{"id":"AIBD-0672","title":"AI Navi demand-prediction routing shortens cruising time for low-skilled Yokohama taxi drivers by 7%","summary":"In Yokohama in December 2019, the AI Navi app cut taxi drivers' cruising time by 5% on average and 7% for low-skilled drivers, narrowing the skill gap by 13.4%.","date_observed":"2019-12-01","date_basis":"source information","date_precision":"month","benefit_status":"reported","source_collection":null,"source_entry":null,"account":"A tech company that the authors do not name gave its AI Navi app free to about 500 taxi drivers, about 6% of drivers working for taxi firms in Yokohama, from 3 to 31 December 2019. The app suggested routes where demand was predicted to be high. Kyogo Kanazawa, Daiji Kawaguchi, Hitoshi Shigeoka and Yasutora Watanabe, economists at the University of Tokyo, compared each driver's cruising time with and without the app turned on, holding place and hour fixed. They report that the app shortened the search for customers by 5% on average and by 7% for low-skilled drivers, with a near-zero effect for high-skilled drivers. The 2022 working paper puts the narrowing of the productivity gap at 14%, and the version that Management Science published in February 2026 puts it at 13.4%. Drivers chose when to turn the app on, which the authors address with fixed effects and an instrument based on how unfamiliar the driver was with the area. More than half of the drivers offered the app never tried it. The study covers one city for one month. The company supplied the data, the authors report no financial support from it, and Japanese public research agencies funded the work.","category":"general benefit","unexpected":false,"purpose":"AI Navi was built to help taxi drivers find customers while cruising. Shorter cruising time was that purpose.","system":"AI Navi (machine-learning demand forecasting and route suggestion for taxi drivers)","model_version":null,"developer":"A tech company that the authors do not name","deployer":"The same company, which gave the app to about 500 drivers at taxi firms in Yokohama","location":"Yokohama, Japan","domain":"Transportation (taxi services)","segment":null,"benefit_type":"Reduced Task Time","taxonomy_note":null,"registry_ids":{},"ratings":[{"group":"personal","depth":1,"reason":"Low-skilled drivers found customers with 7% less cruising time, and drivers are paid a share of fares."}],"ai_role":{"status":"assessed","statement":"The authors compare cruising time with and without the app on, within the same driver, place and hour, and use instruments for when drivers turn it on, which isolates the app's contribution under their assumptions."},"evidence":[{"kind":"peer-reviewed study","citation":"Kanazawa K, Kawaguchi D, Shigeoka H, Watanabe Y. AI, Skill, and Productivity: The Case of Taxi Drivers. Management Science. 2026;72(2):1376-1388. doi:10.1287/mnsc.2023.01631 (publisher abstract as deposited with Crossref).","title":"AI, Skill, and Productivity: The Case of Taxi Drivers","url":"https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.01631","date":"2026-02-01","written_by":"independent","quote":"this gain is accrued only to low-skilled drivers, narrowing the productivity gap between high- and low-skilled drivers by 13.4%"},{"kind":"preprint","citation":"Kanazawa K, Kawaguchi D, Shigeoka H, Watanabe Y. AI, Skill, and Productivity: The Case of Taxi Drivers. NBER Working Paper 30612, October 2022.","title":"AI, Skill, and Productivity: The Case of Taxi Drivers","url":"https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w30612/w30612.pdf","date":"2022-10-01","written_by":"independent","quote":"the impact on low-skilled drivers, where skill is defined by previous driving performance, is 7%, whereas the impact on high-skilled drivers is nearly zero or even negative (albeit not statistically significant)"}],"replication":{"produced_by":["The app predicted demand from recent driving records in the city.","Drivers turned the app on while cruising for fares."],"must_hold":["The model must have recent local driving data.","Gains depend on drivers who lack their own knowledge of demand."],"echoes":[]},"paired_incident":null,"headline":"A demand-routing app helps less skilled taxi drivers find fares","metric":"cut taxi drivers' cruising time by 5% on average and 7% for low-skilled drivers","comparator":{"against":"The same drivers cruising with the app turned off","before":"Cruising time without the app","after":"5% shorter on average; 7% shorter for low-skilled drivers; skill gap narrowed by 13.4%","basis":"measured","quote":"We find that AI improves drivers' productivity by shortening the cruising time, and such gain is accrued only to low-skilled drivers, narrowing the productivity gap between high-and low-skilled drivers by 14%.","url":"https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w30612/w30612.pdf"},"later":null,"value":null,"developer_country":"Not stated","deployer_country":"Not stated","unrated_because":null,"brief_notes":null,"brief":null,"revisions":[{"date":"2026-10-29","change":"Added the case.","source":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1287/mnsc.2023.01631","editor":"AIBD"}],"confidence":"studied","shade":"high","claim_status":"Independently studied","claim_basis":"Sources: one independent peer-reviewed study and one independent preprint. The cited evidence includes no finding by a regulator or court.","case_jurisdictions":["Japan"],"profile":{"case_id":"AIBD-0672","catalog_version":"1.0.0","source_fingerprint":"1ead64545d5c205b3d9d62a53362266547c8123c70f74bd675eb38da26076e3b","collection_refs":[{"collection_id":"aibd","version":"2026-10-29"}],"source_ids":["AIBD-0672-source-0001","AIBD-0672-source-0002"],"families":{"strategic assessments":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"Editorial assignment.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial","record_ids":[]},"evaluations":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"identifiers","identifiers":["AIBD-0672-evaluation-1"],"role":"Evaluations of the benefit"},"provenance":{"kind":"source_review","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":["AIBD-0672-source-0002"],"reviewed_on":"2026-10-29"},"review_state":"reviewed","coverage":"partial","record_ids":["AIBD-0672-evaluation-1"]},"monetary observations":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"Editorial assignment.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial","record_ids":[]},"institutional decisions":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"Editorial assignment.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial","record_ids":[]}},"fields":{"actors[]":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"developer":"A tech company that the authors do not name","deployer":"The same company, which gave the app to about 500 drivers at taxi firms in Yokohama"}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["developer","deployer"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"actors[].ownership_control":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"ai_contribution":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"ai_role":{"status":"assessed","statement":"The authors compare cruising time with and without the app on, within the same driver, place and hour, and use instruments for when drivers turn it on, which isolates the app's contribution under their assumptions."}}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["ai_role"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"ai_relationship":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"category":"general benefit","ai_role":{"status":"assessed","statement":"The authors compare cruising time with and without the app on, within the same driver, place and hour, and use instruments for when drivers turn it on, which isolates the app's contribution under their assumptions."}}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["ai_role","category"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"assessments[].alternatives":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"assessments[].assessor_date":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"assessments[].depth":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"ratings":[{"group":"personal","depth":1,"reason":"Low-skilled drivers found customers with 7% less cruising time, and drivers are paid a share of fares."}]}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["ratings"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"assessments[].display_confidence":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"structured","data":{"confidence":"high","evidence_word":"studied","claim_status":"Independently studied","basis":"Sources: one independent peer-reviewed study and one independent preprint. The cited evidence includes no finding by a regulator or court.","interpretation":"Existing display rule preserved; the richer outcome-specific confidence question still needs review."}},"provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"assessments[].rationale":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"ratings":[{"group":"personal","depth":1,"reason":"Low-skilled drivers found customers with 7% less cruising time, and drivers are paid a share of fares."}]}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["ratings"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"assessments[].rubric_version":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"assessments[].status_basis":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"assessments[].target":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"ratings":[{"group":"personal","depth":1,"reason":"Low-skilled drivers found customers with 7% less cruising time, and drivers are paid a share of fares."}]}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["ratings"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"availability":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"brief":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"case_kind":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"structured","data":{"classification":"evaluation or study","answer":"The case describes an evaluation or a study. An econometric analysis of a field trial.","scope":"The period and activity described in the case."}},"provenance":{"kind":"source_review","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["account","evidence"],"source_refs":["AIBD-0672-source-0001"],"reviewed_on":"2026-10-29"},"review_state":"reviewed","coverage":"complete","display":{"answer":"The case describes an evaluation or a study. An econometric analysis of a field trial.","inferred":false}},"case_links[]":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Compared with the incidents in the AI Incident Database snapshot of 26 October 2026.","record_fields":["paired_incident"],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"No incident in the AI Incident Database snapshot of 26 October 2026 concerns the same kind of system harming the same kind of stakeholder.","review_state":"reviewed","coverage":"partial"},"claims[].evidence_links":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"claims[].evidence_strength":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"structured","data":{"answer":"Independently studied. Sources: one independent peer-reviewed study and one independent preprint. The cited evidence includes no finding by a regulator or court.","evidence_word":"studied","claim_status":"Independently studied"}},"provenance":{"kind":"source_review","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["evidence"],"source_refs":["AIBD-0672-source-0001","AIBD-0672-source-0002"],"reviewed_on":"2026-10-29"},"review_state":"reviewed","coverage":"complete","display":{"answer":"Independently studied. Sources: one independent peer-reviewed study and one independent preprint. The cited evidence includes no finding by a regulator or court.","inferred":false}},"claims[].missingness":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"claims[].proposition":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"cross_border_flows[]":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"decisions[].action_outcome":{"state":"unresolved","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial","family":"institutional decisions"},"decisions[].grounds":{"state":"unresolved","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial","family":"institutional decisions"},"decisions[].institution_task":{"state":"unresolved","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial","family":"institutional decisions"},"decisions[].success_criterion":{"state":"unresolved","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial","family":"institutional decisions"},"deployment_stage":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"structured","data":{"classification":"pilot","answer":"The system was used in a pilot. The company provided the app free for a 29-day field trial.","scope":"The period and activity described in the case."}},"provenance":{"kind":"source_review","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["account","evidence"],"source_refs":["AIBD-0672-source-0001"],"reviewed_on":"2026-10-29"},"review_state":"reviewed","coverage":"complete","display":{"answer":"The system was used in a pilot. The company provided the app free for a 29-day field trial.","inferred":false}},"economics[].amount":{"state":"unresolved","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial","family":"monetary observations"},"economics[].costs[]":{"state":"unresolved","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial","family":"monetary observations"},"economics[].counterfactual":{"state":"unresolved","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial","family":"monetary observations"},"economics[].currency_price_basis":{"state":"unresolved","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial","family":"monetary observations"},"economics[].gross_net":{"state":"unresolved","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial","family":"monetary observations"},"economics[].measure_type":{"state":"unresolved","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial","family":"monetary observations"},"economics[].period_unit":{"state":"unresolved","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial","family":"monetary observations"},"economics[].realization":{"state":"unresolved","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial","family":"monetary observations"},"economics[].recipient_payer":{"state":"unresolved","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial","family":"monetary observations"},"economics[].return_payback":{"state":"unresolved","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial","family":"monetary observations"},"economics[].valuation_method":{"state":"unresolved","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial","family":"monetary observations"},"evaluations[].ai_uplift":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"text","text":"Productivity gap narrowed by 13.4% (published) or 14% (working paper)."},"provenance":{"kind":"source_review","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["evidence"],"source_refs":["AIBD-0672-source-0002"],"reviewed_on":"2026-10-29"},"review_state":"reviewed","coverage":"complete","display":{"answer":"Productivity gap narrowed by 13.4% (published) or 14% (working paper).","inferred":false}},"evaluations[].comparator":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"text","text":"Same drivers with the app off, with driver, ward and date-hour fixed effects."},"provenance":{"kind":"source_review","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["evidence"],"source_refs":["AIBD-0672-source-0002"],"reviewed_on":"2026-10-29"},"review_state":"reviewed","coverage":"complete","display":{"answer":"Same drivers with the app off, with driver, ward and date-hour fixed effects.","inferred":false}},"evaluations[].design":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"text","text":"Controlled observational."},"provenance":{"kind":"source_review","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["evidence"],"source_refs":["AIBD-0672-source-0002"],"reviewed_on":"2026-10-29"},"review_state":"reviewed","coverage":"complete","display":{"answer":"Controlled observational.","inferred":false}},"evaluations[].effect":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"text","text":"5% shorter on average, 7% for low-skilled drivers, near zero for high-skilled drivers."},"provenance":{"kind":"source_review","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["evidence"],"source_refs":["AIBD-0672-source-0002"],"reviewed_on":"2026-10-29"},"review_state":"reviewed","coverage":"complete","display":{"answer":"5% shorter on average, 7% for low-skilled drivers, near zero for high-skilled drivers.","inferred":false}},"evaluations[].exposure":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"text","text":"App turned on while cruising."},"provenance":{"kind":"source_review","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["evidence"],"source_refs":["AIBD-0672-source-0002"],"reviewed_on":"2026-10-29"},"review_state":"reviewed","coverage":"complete","display":{"answer":"App turned on while cruising.","inferred":false}},"evaluations[].id":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"identifiers","identifiers":["AIBD-0672-evaluation-1"],"role":"Evaluations of the benefit"},"provenance":{"kind":"source_review","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["evidence"],"source_refs":["AIBD-0672-source-0002"],"reviewed_on":"2026-10-29"},"review_state":"reviewed","coverage":"complete","display":{"answer":"Controlled observational.","inferred":false}},"evaluations[].measurement_method":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"text","text":"Cruising time until the next customer, from app and driving records."},"provenance":{"kind":"source_review","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["evidence"],"source_refs":["AIBD-0672-source-0002"],"reviewed_on":"2026-10-29"},"review_state":"reviewed","coverage":"complete","display":{"answer":"Cruising time until the next customer, from app and driving records.","inferred":false}},"evaluations[].metric":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"text","text":"Log cruising time."},"provenance":{"kind":"source_review","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["evidence"],"source_refs":["AIBD-0672-source-0002"],"reviewed_on":"2026-10-29"},"review_state":"reviewed","coverage":"complete","display":{"answer":"Log cruising time.","inferred":false}},"evaluations[].reproduction_materials":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"text","text":"Data from the company; not public."},"provenance":{"kind":"source_review","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["evidence"],"source_refs":["AIBD-0672-source-0002"],"reviewed_on":"2026-10-29"},"review_state":"reviewed","coverage":"complete","display":{"answer":"Data from the company; not public.","inferred":false}},"evaluations[].setting_sample":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"text","text":"About 500 Yokohama taxi drivers over 29 days."},"provenance":{"kind":"source_review","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["evidence"],"source_refs":["AIBD-0672-source-0002"],"reviewed_on":"2026-10-29"},"review_state":"reviewed","coverage":"complete","display":{"answer":"About 500 Yokohama taxi drivers over 29 days.","inferred":false}},"evaluations[].uncertainty_limitations":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"text","text":"Drivers chose when to use the app; one city; one month; developer not named."},"provenance":{"kind":"source_review","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["evidence"],"source_refs":["AIBD-0672-source-0002"],"reviewed_on":"2026-10-29"},"review_state":"reviewed","coverage":"complete","display":{"answer":"Drivers chose when to use the app; one city; one month; developer not named.","inferred":false}},"external_references[]":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"follow_up[]":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"human_oversight":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"id":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"id":"AIBD-0672"}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["id"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"infrastructure_dependencies[]":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"outcomes[].beneficiaries":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"outcomes[].beneficiary_count":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"outcomes[].benefit_type":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"benefit_type":"Reduced Task Time"}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["benefit_type"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"outcomes[].claim":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"account":"A tech company that the authors do not name gave its AI Navi app free to about 500 taxi drivers, about 6% of drivers working for taxi firms in Yokohama, from 3 to 31 December 2019. The app suggested routes where demand was predicted to be high. Kyogo Kanazawa, Daiji Kawaguchi, Hitoshi Shigeoka and Yasutora Watanabe, economists at the University of Tokyo, compared each driver's cruising time with and without the app turned on, holding place and hour fixed. They report that the app shortened the search for customers by 5% on average and by 7% for low-skilled drivers, with a near-zero effect for high-skilled drivers. The 2022 working paper puts the narrowing of the productivity gap at 14%, and the version that Management Science published in February 2026 puts it at 13.4%. Drivers chose when to turn the app on, which the authors address with fixed effects and an instrument based on how unfamiliar the driver was with the area. More than half of the drivers offered the app never tried it. The study covers one city for one month. The company supplied the data, the authors report no financial support from it, and Japanese public research agencies funded the work.","benefit_type":"Reduced Task Time"}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["account","benefit_type"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"outcomes[].distribution":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"outcomes[].duration":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"outcomes[].id":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"outcomes[].stakeholder_group":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"ratings":[{"group":"personal","depth":1,"reason":"Low-skilled drivers found customers with 7% less cruising time, and drivers are paid a share of fares."}]}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["ratings"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"outcomes[].status":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"benefit_status":"reported"}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["benefit_status"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"outcomes[].tradeoffs":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"outcomes[].unexpected":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"unexpected":false,"purpose":"AI Navi was built to help taxi drivers find customers while cruising. Shorter cruising time was that purpose."}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["unexpected","purpose"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"places[]":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"location":"Yokohama, Japan","developer_country":"Not stated","deployer_country":"Not stated"}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["location","developer_country","deployer_country"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"purpose":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"purpose":"AI Navi was built to help taxi drivers find customers while cruising. Shorter cruising time was that purpose."}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["purpose"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"record_dates":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"date_observed":"2019-12-01","date_basis":"source information","date_precision":"month","revisions":[{"date":"2026-10-29","change":"Added the case.","source":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1287/mnsc.2023.01631","editor":"AIBD"}]}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["date_observed","date_basis","date_precision","revisions"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"replication.attempts[]":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"replication.conditions":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"replication":{"produced_by":["The app predicted demand from recent driving records in the city.","Drivers turned the app on while cruising for fares."],"must_hold":["The model must have recent local driving data.","Gains depend on drivers who lack their own knowledge of demand."],"echoes":[]}}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["replication"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"revision_history[]":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"revisions":[{"date":"2026-10-29","change":"Added the case.","source":"https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1287/mnsc.2023.01631","editor":"AIBD"}]}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["revisions"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"sector":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"domain":"Transportation (taxi services)"}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["domain"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"sources[].access_version":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"sources[].citation_locator":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"evidence":[{"kind":"peer-reviewed study","citation":"Kanazawa K, Kawaguchi D, Shigeoka H, Watanabe Y. AI, Skill, and Productivity: The Case of Taxi Drivers. Management Science. 2026;72(2):1376-1388. doi:10.1287/mnsc.2023.01631 (publisher abstract as deposited with Crossref).","title":"AI, Skill, and Productivity: The Case of Taxi Drivers","url":"https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.01631","date":"2026-02-01","written_by":"independent","quote":"this gain is accrued only to low-skilled drivers, narrowing the productivity gap between high- and low-skilled drivers by 13.4%"},{"kind":"preprint","citation":"Kanazawa K, Kawaguchi D, Shigeoka H, Watanabe Y. AI, Skill, and Productivity: The Case of Taxi Drivers. NBER Working Paper 30612, October 2022.","title":"AI, Skill, and Productivity: The Case of Taxi Drivers","url":"https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w30612/w30612.pdf","date":"2022-10-01","written_by":"independent","quote":"the impact on low-skilled drivers, where skill is defined by previous driving performance, is 7%, whereas the impact on high-skilled drivers is nearly zero or even negative (albeit not statistically significant)"}]}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["evidence"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"sources[].id":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"identifiers","identifiers":["AIBD-0672-source-0001","AIBD-0672-source-0002"],"role":"Existing evidence items, in their original order"},"provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"complete"},"sources[].language":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"sources[].relationship":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"evidence":[{"kind":"peer-reviewed study","citation":"Kanazawa K, Kawaguchi D, Shigeoka H, Watanabe Y. AI, Skill, and Productivity: The Case of Taxi Drivers. Management Science. 2026;72(2):1376-1388. doi:10.1287/mnsc.2023.01631 (publisher abstract as deposited with Crossref).","title":"AI, Skill, and Productivity: The Case of Taxi Drivers","url":"https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.01631","date":"2026-02-01","written_by":"independent","quote":"this gain is accrued only to low-skilled drivers, narrowing the productivity gap between high- and low-skilled drivers by 13.4%"},{"kind":"preprint","citation":"Kanazawa K, Kawaguchi D, Shigeoka H, Watanabe Y. AI, Skill, and Productivity: The Case of Taxi Drivers. NBER Working Paper 30612, October 2022.","title":"AI, Skill, and Productivity: The Case of Taxi Drivers","url":"https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w30612/w30612.pdf","date":"2022-10-01","written_by":"independent","quote":"the impact on low-skilled drivers, where skill is defined by previous driving performance, is 7%, whereas the impact on high-skilled drivers is nearly zero or even negative (albeit not statistically significant)"}]}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["evidence"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"sources[].upstream_sources":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"strategic_assessments[]":{"state":"unresolved","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial","family":"strategic assessments"},"summary":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"summary":"In Yokohama in December 2019, the AI Navi app cut taxi drivers' cruising time by 5% on average and 7% for low-skilled drivers, narrowing the skill gap by 13.4%.","account":"A tech company that the authors do not name gave its AI Navi app free to about 500 taxi drivers, about 6% of drivers working for taxi firms in Yokohama, from 3 to 31 December 2019. The app suggested routes where demand was predicted to be high. Kyogo Kanazawa, Daiji Kawaguchi, Hitoshi Shigeoka and Yasutora Watanabe, economists at the University of Tokyo, compared each driver's cruising time with and without the app turned on, holding place and hour fixed. They report that the app shortened the search for customers by 5% on average and by 7% for low-skilled drivers, with a near-zero effect for high-skilled drivers. The 2022 working paper puts the narrowing of the productivity gap at 14%, and the version that Management Science published in February 2026 puts it at 13.4%. Drivers chose when to turn the app on, which the authors address with fixed effects and an instrument based on how unfamiliar the driver was with the area. More than half of the drivers offered the app never tried it. The study covers one city for one month. The company supplied the data, the authors report no financial support from it, and Japanese public research agencies funded the work."}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["summary","account"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"systems[].autonomy_permissions":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"systems[].component_role":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"systems[].deployment_configuration":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"systems[].inputs_outputs":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"systems[].model_name":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"systems[].model_version":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"systems[].product_name":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"system":"AI Navi (machine-learning demand forecasting and route suggestion for taxi drivers)"}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["system"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"systems[].provider":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"taxonomy_crosswalks[]":{"state":"unresolved","provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"reason":"This is an explicit unresolved assignment: the sources on record do not settle this question.","review_state":"not_assessed","coverage":"partial"},"title":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"title":"AI Navi demand-prediction routing shortens cruising time for low-skilled Yokohama taxi drivers by 7%","headline":"A demand-routing app helps less skilled taxi drivers find fares"}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["title","headline"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"},"version":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"identifiers","identifiers":["11799d6d9c4a42b40ae45124620f9b81893355e3862e0d728433a5f1abed08c2"],"role":"SHA-256 of the complete public case and its assessments"},"provenance":{"kind":"curatorial","basis":"SHA-256 of the public case, its assessments, and its displayed answers and notes, excluding its own identifier and the derived coverage summary.","record_fields":[],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"complete"},"workflow":{"state":"value_present","value":{"kind":"record_fields","fields":{"account":"A tech company that the authors do not name gave its AI Navi app free to about 500 taxi drivers, about 6% of drivers working for taxi firms in Yokohama, from 3 to 31 December 2019. The app suggested routes where demand was predicted to be high. Kyogo Kanazawa, Daiji Kawaguchi, Hitoshi Shigeoka and Yasutora Watanabe, economists at the University of Tokyo, compared each driver's cruising time with and without the app turned on, holding place and hour fixed. They report that the app shortened the search for customers by 5% on average and by 7% for low-skilled drivers, with a near-zero effect for high-skilled drivers. The 2022 working paper puts the narrowing of the productivity gap at 14%, and the version that Management Science published in February 2026 puts it at 13.4%. Drivers chose when to turn the app on, which the authors address with fixed effects and an instrument based on how unfamiliar the driver was with the area. More than half of the drivers offered the app never tried it. The study covers one city for one month. The company supplied the data, the authors report no financial support from it, and Japanese public research agencies funded the work.","replication":{"produced_by":["The app predicted demand from recent driving records in the city.","Drivers turned the app on while cruising for fares."],"must_hold":["The model must have recent local driving data.","Gains depend on drivers who lack their own knowledge of demand."],"echoes":[]}}},"provenance":{"kind":"legacy_record","basis":"Editorial assignment.","record_fields":["account","replication"],"source_refs":[]},"review_state":"record_mapped","coverage":"partial"}},"summary":{"total":91,"addressed":91,"known":41,"reviewed":15,"reviewed_complete":14,"reviewed_partial":1,"record_mapped":27,"review_not_assessed":49,"not_assessed":0,"complete":false,"by_state":{"value_present":41,"not_reported":0,"unresolved":50,"not_assessed":0,"not_applicable":0,"withheld":0,"source_unavailable":0}}},"presentation_version":"4daf1d167e96d6a656b502df44252748c26b8fc53b6cd63ca7d0c624e4b7e455"}