{"id":"AIBD-1216","title":"Duke Law's Wilson Center finds that Fayetteville police were dispatched over 2 minutes faster after ShotSpotter alerts than after 911 calls alone","summary":"In an evaluation for the City of Fayetteville, officers were dispatched in ~69 seconds after ShotSpotter alerts against ~204 seconds after 911 calls alone. Victim outcomes could not be assessed.","date_observed":"2025-08-25","date_basis":"source publication","date_precision":"day","benefit_status":"mixed","source_collection":null,"source_entry":null,"account":"The City of Fayetteville signed an agreement with SoundThinking in 2022. ShotSpotter coverage began on 26 September 2023 in three zones of about one square mile each, 2.93 square miles in all. The City contracted the Wilson Center for Science and Justice at Duke Law to evaluate the first 18 months. Jessica Gettleman and Tyler Kendall compared gunshot notifications, dispatch times and arrival times for ShotSpotter alerts, 911 calls and both. Their report, dated August 2025, covers March 2022 to March 2025. Dispatch took about 204 seconds after a 911 call alone, about 69 seconds after a ShotSpotter alert alone and about 68 seconds after both. Officers arrived about 422 seconds after an alert against about 541 seconds after a 911 call alone. The evaluators found that gunshot incidents had been falling citywide before installation and wrote that ShotSpotter appeared not to have served as a deterrent. They had no outcome data for 911-only incidents and could not say whether the faster response improved investigative or victim outcomes. The report offers no recommendation on whether the City should continue.","category":"aggregate result","unexpected":false,"purpose":"ShotSpotter built its gunshot detection system to locate outdoor gunfire with acoustic sensors and alert police to each incident.","system":"ShotSpotter acoustic gunshot detection system","model_version":null,"developer":"SoundThinking, Inc. (formerly ShotSpotter, Inc.)","deployer":"Fayetteville Police Department, under a City of Fayetteville agreement with SoundThinking","location":"Fayetteville, North Carolina, United States","domain":"Policing (gunfire detection)","segment":null,"benefit_type":"Reduced Task Time","work_activities":["4.A.1.b.1","4.A.1.a.2"],"taxonomy_note":null,"registry_ids":{},"ratings":[{"group":"organizational","depth":2,"reason":"Officers were dispatched about 135 seconds sooner and arrived about two minutes sooner after ShotSpotter alerts than after 911 calls alone in the three zones."},{"group":"societal","depth":null,"reason":"The evaluators had no outcome data for 911-only incidents, could not show better investigative or victim outcomes and found no fall in gunfire in the zones."}],"ai_role":{"status":"assessed","statement":"The evaluators compared dispatch and arrival times for incidents reported by ShotSpotter alerts, by 911 calls and by both in the same zones, which isolates the alert's part in the faster dispatch. Alerts pass through SoundThinking's human reviewers before publication, and the report does not separate the detection software from that review."},"evidence":[{"kind":"evaluation report","citation":"Gettleman, Jessica and Tyler Kendall. Evaluation of Fayetteville's ShotSpotter Installation: Results from the First 18 Months. Wilson Center for Science and Justice, Duke University School of Law, August 2025.","title":"Evaluation of Fayetteville's ShotSpotter Installation: Results from the First 18 Months","url":"https://wcsj.law.duke.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Fayetteville-Report-For-City-August-25-2025.pdf","date":"2025-08-25","written_by":"evaluator","quote":"Police are dispatched more quickly following ShotSpotter alerts compared to 911 calls alone. Dispatch times were over 2 minutes faster for ShotSpotter alerts than for 911 calls alone in the ShotSpotter coverage zones."},{"kind":"evaluation report","citation":"Gettleman, Jessica and Tyler Kendall. Evaluation of Fayetteville's ShotSpotter Installation: Results from the First 18 Months. Wilson Center for Science and Justice, Duke University School of Law, August 2025.","title":"Evaluation of Fayetteville's ShotSpotter Installation: Results from the First 18 Months","url":"https://wcsj.law.duke.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Fayetteville-Report-For-City-August-25-2025.pdf","date":"2025-08-25","written_by":"evaluator","quote":"dispatch times were significantly longer when FPD received only a 911 call (~204 seconds on average across the three zones) compared to when FPD received either a ShotSpotter alert alone (~69 seconds) or a ShotSpotter alert in addition to a 911 call (~68 seconds)"},{"kind":"evaluation report","citation":"Gettleman, Jessica and Tyler Kendall. Evaluation of Fayetteville's ShotSpotter Installation: Results from the First 18 Months. Wilson Center for Science and Justice, Duke University School of Law, August 2025.","title":"Evaluation of Fayetteville's ShotSpotter Installation: Results from the First 18 Months","url":"https://wcsj.law.duke.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Fayetteville-Report-For-City-August-25-2025.pdf","date":"2025-08-25","written_by":"evaluator","quote":"FPD officers arrive on scene more quickly in response to ShotSpotter alerts (~422 seconds or about 7 minutes across the three zones) or ShotSpotter alerts paired with 911 calls (~375 seconds or over 6 minutes), compared to 911 calls alone (~541 seconds or about 9 minutes)"},{"kind":"evaluation report","citation":"Gettleman, Jessica and Tyler Kendall. Evaluation of Fayetteville's ShotSpotter Installation: Results from the First 18 Months. Wilson Center for Science and Justice, Duke University School of Law, August 2025.","title":"Evaluation of Fayetteville's ShotSpotter Installation: Results from the First 18 Months","url":"https://wcsj.law.duke.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Fayetteville-Report-For-City-August-25-2025.pdf","date":"2025-08-25","written_by":"evaluator","quote":"We are unable to assess, however, whether this faster response has resulted in improved investigative or victim outcomes.","supports_benefit":false},{"kind":"other","citation":"SoundThinking. ShotSpotter Gunshot Detection System, product page.","title":"ShotSpotter Gunshot Detection System","url":"https://www.soundthinking.com/law-enforcement/gunshot-detection-technology/","date":null,"written_by":"makers","quote":"If an incident is created and sent to our Incident Review Center the short audio snippet is stored permanently for evidentiary purposes as well as to train the machine learning model.","supports_benefit":false}],"replication":{"produced_by":["Sensors covered three zones of about one square mile each, 2.93 square miles in all, chosen for their high rates of gun violence.","Coverage began on 26 September 2023 under an agreement that the City signed with SoundThinking in 2022.","The evaluators compared dispatch and arrival times for ShotSpotter alerts, 911 calls and both, from March 2022 to March 2025."],"must_hold":["Gunfire must occur inside a coverage zone.","Police must dispatch officers to alerts as they do to 911 calls."],"echoes":[]},"paired_incident":null,"headline":"*ShotSpotter* cut Fayetteville dispatch times by about two minutes","metric":"~69 seconds after ShotSpotter alerts against ~204 seconds after 911 calls alone","comparator":{"against":"911 calls alone about shots fired in the three ShotSpotter coverage zones","before":"~204 seconds on average from receipt to dispatch after a 911 call alone","after":"~69 seconds after a ShotSpotter alert alone, ~68 seconds with a 911 call as well","basis":"measured","quote":"dispatch times were significantly longer when FPD received only a 911 call (~204 seconds on average across the three zones) compared to when FPD received either a ShotSpotter alert alone (~69 seconds) or a ShotSpotter alert in addition to a 911 call (~68 seconds)","url":"https://wcsj.law.duke.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Fayetteville-Report-For-City-August-25-2025.pdf"},"later":null,"learns_from_data":{"value":"shown","note":"SoundThinking's product page says that audio from reviewed incidents is kept to train the machine learning model that filters detections. The lead document describes the sensors and the human review and does not describe the classifier.","quote":"If an incident is created and sent to our Incident Review Center the short audio snippet is stored permanently for evidentiary purposes as well as to train the machine learning model.","url":"https://www.soundthinking.com/law-enforcement/gunshot-detection-technology/"},"benefit_dimensions":["functional","societal"],"benefit_categories":["physical_health","operational_improvement"],"scsp_example":"Crime reduction or prevention","size":{"reach":{"band":1,"fact":"One police department, Fayetteville's, was dispatched faster in its three coverage zones.","quote":"Police are dispatched more quickly following ShotSpotter alerts compared to 911 calls alone. Dispatch times were over 2 minutes faster for ShotSpotter alerts than for 911 calls alone in the ShotSpotter coverage zones.","url":"https://wcsj.law.duke.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Fayetteville-Report-For-City-August-25-2025.pdf","reason":null},"duration":{"band":4,"fact":"The faster dispatch held across the first 18 months of operation, from September 2023 to March 2025.","quote":"This report presents an independent evaluation covering the first 18 months of ShotSpotter's operation in Fayetteville, from September 26, 2023 through March 31, 2025.","url":"https://wcsj.law.duke.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Fayetteville-Report-For-City-August-25-2025.pdf","reason":null},"distribution":{"band":null,"fact":null,"quote":null,"url":null,"reason":"The report compares coverage zones with the rest of the city and names no groups of residents who gained more or less."},"frequency":{"band":5,"fact":"Police received about 43.5 alerts a month in the coverage zones, more than one a day on average.","quote":"Between October 2023 and March 2025, FPD received an average of 43.5 ShotSpotter alerts per month, with a low of 29 in February 2025 and a peak of 71 in October 2023, the first full month of ShotSpotter.","url":"https://wcsj.law.duke.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Fayetteville-Report-For-City-August-25-2025.pdf","reason":null}},"value":null,"developer_country":"United States","deployer_country":"United States","unrated_because":null,"brief_notes":null,"brief":null,"revisions":[{"date":"2026-11-01","change":"Added the record from the finding of the Wilson Center for Science and Justice at Duke Law, in an evaluation that the City of Fayetteville commissioned.","source":"https://wcsj.law.duke.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Fayetteville-Report-For-City-August-25-2025.pdf","editor":"AIBD"},{"date":"2026-11-01","change":"Placed the benefit under its broad categories and recorded its reach, duration, distribution and frequency from its sources.","source":null,"editor":"AIBD"}],"confidence":"claimed","shade":"low","claim_status":"The evaluator's account","claim_basis":"Sources: the makers' other source and the evaluators' evaluation report. 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