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Eric Teoh and David Kidd of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) coded the crash narratives that Google released by type and severity. They computed rates per million vehicle miles traveled for crashes severe enough to be reportable to police. They compared these with police-reported crash rates for human drivers. In Mountain View, California, from 2009 to 2015, Google cars had 2.19 such crashes per million miles against 6.06 for human drivers. The difference was not statistically significant. The most common crash was a human-driven vehicle rear-ending a Google car. The Google car shared responsibility for only one crash. The study appeared in the Journal of Safety Research in August 2017. 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