{"id":"AIBD-1217","title":"Cleveland State University evaluators find that ShotSpotter alerts were located more accurately than 911 calls and let Cleveland police respond faster","summary":"In a City-funded evaluation, Cleveland State criminologists found that ShotSpotter alerts were located more accurately than most 911 calls and let officers respond faster. Crime did not fall.","date_observed":"2025-08-01","date_basis":"source publication","date_precision":"month","benefit_status":"mixed","source_collection":null,"source_entry":null,"account":"Cleveland first piloted ShotSpotter in a three-square-mile area of its Fourth District in November 2020 and expanded coverage to 13 square miles by June 2024. In summer 2023 the City contracted Stephanie Kent and Rachel Lovell of Cleveland State University's Criminology Research Center for a two-year evaluation, which the City funded. Their report, dated August 2025, draws on ShotSpotter data, surveys, interviews and police records. The evaluators found that the system was generally accurate and that its alerts were located more accurately than most 911 calls, so officers could respond faster. In the first quarter of 2025, 96% of alerts were identified within 60 seconds and officers were dispatched 81 seconds on average after an alert. Evidence collection was more likely with ShotSpotter, and 126 arrests were connected to alerts in 2023 and 2024, though most alerts led to no actionable step. The evaluators could not compare alerts with 911 calls directly. They found that about 21 alerts a day strained a shrinking force and wrote that by itself ShotSpotter does not directly reduce crime. They describe the detection as an automated, AI-based algorithm followed by human analysts.","category":"aggregate result","unexpected":false,"purpose":"ShotSpotter built its gunshot detection system to locate outdoor gunfire with acoustic sensors and alert police to each incident.","system":"ShotSpotter gunfire detection system (acoustic sensors, an automated algorithm and human review)","model_version":null,"developer":"SoundThinking, Inc. (formerly ShotSpotter, Inc.)","deployer":"Cleveland Division of Police","location":"Cleveland, Ohio, United States","domain":"Policing (gunfire detection)","segment":null,"benefit_type":"Reduced Task Time","work_activities":["4.A.1.b.1","4.A.1.a.2"],"taxonomy_note":"The faster response rests on the alerts' location accuracy, which the evaluators judged from ShotSpotter data and officer interviews without measuring response times against 911 calls.","registry_ids":{},"ratings":[{"group":"organizational","depth":1,"reason":"The evaluators found that officers can respond faster than to 911 calls and that evidence collection is more likely with ShotSpotter, but they did not measure the response-time difference."},{"group":"societal","depth":null,"reason":"The evaluators found that by itself ShotSpotter does not directly reduce crime, and residents' views of it were mixed."}],"ai_role":{"status":"unassessed","statement":"The evaluators judged the faster response from the accuracy of alert locations, ShotSpotter's timing data and officer interviews, and they could not evaluate alerts separately from 911 calls. Each alert passes an automated algorithm and then SoundThinking's human analysts, and the report does not separate the two."},"evidence":[{"kind":"evaluation report","citation":"Kent, Stephanie L. and Rachel E. Lovell. Evaluation of the Cleveland Division of Police's Implementation of ShotSpotter. Criminology Research Center, Levin College of Public Affairs and Education, Cleveland State University, August 2025.","title":"Evaluation of the Cleveland Division of Police's Implementation of ShotSpotter","url":"https://signalcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/CSU-ShotSpotter-Final-Report-2025-09-05-FINAL-1.pdf","date":"2025-08-01","written_by":"evaluator","quote":"ShotSpotter alerts are more accurately located than most 911 calls, resulting in faster response times for gunfire-related incidents. Given the accuracy with which ShotSpotter is able to detect gunfire and the inaccuracy of the location of gunfire in reported calls, officers can respond faster than with 911 calls."},{"kind":"evaluation report","citation":"Kent, Stephanie L. and Rachel E. Lovell. Evaluation of the Cleveland Division of Police's Implementation of ShotSpotter. Criminology Research Center, Levin College of Public Affairs and Education, Cleveland State University, August 2025.","title":"Evaluation of the Cleveland Division of Police's Implementation of ShotSpotter","url":"https://signalcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/CSU-ShotSpotter-Final-Report-2025-09-05-FINAL-1.pdf","date":"2025-08-01","written_by":"evaluator","quote":"The average time from published ShotSpotter alert until officer dispatched (based on CAD creation time) for alerts in Quarter 1 of 2025 was 81 seconds (Median: 78 seconds). In our evaluation, it was not possible to evaluate ShotSpotter alerts separately from 911 calls."},{"kind":"evaluation report","citation":"Kent, Stephanie L. and Rachel E. Lovell. Evaluation of the Cleveland Division of Police's Implementation of ShotSpotter. Criminology Research Center, Levin College of Public Affairs and Education, Cleveland State University, August 2025.","title":"Evaluation of the Cleveland Division of Police's Implementation of ShotSpotter","url":"https://signalcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/CSU-ShotSpotter-Final-Report-2025-09-05-FINAL-1.pdf","date":"2025-08-01","written_by":"evaluator","quote":"While the vast majority of the ShotSpotter alerts do not result in evidence collection, evidence collection is more likely with ShotSpotter than without."},{"kind":"evaluation report","citation":"Kent, Stephanie L. and Rachel E. Lovell. Evaluation of the Cleveland Division of Police's Implementation of ShotSpotter. 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