{"id":"AIBD-1136","title":"Paraná's Court of Justice upheld IAT enforcement against Atlantic Forest clearing flagged by MapBiomas Alerta in nine decisions from 2024 to 2026","summary":"Paraná's Court of Justice upheld IAT enforcement in nine decisions from 2024 to 2026 on Atlantic Forest clearing flagged by MapBiomas alerts. None rejected the satellite evidence.","date_observed":"2026-09-15","date_basis":"source publication","date_precision":"day","benefit_status":"reported","source_collection":null,"source_entry":null,"account":"MapBiomas compiles deforestation alerts, has analysts validate each on Planet images and refines its outline with a supervised Random Forest classifier. Analysts at Paraná's environmental agency, the Instituto Água e Terra (IAT), check such alerts in the satellite reports behind its infraction notices, sometimes without a site visit. From November 2024 to September 2026, the Court of Justice of Paraná decided nine cases built on these notices. It upheld or imposed fines, embargoes and repair orders in four civil appeals. Three interim rulings treated the notices as presumed true, though one suspended R$104,000 in fines as disproportionate for a small farmer. By majority, the court let a prosecution over 116.2 ha go ahead and upheld a conviction. In the lead case, it found that human operators had compared before-and-after images on MapBiomas, Google Earth Pro and the federal Brasil MAIS platform. It called the agency's conclusions \"epistemologicamente confiáveis\", epistemologically reliable. No decision rejected the satellite evidence. In both criminal cases, a dissenting judge held that the reports could not replace a forensic exam. No court measured the alerts' accuracy.","category":"protective response","unexpected":false,"purpose":"MapBiomas built MapBiomas Alerta to compile, validate and refine deforestation alerts from detection systems across Brazil and to publish each confirmed clearing with a report.","system":"MapBiomas Alerta, checked in IAT reports with alerts of the federal Brasil MAIS satellite platform (the decisions call it 'Mapbiomas', 'Mapa Biomas' or 'Alerta Mapbiomas')","model_version":null,"developer":"MapBiomas (MapBiomas Alerta), which compiles source alerts from other detection systems. The lead case also names the SCCON web platform of the Programa Brasil Mais, a system of the Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública.","deployer":"Instituto Água e Terra (IAT), Paraná's environmental agency, through its geographic intelligence unit (NGI) and inspectors. The Ministério Público do Paraná brought the civil actions and prosecutions.","location":"Paraná, Brazil (cases from Irati, Rebouças, Dois Vizinhos, Guarapuava, Telêmaco Borba, Cantagalo, Marmeleiro and Bocaiúva do Sul)","domain":"Environmental enforcement: Atlantic Forest clearing","segment":null,"benefit_type":"Improved Environmental Sustainability","work_activities":["4.A.1.b.1","4.A.1.a.2"],"taxonomy_note":"The decisions document enforcement against illegal clearing. They do not show whether any forest was restored.","registry_ids":{},"ratings":[{"group":"organizational","depth":2,"reason":"The court upheld or kept in force IAT fines, embargoes and repair orders that rested on alert-based satellite analysis, including a notice issued without a site visit."},{"group":"societal","depth":null,"reason":"The decisions order repair and keep embargoes on cleared Atlantic Forest, but none reports whether the forest grew back."}],"ai_role":{"status":"unassessed","statement":"The decisions do not compare enforcement with and without the alerts, and no court tested their accuracy. IAT analysts set each alert against other satellite images, and some cases add overflights or site visits. MapBiomas states that analysts validate each alert on Planet images and that a supervised Random Forest classifier refines its outline. In the lead case the court treats the tools as artificial intelligence and finds that a human was in the loop, but it does not describe the models."},"evidence":[{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 5ª Câmara Cível. Apelação Cível e Remessa Necessária nº 0000534-55.2025.8.16.0095 (Irati), Rel. Des. Hamilton Rafael Marins Schwartz. Judgment of 15 September 2026, published 18 September 2026. Appeal and mandatory review partly granted: the dismissal was reversed and repair of the damage ordered.","title":"Apelação Cível e Remessa Necessária nº 0000534-55.2025.8.16.0095 (Irati), Rel. Des. Hamilton Rafael Marins Schwartz","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/j/4100000037190891/Ac%C3%B3rd%C3%A3o-0000534-55.2025.8.16.0095","date":"2026-09-15","written_by":"independent","quote":"resulta de operação técnica assistida por operadores humanos em ferramentas geoespaciais oficiais (Mapbiomas, Google Earth Pro e Plataforma Web SCCON do Programa Brasil Mais). 8.1. Assim, a lavratura do auto de infração observou o imperativo human-in-the-loop em sua dimensão substantiva, revelando-se as conclusões administrativas epistemologicamente confiáveis"},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 5ª Câmara Cível. Apelação Cível nº 0000385-44.2024.8.16.0079 (Dois Vizinhos), Rel. Des. Carlos Mansur Arida. Judgment of 13 July 2026, published 29 July 2026. Appeal denied: the embargo was upheld.","title":"Apelação Cível nº 0000385-44.2024.8.16.0079 (Dois Vizinhos), Rel. Des. Carlos Mansur Arida","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/j/4100000036052551/Ac%C3%B3rd%C3%A3o-0000385-44.2024.8.16.0079","date":"2026-07-13","written_by":"independent","quote":"não há que se falar em prova frágil por parte do IAT, em razão de ter feito tão somente a vistoria por meio de imagens de satélite, uma vez que a ausência de vistoria in loco não afasta a presunção de veracidade dos dados colhidos por imagens de satélite."},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 4ª Turma Recursal dos Juizados Especiais. Recurso Inominado nº 0000937-77.2025.8.16.0142 (Rebouças), Rel. Juiz Marco Vinicius Schiebel. Judgment of 5 August 2026, published 7 August 2026. Appeal denied: the fine and embargo were upheld.","title":"Recurso Inominado nº 0000937-77.2025.8.16.0142 (Rebouças), Rel. Juiz Marco Vinicius Schiebel","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/j/2100000038191841/Ac%C3%B3rd%C3%A3o-0000937-77.2025.8.16.0142","date":"2026-08-05","written_by":"independent","quote":"O referido estudo técnico procedeu ao exame cronológico de imagens de satélite compreendidas entre os anos de 2013 e 2024, evidenciando com nitidez que o desmatamento ilegal ocorreu entre os meses de abril e maio de 2022. Não bastasse o monitoramento geoespacial, o órgão ambiental empreendeu fiscalização direta por meio de sobrevoo de helicóptero sobre a área afetada"},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 4ª Câmara Cível. Apelação Cível nº 0012915-35.2021.8.16.0031 (Guarapuava), Rel. Des. Clayton de Albuquerque Maranhão. Judgment of 7 April 2025. Appeal denied: the repair order was upheld.","title":"Apelação Cível nº 0012915-35.2021.8.16.0031 (Guarapuava), Rel. Des. Clayton de Albuquerque Maranhão","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/j/4100000031166311/Ac%C3%B3rd%C3%A3o-0012915-35.2021.8.16.0031","date":"2025-04-07","written_by":"independent","quote":"também foi registrado como alerta no Relatório MAPBiomas (mov. 50.5): Conforme se verifica, é incontroversa a ocorrência de desmatamento, sendo irrelevante o fato (iii) de que o desmate de 2,59 hectares não se deu em APP ou Reserva Legal"},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 5ª Câmara Cível. Agravo de Instrumento nº 0076739-22.2025.8.16.0000 (Bocaiúva do Sul), Rel. Des. Leonel Cunha. Judgment of 2 March 2026, published 4 March 2026. Interlocutory appeal partly granted: the embargo was kept and R$104,000 in fines suspended until judgment.","title":"Agravo de Instrumento nº 0076739-22.2025.8.16.0000 (Bocaiúva do Sul), Rel. Des. Leonel Cunha","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/j/4100000034234561/Ac%C3%B3rd%C3%A3o-0076739-22.2025.8.16.0000","date":"2026-03-02","written_by":"independent","quote":"Imagens de satélite e relatórios técnicos foram utilizados para comprovar a degradação ambiental, sendo aceitos como meio de prova."},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 4ª Câmara Cível. Agravo de Instrumento nº 0089425-46.2025.8.16.0000 (Marmeleiro), Rel. Des. Wellington Emanuel Coimbra de Moura. Judgment of 23 March 2026, published 25 March 2026. Interlocutory appeal denied: suspension of four infraction notices was refused.","title":"Agravo de Instrumento nº 0089425-46.2025.8.16.0000 (Marmeleiro), Rel. Des. Wellington Emanuel Coimbra de Moura","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/j/4100000034637231/Ac%C3%B3rd%C3%A3o-0089425-46.2025.8.16.0000","date":"2026-03-23","written_by":"independent","quote":"uma vez que as áreas autuadas foram identificadas por laudos técnicos do IAT, compostos por dados como fotografias, imagens de satélite e coordenadas geográficas, além de descrição das regiões, apontando os danos e o estágio de regeneração da vegetação."},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 5ª Câmara Cível. Agravo de Instrumento nº 0008450-03.2026.8.16.0000 (Guarapuava), Rel. Des. Carlos Mansur Arida. Judgment of 18 May 2026. Prosecutors' interlocutory appeal denied: the notice is presumed true, and the defendants bear the burden of disproving it.","title":"Agravo de Instrumento nº 0008450-03.2026.8.16.0000 (Guarapuava), Rel. Des. Carlos Mansur Arida","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/j/4100000036784091/Ac%C3%B3rd%C3%A3o-0008450-03.2026.8.16.0000","date":"2026-05-18","written_by":"independent","quote":"o AIA possui registro de imagens com a demonstração da supressão da vegetação nativa, relatório técnico e alerta do MAPBIOMAS, apontando a ocorrência de degradação ambiental. Percebe-se que o Auto de Infração Ambiental goza de presunção de veracidade e legitimidade, de modo que compete ao autuado provar que não foi o causador do dano ambiental."},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 2ª Câmara Criminal. Habeas Corpus nº 0046714-89.2026.8.16.0000 (Telêmaco Borba), Rel. Des. Luis Carlos Xavier (majority). Judgment of 21 May 2026, published 22 May 2026. Habeas corpus denied by majority: the prosecution goes on.","title":"Habeas Corpus nº 0046714-89.2026.8.16.0000 (Telêmaco Borba), Rel. Des. Luis Carlos Xavier (majority)","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/j/4100000037867071/Ac%C3%B3rd%C3%A3o-0046714-89.2026.8.16.0000","date":"2026-05-21","written_by":"independent","quote":"O crime ambiental foi constatado durante a Operação Mata Atlântica em Pé, força-tarefa coordenada pelo Ministério Público do Estado do Paraná, com a participação do IAT e IBAMA, sendo emitidos os Alertas MapBiomas nº 134776, nº 140616 e nº 207865, referentes ao caso."},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 2ª Câmara Criminal. Apelação Criminal nº 0000526-57.2023.8.16.0060 (Cantagalo), Rel. Des. José Mauricio Pinto de Almeida (majority). Judgment of 11 November 2024, published 27 November 2024. Appeal denied by majority: the convictions were upheld, with the cash penalty reduced by the court of its own motion.","title":"Apelação Criminal nº 0000526-57.2023.8.16.0060 (Cantagalo), Rel. Des. José Mauricio Pinto de Almeida (majority)","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/j/4100000029424571/Ac%C3%B3rd%C3%A3o-0000526-57.2023.8.16.0060","date":"2024-11-11","written_by":"independent","quote":"Havia um alerta do Mapa Biomas do desmate mais antigo, quando foram averiguar o alerta constataram o desmatamento mais recente; no dia em que foram ao local, estavam queimando e plantando milho no local."},{"kind":"other","citation":"MapBiomas. Método MapBiomas Alerta (method page of the MapBiomas Alerta platform), Etapa 3: Refinamento nas imagens de alta e média resolução. Accessed 1 November 2026.","title":"Método MapBiomas Alerta","url":"https://alerta.mapbiomas.org/metodo","date":null,"written_by":"makers","quote":"A geração do polígono refinado é feita com uso de um algoritmo de classificação supervisionada (Random Forest), que é processado na plataforma Google Earth Engine por meio do Workspace (aplicativo de processamento desenvolvido pelo MapBiomas).","supports_benefit":false},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 2ª Câmara Criminal. Habeas Corpus nº 0046714-89.2026.8.16.0000 (Telêmaco Borba). Dissenting vote (declaração de voto divergente) of Des. Priscilla Placha Sá, 21 May 2026, filed with the judgment of 21 May 2026. She would have halted the prosecution because it rested on satellite-based IAT reports without a forensic exam.","title":"Declaração de voto divergente, Habeas Corpus nº 0046714-89.2026.8.16.0000 (Telêmaco Borba) (Des. Priscilla Placha Sá)","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/publico/visualizacao.do?tjpr.url.crypto=8a6c53f8698c7ff76db3047d195cb6a566563aad3816aa8636f005ac05bd8b218a221c700814ffe29e700a71406807007ec2c578fc398929691e0db26d2d9c3355e6ef4bb2df61f11994e1f5e384030026b61062cccf64e874fe4889b209823e4bc58b6185a66ccd3935a8f696c162057ade4aa2d72762fa20d92ab25c18fc21c155f772c191441d7db8b67f77aff75350c92759af5a65ed84b8a9cf74c450a9922feb35e157568c80ad84f8e3aa2f70aa371aabadae4f25","date":"2026-05-21","written_by":"independent","quote":"a ação penal originária funda-se essencialmente em autos de infração ambiental e em relatório técnico elaborado pelo Instituto Água e Terra – IAT (mov. 10.2 – 1º grau), com base em imagens de satélite, sem que tenha sido realizada qualquer perícia técnica formal","supports_benefit":false},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 2ª Câmara Criminal. Apelação Criminal nº 0000526-57.2023.8.16.0060 (Cantagalo). Dissenting vote (declaração de voto vencido) of Des. Mário Helton Jorge, 11 November 2024, filed with the judgment of 11 November 2024. He would have acquitted for want of a forensic report. The vote is undated, so the judgment date is given.","title":"Declaração de voto vencido, Apelação Criminal nº 0000526-57.2023.8.16.0060 (Cantagalo) (Des. Mário Helton Jorge)","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/publico/visualizacao.do?tjpr.url.crypto=8a6c53f8698c7ff76db3047d195cb6a566563aad3816aa8636f005ac05bd8b218a221c700814ffe226bf5e5edbf78d9af74751032eb55086f7c6f38ff2f265740583d6396171599d7eaf6102f880c2668075a2d7c3445ea091c1ff596fd01576c66e9e391692ae4bea39485647bb729a70b8e9cdefcc2a2d6fb14d68bf42eb0c279ca8bfb9985fa24b6887d38dada5810df3e5bddb1926aebd3796771779f37c80baf2aec13612ff48a640681ced96e65117e94c8fa92850","date":"2024-11-11","written_by":"independent","quote":"o Superior Tribunal de Justiça tem, reiteradamente, reformado os julgados desta 2ª Câmara Criminal, para concluir pela imprescindibilidade do exame de corpo de delito nos crimes ambientais materiais, como é o caso do artigo 38-A da Lei 9.605/98.","supports_benefit":false}],"replication":{"produced_by":["MapBiomas validated each alert on high-resolution images and published a report for it.","IAT analysts compared satellite images from before and after each clearing and checked alerts from MapBiomas and the Brasil MAIS network.","The IAT issued infraction notices and embargoes from those reports, in some cases without a site visit.","State prosecutors brought civil actions and prosecutions on the notices."],"must_hold":["A human operator must compare images from before and after the clearing before a notice is issued.","Each notice must give coordinates, images and the vegetation's stage of regeneration so that the person fined can contest it.","Courts must presume the notices true until the person fined proves otherwise."],"echoes":[]},"paired_incident":null,"headline":"Paraná court upholds nine IAT forest cases built on *MapBiomas Alerta*","metric":"upheld IAT enforcement in nine decisions","comparator":null,"later":null,"value":null,"developer_country":"Brazil","deployer_country":"Brazil","unrated_because":null,"brief_notes":null,"brief":null,"revisions":[{"date":"2026-11-01","change":"Added the record from the finding of the Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná.","source":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/j/4100000037190891/Ac%C3%B3rd%C3%A3o-0000534-55.2025.8.16.0095","editor":"AIBD"}],"confidence":"found","shade":"high","claim_status":"Found by a court","claim_basis":"Sources: 11 independent court documents and the makers' other source. For the benefit itself, the cited sources include no independent study or report.","case_jurisdictions":["Brazil"],"profile":{"case_id":"AIBD-1136","catalog_version":"1.0.0","source_fingerprint":"f59856340cc6c7ebc0b5c2ce5eb4503c7c1da57823f1b2d52b5dd52865c10ca6","collection_refs":[{"collection_id":"aibd","version":"2026-10-31"},{"collection_id":"querist","version":"2026-10-25"},{"collection_id":"adyt","version":"2026-10-25"}],"source_ids":["AIBD-1136-source-0001","AIBD-1136-source-0002","AIBD-1136-source-0003","AIBD-1136-source-0004","AIBD-1136-source-0005","AIBD-1136-source-0006","AIBD-1136-source-0007","AIBD-1136-source-0008","AIBD-1136-source-0009","AIBD-1136-source-0010","AIBD-1136-source-0011","AIBD-1136-source-0012"],"families":{"strategic assessments":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"Editorial assignment.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial","record_ids":[]},"evaluations":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"Editorial assignment.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial","record_ids":[]},"monetary observations":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"Editorial assignment.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial","record_ids":[]},"institutional decisions":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"Editorial assignment.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial","record_ids":[]}},"fields":{"actors[]":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"developer":"MapBiomas (MapBiomas Alerta), which compiles source alerts from other detection systems. The lead case also names the SCCON web platform of the Programa Brasil Mais, a system of the Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública.","deployer":"Instituto Água e Terra (IAT), Paraná's environmental agency, through its geographic intelligence unit (NGI) and inspectors. 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IAT analysts set each alert against other satellite images, and some cases add overflights or site visits. MapBiomas states that analysts validate each alert on Planet images and that a supervised Random Forest classifier refines its outline. In the lead case the court treats the tools as artificial intelligence and finds that a human was in the loop, but it does not describe the models."}}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["ai_role","category"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"assessments[].alternatives":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"assessments[].assessor_date":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"assessments[].depth":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"ratings":[{"group":"organizational","depth":2,"reason":"The court upheld or kept in force IAT fines, embargoes and repair orders that rested on alert-based satellite analysis, including a notice issued without a site visit."},{"group":"societal","reason":"The decisions order repair and keep embargoes on cleared Atlantic Forest, but none reports whether the forest grew back."}]}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["ratings"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"assessments[].display_confidence":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"structured","data":{"confidence":"high","evidence_word":"found","claim_status":"Found by a court","basis":"Sources: 11 independent court documents and the makers' other source. 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They do not show whether any forest was restored."}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["benefit_type","taxonomy_note"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"outcomes[].claim":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"account":"MapBiomas compiles deforestation alerts, has analysts validate each on Planet images and refines its outline with a supervised Random Forest classifier. Analysts at Paraná's environmental agency, the Instituto Água e Terra (IAT), check such alerts in the satellite reports behind its infraction notices, sometimes without a site visit. From November 2024 to September 2026, the Court of Justice of Paraná decided nine cases built on these notices. It upheld or imposed fines, embargoes and repair orders in four civil appeals. Three interim rulings treated the notices as presumed true, though one suspended R$104,000 in fines as disproportionate for a small farmer. By majority, the court let a prosecution over 116.2 ha go ahead and upheld a conviction. In the lead case, it found that human operators had compared before-and-after images on MapBiomas, Google Earth Pro and the federal Brasil MAIS platform. It called the agency's conclusions \"epistemologicamente confiáveis\", epistemologically reliable. No decision rejected the satellite evidence. In both criminal cases, a dissenting judge held that the reports could not replace a forensic exam. No court measured the alerts' accuracy.","benefit_type":"Improved Environmental Sustainability"}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["account","benefit_type"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"outcomes[].distribution":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"outcomes[].duration":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"outcomes[].id":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial 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explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"replication.conditions":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"replication":{"produced_by":["MapBiomas validated each alert on high-resolution images and published a report for it.","IAT analysts compared satellite images from before and after each clearing and checked alerts from MapBiomas and the Brasil MAIS network.","The IAT issued infraction notices and embargoes from those reports, in some cases without a site visit.","State prosecutors brought civil actions and prosecutions on the notices."],"must_hold":["A human operator must compare images from before and after the clearing before a notice is issued.","Each notice must give coordinates, images and the vegetation's stage of regeneration so that the person fined can contest it.","Courts must presume the notices true until the person fined proves 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Apelação Cível e Remessa Necessária nº 0000534-55.2025.8.16.0095 (Irati), Rel. Des. Hamilton Rafael Marins Schwartz. Judgment of 15 September 2026, published 18 September 2026. Appeal and mandatory review partly granted: the dismissal was reversed and repair of the damage ordered.","title":"Apelação Cível e Remessa Necessária nº 0000534-55.2025.8.16.0095 (Irati), Rel. Des. Hamilton Rafael Marins Schwartz","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/j/4100000037190891/Ac%C3%B3rd%C3%A3o-0000534-55.2025.8.16.0095","date":"2026-09-15","written_by":"independent","quote":"resulta de operação técnica assistida por operadores humanos em ferramentas geoespaciais oficiais (Mapbiomas, Google Earth Pro e Plataforma Web SCCON do Programa Brasil Mais). 8.1. Assim, a lavratura do auto de infração observou o imperativo human-in-the-loop em sua dimensão substantiva, revelando-se as conclusões administrativas epistemologicamente confiáveis"},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 5ª Câmara Cível. Apelação Cível nº 0000385-44.2024.8.16.0079 (Dois Vizinhos), Rel. Des. Carlos Mansur Arida. Judgment of 13 July 2026, published 29 July 2026. Appeal denied: the embargo was upheld.","title":"Apelação Cível nº 0000385-44.2024.8.16.0079 (Dois Vizinhos), Rel. Des. Carlos Mansur Arida","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/j/4100000036052551/Ac%C3%B3rd%C3%A3o-0000385-44.2024.8.16.0079","date":"2026-07-13","written_by":"independent","quote":"não há que se falar em prova frágil por parte do IAT, em razão de ter feito tão somente a vistoria por meio de imagens de satélite, uma vez que a ausência de vistoria in loco não afasta a presunção de veracidade dos dados colhidos por imagens de satélite."},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 4ª Turma Recursal dos Juizados Especiais. Recurso Inominado nº 0000937-77.2025.8.16.0142 (Rebouças), Rel. Juiz Marco Vinicius Schiebel. Judgment of 5 August 2026, published 7 August 2026. Appeal denied: the fine and embargo were upheld.","title":"Recurso Inominado nº 0000937-77.2025.8.16.0142 (Rebouças), Rel. Juiz Marco Vinicius Schiebel","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/j/2100000038191841/Ac%C3%B3rd%C3%A3o-0000937-77.2025.8.16.0142","date":"2026-08-05","written_by":"independent","quote":"O referido estudo técnico procedeu ao exame cronológico de imagens de satélite compreendidas entre os anos de 2013 e 2024, evidenciando com nitidez que o desmatamento ilegal ocorreu entre os meses de abril e maio de 2022. Não bastasse o monitoramento geoespacial, o órgão ambiental empreendeu fiscalização direta por meio de sobrevoo de helicóptero sobre a área afetada"},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 4ª Câmara Cível. Apelação Cível nº 0012915-35.2021.8.16.0031 (Guarapuava), Rel. Des. Clayton de Albuquerque Maranhão. Judgment of 7 April 2025. Appeal denied: the repair order was upheld.","title":"Apelação Cível nº 0012915-35.2021.8.16.0031 (Guarapuava), Rel. Des. Clayton de Albuquerque Maranhão","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/j/4100000031166311/Ac%C3%B3rd%C3%A3o-0012915-35.2021.8.16.0031","date":"2025-04-07","written_by":"independent","quote":"também foi registrado como alerta no Relatório MAPBiomas (mov. 50.5): Conforme se verifica, é incontroversa a ocorrência de desmatamento, sendo irrelevante o fato (iii) de que o desmate de 2,59 hectares não se deu em APP ou Reserva Legal"},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 5ª Câmara Cível. Agravo de Instrumento nº 0076739-22.2025.8.16.0000 (Bocaiúva do Sul), Rel. Des. Leonel Cunha. Judgment of 2 March 2026, published 4 March 2026. Interlocutory appeal partly granted: the embargo was kept and R$104,000 in fines suspended until judgment.","title":"Agravo de Instrumento nº 0076739-22.2025.8.16.0000 (Bocaiúva do Sul), Rel. Des. Leonel Cunha","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/j/4100000034234561/Ac%C3%B3rd%C3%A3o-0076739-22.2025.8.16.0000","date":"2026-03-02","written_by":"independent","quote":"Imagens de satélite e relatórios técnicos foram utilizados para comprovar a degradação ambiental, sendo aceitos como meio de prova."},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 4ª Câmara Cível. Agravo de Instrumento nº 0089425-46.2025.8.16.0000 (Marmeleiro), Rel. Des. Wellington Emanuel Coimbra de Moura. Judgment of 23 March 2026, published 25 March 2026. Interlocutory appeal denied: suspension of four infraction notices was refused.","title":"Agravo de Instrumento nº 0089425-46.2025.8.16.0000 (Marmeleiro), Rel. Des. Wellington Emanuel Coimbra de Moura","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/j/4100000034637231/Ac%C3%B3rd%C3%A3o-0089425-46.2025.8.16.0000","date":"2026-03-23","written_by":"independent","quote":"uma vez que as áreas autuadas foram identificadas por laudos técnicos do IAT, compostos por dados como fotografias, imagens de satélite e coordenadas geográficas, além de descrição das regiões, apontando os danos e o estágio de regeneração da vegetação."},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 5ª Câmara Cível. Agravo de Instrumento nº 0008450-03.2026.8.16.0000 (Guarapuava), Rel. Des. Carlos Mansur Arida. Judgment of 18 May 2026. Prosecutors' interlocutory appeal denied: the notice is presumed true, and the defendants bear the burden of disproving it.","title":"Agravo de Instrumento nº 0008450-03.2026.8.16.0000 (Guarapuava), Rel. Des. Carlos Mansur Arida","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/j/4100000036784091/Ac%C3%B3rd%C3%A3o-0008450-03.2026.8.16.0000","date":"2026-05-18","written_by":"independent","quote":"o AIA possui registro de imagens com a demonstração da supressão da vegetação nativa, relatório técnico e alerta do MAPBIOMAS, apontando a ocorrência de degradação ambiental. Percebe-se que o Auto de Infração Ambiental goza de presunção de veracidade e legitimidade, de modo que compete ao autuado provar que não foi o causador do dano ambiental."},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 2ª Câmara Criminal. Habeas Corpus nº 0046714-89.2026.8.16.0000 (Telêmaco Borba), Rel. Des. Luis Carlos Xavier (majority). Judgment of 21 May 2026, published 22 May 2026. Habeas corpus denied by majority: the prosecution goes on.","title":"Habeas Corpus nº 0046714-89.2026.8.16.0000 (Telêmaco Borba), Rel. Des. Luis Carlos Xavier (majority)","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/j/4100000037867071/Ac%C3%B3rd%C3%A3o-0046714-89.2026.8.16.0000","date":"2026-05-21","written_by":"independent","quote":"O crime ambiental foi constatado durante a Operação Mata Atlântica em Pé, força-tarefa coordenada pelo Ministério Público do Estado do Paraná, com a participação do IAT e IBAMA, sendo emitidos os Alertas MapBiomas nº 134776, nº 140616 e nº 207865, referentes ao caso."},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 2ª Câmara Criminal. Apelação Criminal nº 0000526-57.2023.8.16.0060 (Cantagalo), Rel. Des. José Mauricio Pinto de Almeida (majority). Judgment of 11 November 2024, published 27 November 2024. Appeal denied by majority: the convictions were upheld, with the cash penalty reduced by the court of its own motion.","title":"Apelação Criminal nº 0000526-57.2023.8.16.0060 (Cantagalo), Rel. Des. José Mauricio Pinto de Almeida (majority)","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/j/4100000029424571/Ac%C3%B3rd%C3%A3o-0000526-57.2023.8.16.0060","date":"2024-11-11","written_by":"independent","quote":"Havia um alerta do Mapa Biomas do desmate mais antigo, quando foram averiguar o alerta constataram o desmatamento mais recente; no dia em que foram ao local, estavam queimando e plantando milho no local."},{"kind":"other","citation":"MapBiomas. Método MapBiomas Alerta (method page of the MapBiomas Alerta platform), Etapa 3: Refinamento nas imagens de alta e média resolução. Accessed 1 November 2026.","title":"Método MapBiomas Alerta","url":"https://alerta.mapbiomas.org/metodo","written_by":"makers","quote":"A geração do polígono refinado é feita com uso de um algoritmo de classificação supervisionada (Random Forest), que é processado na plataforma Google Earth Engine por meio do Workspace (aplicativo de processamento desenvolvido pelo MapBiomas).","supports_benefit":false},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 2ª Câmara Criminal. Habeas Corpus nº 0046714-89.2026.8.16.0000 (Telêmaco Borba). Dissenting vote (declaração de voto divergente) of Des. Priscilla Placha Sá, 21 May 2026, filed with the judgment of 21 May 2026. She would have halted the prosecution because it rested on satellite-based IAT reports without a forensic exam.","title":"Declaração de voto divergente, Habeas Corpus nº 0046714-89.2026.8.16.0000 (Telêmaco Borba) (Des. Priscilla Placha Sá)","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/publico/visualizacao.do?tjpr.url.crypto=8a6c53f8698c7ff76db3047d195cb6a566563aad3816aa8636f005ac05bd8b218a221c700814ffe29e700a71406807007ec2c578fc398929691e0db26d2d9c3355e6ef4bb2df61f11994e1f5e384030026b61062cccf64e874fe4889b209823e4bc58b6185a66ccd3935a8f696c162057ade4aa2d72762fa20d92ab25c18fc21c155f772c191441d7db8b67f77aff75350c92759af5a65ed84b8a9cf74c450a9922feb35e157568c80ad84f8e3aa2f70aa371aabadae4f25","date":"2026-05-21","written_by":"independent","quote":"a ação penal originária funda-se essencialmente em autos de infração ambiental e em relatório técnico elaborado pelo Instituto Água e Terra – IAT (mov. 10.2 – 1º grau), com base em imagens de satélite, sem que tenha sido realizada qualquer perícia técnica formal","supports_benefit":false},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 2ª Câmara Criminal. Apelação Criminal nº 0000526-57.2023.8.16.0060 (Cantagalo). Dissenting vote (declaração de voto vencido) of Des. Mário Helton Jorge, 11 November 2024, filed with the judgment of 11 November 2024. He would have acquitted for want of a forensic report. The vote is undated, so the judgment date is given.","title":"Declaração de voto vencido, Apelação Criminal nº 0000526-57.2023.8.16.0060 (Cantagalo) (Des. Mário Helton Jorge)","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/publico/visualizacao.do?tjpr.url.crypto=8a6c53f8698c7ff76db3047d195cb6a566563aad3816aa8636f005ac05bd8b218a221c700814ffe226bf5e5edbf78d9af74751032eb55086f7c6f38ff2f265740583d6396171599d7eaf6102f880c2668075a2d7c3445ea091c1ff596fd01576c66e9e391692ae4bea39485647bb729a70b8e9cdefcc2a2d6fb14d68bf42eb0c279ca8bfb9985fa24b6887d38dada5810df3e5bddb1926aebd3796771779f37c80baf2aec13612ff48a640681ced96e65117e94c8fa92850","date":"2024-11-11","written_by":"independent","quote":"o Superior Tribunal de Justiça tem, reiteradamente, reformado os julgados desta 2ª Câmara Criminal, para concluir pela imprescindibilidade do exame de corpo de delito nos crimes ambientais materiais, como é o caso do artigo 38-A da Lei 9.605/98.","supports_benefit":false}]}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["evidence"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"sources[].id":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"identifiers","identifiers":["AIBD-1136-source-0001","AIBD-1136-source-0002","AIBD-1136-source-0003","AIBD-1136-source-0004","AIBD-1136-source-0005","AIBD-1136-source-0006","AIBD-1136-source-0007","AIBD-1136-source-0008","AIBD-1136-source-0009","AIBD-1136-source-0010","AIBD-1136-source-0011","AIBD-1136-source-0012"],"role":"Existing evidence items, in their original order"},"provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"complete"},"sources[].language":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"sources[].relationship":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"evidence":[{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 5ª Câmara Cível. Apelação Cível e Remessa Necessária nº 0000534-55.2025.8.16.0095 (Irati), Rel. Des. Hamilton Rafael Marins Schwartz. Judgment of 15 September 2026, published 18 September 2026. Appeal and mandatory review partly granted: the dismissal was reversed and repair of the damage ordered.","title":"Apelação Cível e Remessa Necessária nº 0000534-55.2025.8.16.0095 (Irati), Rel. Des. Hamilton Rafael Marins Schwartz","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/j/4100000037190891/Ac%C3%B3rd%C3%A3o-0000534-55.2025.8.16.0095","date":"2026-09-15","written_by":"independent","quote":"resulta de operação técnica assistida por operadores humanos em ferramentas geoespaciais oficiais (Mapbiomas, Google Earth Pro e Plataforma Web SCCON do Programa Brasil Mais). 8.1. Assim, a lavratura do auto de infração observou o imperativo human-in-the-loop em sua dimensão substantiva, revelando-se as conclusões administrativas epistemologicamente confiáveis"},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 5ª Câmara Cível. Apelação Cível nº 0000385-44.2024.8.16.0079 (Dois Vizinhos), Rel. Des. Carlos Mansur Arida. Judgment of 13 July 2026, published 29 July 2026. Appeal denied: the embargo was upheld.","title":"Apelação Cível nº 0000385-44.2024.8.16.0079 (Dois Vizinhos), Rel. Des. Carlos Mansur Arida","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/j/4100000036052551/Ac%C3%B3rd%C3%A3o-0000385-44.2024.8.16.0079","date":"2026-07-13","written_by":"independent","quote":"não há que se falar em prova frágil por parte do IAT, em razão de ter feito tão somente a vistoria por meio de imagens de satélite, uma vez que a ausência de vistoria in loco não afasta a presunção de veracidade dos dados colhidos por imagens de satélite."},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 4ª Turma Recursal dos Juizados Especiais. Recurso Inominado nº 0000937-77.2025.8.16.0142 (Rebouças), Rel. Juiz Marco Vinicius Schiebel. Judgment of 5 August 2026, published 7 August 2026. Appeal denied: the fine and embargo were upheld.","title":"Recurso Inominado nº 0000937-77.2025.8.16.0142 (Rebouças), Rel. Juiz Marco Vinicius Schiebel","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/j/2100000038191841/Ac%C3%B3rd%C3%A3o-0000937-77.2025.8.16.0142","date":"2026-08-05","written_by":"independent","quote":"O referido estudo técnico procedeu ao exame cronológico de imagens de satélite compreendidas entre os anos de 2013 e 2024, evidenciando com nitidez que o desmatamento ilegal ocorreu entre os meses de abril e maio de 2022. Não bastasse o monitoramento geoespacial, o órgão ambiental empreendeu fiscalização direta por meio de sobrevoo de helicóptero sobre a área afetada"},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 4ª Câmara Cível. Apelação Cível nº 0012915-35.2021.8.16.0031 (Guarapuava), Rel. Des. Clayton de Albuquerque Maranhão. Judgment of 7 April 2025. Appeal denied: the repair order was upheld.","title":"Apelação Cível nº 0012915-35.2021.8.16.0031 (Guarapuava), Rel. Des. Clayton de Albuquerque Maranhão","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/j/4100000031166311/Ac%C3%B3rd%C3%A3o-0012915-35.2021.8.16.0031","date":"2025-04-07","written_by":"independent","quote":"também foi registrado como alerta no Relatório MAPBiomas (mov. 50.5): Conforme se verifica, é incontroversa a ocorrência de desmatamento, sendo irrelevante o fato (iii) de que o desmate de 2,59 hectares não se deu em APP ou Reserva Legal"},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 5ª Câmara Cível. Agravo de Instrumento nº 0076739-22.2025.8.16.0000 (Bocaiúva do Sul), Rel. Des. Leonel Cunha. Judgment of 2 March 2026, published 4 March 2026. Interlocutory appeal partly granted: the embargo was kept and R$104,000 in fines suspended until judgment.","title":"Agravo de Instrumento nº 0076739-22.2025.8.16.0000 (Bocaiúva do Sul), Rel. Des. Leonel Cunha","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/j/4100000034234561/Ac%C3%B3rd%C3%A3o-0076739-22.2025.8.16.0000","date":"2026-03-02","written_by":"independent","quote":"Imagens de satélite e relatórios técnicos foram utilizados para comprovar a degradação ambiental, sendo aceitos como meio de prova."},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 4ª Câmara Cível. Agravo de Instrumento nº 0089425-46.2025.8.16.0000 (Marmeleiro), Rel. Des. Wellington Emanuel Coimbra de Moura. Judgment of 23 March 2026, published 25 March 2026. Interlocutory appeal denied: suspension of four infraction notices was refused.","title":"Agravo de Instrumento nº 0089425-46.2025.8.16.0000 (Marmeleiro), Rel. Des. Wellington Emanuel Coimbra de Moura","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/j/4100000034637231/Ac%C3%B3rd%C3%A3o-0089425-46.2025.8.16.0000","date":"2026-03-23","written_by":"independent","quote":"uma vez que as áreas autuadas foram identificadas por laudos técnicos do IAT, compostos por dados como fotografias, imagens de satélite e coordenadas geográficas, além de descrição das regiões, apontando os danos e o estágio de regeneração da vegetação."},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 5ª Câmara Cível. Agravo de Instrumento nº 0008450-03.2026.8.16.0000 (Guarapuava), Rel. Des. Carlos Mansur Arida. Judgment of 18 May 2026. Prosecutors' interlocutory appeal denied: the notice is presumed true, and the defendants bear the burden of disproving it.","title":"Agravo de Instrumento nº 0008450-03.2026.8.16.0000 (Guarapuava), Rel. Des. Carlos Mansur Arida","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/j/4100000036784091/Ac%C3%B3rd%C3%A3o-0008450-03.2026.8.16.0000","date":"2026-05-18","written_by":"independent","quote":"o AIA possui registro de imagens com a demonstração da supressão da vegetação nativa, relatório técnico e alerta do MAPBIOMAS, apontando a ocorrência de degradação ambiental. Percebe-se que o Auto de Infração Ambiental goza de presunção de veracidade e legitimidade, de modo que compete ao autuado provar que não foi o causador do dano ambiental."},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 2ª Câmara Criminal. Habeas Corpus nº 0046714-89.2026.8.16.0000 (Telêmaco Borba), Rel. Des. Luis Carlos Xavier (majority). Judgment of 21 May 2026, published 22 May 2026. Habeas corpus denied by majority: the prosecution goes on.","title":"Habeas Corpus nº 0046714-89.2026.8.16.0000 (Telêmaco Borba), Rel. Des. Luis Carlos Xavier (majority)","url":"https://portal.tjpr.jus.br/jurisprudencia/j/4100000037867071/Ac%C3%B3rd%C3%A3o-0046714-89.2026.8.16.0000","date":"2026-05-21","written_by":"independent","quote":"O crime ambiental foi constatado durante a Operação Mata Atlântica em Pé, força-tarefa coordenada pelo Ministério Público do Estado do Paraná, com a participação do IAT e IBAMA, sendo emitidos os Alertas MapBiomas nº 134776, nº 140616 e nº 207865, referentes ao caso."},{"kind":"court document","citation":"Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Paraná (TJPR), 2ª Câmara Criminal. Apelação Criminal nº 0000526-57.2023.8.16.0060 (Cantagalo), Rel. Des. José Mauricio Pinto de Almeida (majority). Judgment of 11 November 2024, published 27 November 2024. Appeal denied by majority: the convictions were upheld, with the cash penalty reduced by the court of its own motion.","title":"Apelação Criminal nº 0000526-57.2023.8.16.0060 (Cantagalo), Rel. Des. 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Dissenting vote (declaração de voto vencido) of Des. Mário Helton Jorge, 11 November 2024, filed with the judgment of 11 November 2024. He would have acquitted for want of a forensic report. The vote is undated, so the judgment date is given.","title":"Declaração de voto vencido, Apelação Criminal nº 0000526-57.2023.8.16.0060 (Cantagalo) (Des. 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Analysts at Paraná's environmental agency, the Instituto Água e Terra (IAT), check such alerts in the satellite reports behind its infraction notices, sometimes without a site visit. From November 2024 to September 2026, the Court of Justice of Paraná decided nine cases built on these notices. It upheld or imposed fines, embargoes and repair orders in four civil appeals. Three interim rulings treated the notices as presumed true, though one suspended R$104,000 in fines as disproportionate for a small farmer. By majority, the court let a prosecution over 116.2 ha go ahead and upheld a conviction. In the lead case, it found that human operators had compared before-and-after images on MapBiomas, Google Earth Pro and the federal Brasil MAIS platform. It called the agency's conclusions \"epistemologicamente confiáveis\", epistemologically reliable. No decision rejected the satellite evidence. In both criminal cases, a dissenting judge held that the reports could not replace a forensic exam. No court measured the alerts' accuracy.","replication":{"produced_by":["MapBiomas validated each alert on high-resolution images and published a report for it.","IAT analysts compared satellite images from before and after each clearing and checked alerts from MapBiomas and the Brasil MAIS network.","The IAT issued infraction notices and embargoes from those reports, in some cases without a site visit.","State prosecutors brought civil actions and prosecutions on the notices."],"must_hold":["A human operator must compare images from before and after the clearing before a notice is issued.","Each notice must give coordinates, images and the vegetation's stage of regeneration so that the person fined can contest it.","Courts must presume the notices true until the person fined proves otherwise."],"echoes":[]}}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["account","replication"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"}},"summary":{"total":91,"addressed":91,"known":28,"reviewed":2,"reviewed_complete":2,"reviewed_partial":0,"record_mapped":26,"review_not_assessed":63,"not_assessed":0,"complete":false,"by_state":{"value_present":28,"not_reported":0,"unresolved":63,"not_assessed":0,"not_applicable":0,"withheld":0,"source_unavailable":0}}},"presentation_version":"f51fd6db10c4281f746a41cd2513aa3f63a161e962011b5edf8946eeb0cf6a61"}