.
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Gross or net
-
Whether the monetary figure includes costs is unclear.
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Included costs
-
The costs included in the estimate are unclear.
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Comparison
-
The financial comparison is not established.
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Method
-
The method used to calculate monetary value is unclear.
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Return and payback
-
The return on investment or payback period is not established.
Not reviewedUnresolved
People and places
- Participants
-
Developer:
Educational Initiatives (EI). Operator: Government of Rajasthan with Educational Initiatives, in 40 Adarsh public schools.Awaiting review
- Jurisdictions
-
Benefit: Churu, Jhunjhunu, Udaipur and Dungarpur districts, Rajasthan,
India. Developer: India. Operator: India.Awaiting review
- Ownership and control
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Dependencies
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Cross-border connections
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Geopolitical implications
-
The geopolitical implications are unclear.
Not reviewedUnresolved
Follow-up
- Conditions for replication
-
Schools need working computer labs and someone to run them. Timetables must protect the lab periods.
Awaiting review
- Replication attempts
-
1 follow-up entry. Benefit recurred: 1.
Awaiting review
- Later findings
-
J-PAL reports that Mindspark ran in more than 2,200 government schools in 13 Indian states in 2024-25.
Awaiting review
- Availability
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Institutional decision
-
A relevant institutional decision has not been established.
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Grounds
-
The grounds for an institutional decision are unclear.
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Action and result
-
The result of an institutional decision is not established.
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Success criterion
-
The criterion for a successful institutional decision is unclear.
Not reviewedUnresolved
Evidence
- Source numbers
-
AIBD-0615-source-0001–0003
Awaiting review
- Citations
-
Numbered references below.
Awaiting review
- Language
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Source relationships
-
Independent
Awaiting review
- Original evidence
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Access and versions
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Supported findings
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Evidence links
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Evidence strength
-
Independently studied. Sources: three independent reports. The cited evidence includes no finding by a regulator or court. [1] [2] [3]
- Missing evidence
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
Grades
- Assessed benefits
-
People. Organizations.
Awaiting review
- Depth
-
People: 2. Organizations: 2.
Awaiting review
- Reasons
-
People: Students in treatment schools scored 0.22 standard deviations higher in math and 0.20 higher in Hindi after 18 months. Organizations: The authors estimate a 50 to 66 percent increase in the productivity of school time, and J-PAL reports that the in-school model was twice as cost-effective as the earlier after-school model.
Awaiting review
- Observed or intended
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Rubric
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Assessor and date
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Alternative assessments
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Fill
-
Independently studied
Awaiting review
Entry details
- Kind
-
The case describes an evaluation or a study. The case is a school-randomized trial by academic researchers. [1]
Fully reviewed: supporting details for Kind
Review date: 29 October 2026.
Sources: [1]
- Related entries
-
No incident in the AI Incident Database snapshot of 26 October 2026 concerns the same kind of system harming the same kind of stakeholder.
Partly reviewedUnresolved: supporting details for Related entries
Compared with the incidents in the AI Incident Database snapshot of 26 October 2026.
- Field
-
Education.
Awaiting review
- Purpose
-
Mindspark was built to give each student exercises at the student's own level and to adapt as the student progresses. Higher test scores were that purpose.
Awaiting review
- Dates
-
Observed: February 2019. Updated: 29 October 2026.
Awaiting review
- Stage
-
The system was being scaled up. The trial tested an in-school model meant for scale, and J-PAL reports later use in more than 2,200 government schools. [1]
Fully reviewed: supporting details for Stage
Review date: 29 October 2026.
Sources: [1]
- Version
-
SHA-256: d46fe6c874b7…
Awaiting review: supporting details for Version
SHA-256 of the public case, its assessments, and its displayed answers and notes, excluding its own identifier and the derived coverage summary.
References
- Other identifiers
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Category mappings
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Citable summary
-
Unresolved
Not reviewedUnresolved
- Revisions
-
1 revision. Latest: 29 October 2026.
Awaiting review
Sources
-
Report Independent author
Muralidharan K, Singh A. Adapting for Scale: Experimental Evidence on Technology-Aided Instruction in India. NBER Working Paper 34205, September 2025, revised November 2025. doi:10.3386/w34205
After 18 months, treated students scored 0.22σ higher in Mathematics and 0.20σ higher in Hindi, a 50-66% productivity increase over the control group.
-
Report Independent author
Muralidharan K, Singh A. NBER Working Paper 34205, full text (study design and baseline).
We collected baseline data on school characteristics, student test scores, and socioeconomic status in October 2017
-
Report Independent author
J-PAL. Scaling Personalized Adaptive Learning (PAL) for Math and Language in India. Evaluation summary, AEARCTR-0002546.
Despite learning gains on independently administered tests, the intervention had no effects on school exam scores in math or Hindi.