{
  "id": "AIBD-0553",
  "title": "Leeds City Council and Xylo: transforming planning with AI",
  "summary": "Leeds reports over 40% more applications processed per officer, less research time, and improved officer wellbeing during its Xylo pilot.",
  "date_observed": "2026-03-12",
  "date_basis": "source publication",
  "date_precision": "day",
  "benefit_status": "reported",
  "source_collection": "LGA AI case-study bank",
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  "account": "Leeds and Xylo developed a workspace that helps planning officers research applications and prepare material for human review. The council reports that its pilot began with eight officers and later expanded to 20. Officer interviews and usage data reportedly showed over 40% more householder and minor applications processed monthly per officer, less research work, and improved wellbeing. Xylo cofounder Habs Isabelle Kim had reported a 40% increase against a control group on March 12, 2026. Neither account provides the throughput denominator, group assignment, baseline totals, or analysis needed to assess that comparison. The reported accuracy improvement concerns officers’ judgments of their work, rather than an independently measured change in decision accuracy. Xylo’s separate March 11 account describes six officers and 33 pre-applications using Patch. That sample cannot automatically be treated as the denominator for the Core throughput result. The council’s earlier technical disclosure names the language models and requires officers to review the generated material. These are original accounts from the council and supplier, without an independent evaluation of the reported benefit.",
  "category": "general benefit",
  "unexpected": false,
  "purpose": "Help planning officers find and process relevant information while retaining professional judgment.",
  "system": "Xylo Core AI planning workspace",
  "model_version": "The November 27, 2025 council disclosure lists gpt-5-2025-08-07, gemini-2.5-pro, and claude-sonnet-4@20250514. Versions used for individual reported results are unspecified.",
  "developer": "Xylo",
  "deployer": "Leeds City Council",
  "location": "United Kingdom",
  "domain": "Planning administration",
  "segment": null,
  "benefit_type": "Improved Organizational Efficiency",
  "taxonomy_note": null,
  "registry_ids": {},
  "ratings": [
    {
      "group": "organizational",
      "depth": 2,
      "reason": "Reported application throughput rises by over 40%, supporting a measurable service-capability gain."
    },
    {
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      "depth": 2,
      "reason": "All surveyed officers reportedly experienced improved stress and energy levels, alongside less research work. These are reported wellbeing/work-capability improvements without a demonstrated lasting change."
    }
  ],
  "ai_role": {
    "status": "assessed",
    "statement": "The council describes retrieval of relevant planning material and API calls to language models that generate suggestions and draft text for officer review. Its November 2025 disclosure identifies GPT-5, Gemini 2.5 Pro, and Claude Sonnet 4. The models do not determine planning merits. Reported changes in work and wellbeing come from project-side interviews and usage data. A supplier-reported control group lacks sufficient published methods to establish an independent causal comparison."
  },
  "evidence": [
    {
      "kind": "report",
      "citation": "Leeds City Council and Xylo, published by the Local Government Association. Leeds City Council and Xylo: transforming planning with AI. 2026-05-08. Sections “The collaborative process,” “Successes and results,” and “Risk identification and mitigation.” Original project account with pilot participation and outcome figures; no underlying evaluation dataset or independent assessment.",
      "title": "Leeds City Council and Xylo: transforming planning with AI",
      "url": "https://www.local.gov.uk/case-studies/leeds-city-council-and-xylo-transforming-planning-ai",
      "date": "2026-05-08",
      "written_by": "deployer",
      "quote": null
    },
    {
      "kind": "report",
      "citation": "Habs Isabelle Kim, Xylo cofounder. Leeds planning pilot: 40% more applications than the control group. 2026-03-12. Original supplier account of results presented alongside Leeds planning officer Benedict Barnett. Page metadata gives March 12, 2026, 11:05:31 UTC. Adds the control-group claim and earlier chronology, without disclosing methods.",
      "title": "Leeds planning pilot: 40% more applications than the control group",
      "url": "https://www.linkedin.com/posts/habin-isa_our-pilot-officers-processed-40-more-planning-activity-7437816039079489537-z4dP",
      "date": "2026-03-12",
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": null
    },
    {
      "kind": "report",
      "citation": "Leeds City Council and Xylo. Leeds City Council: Xylo Core. 2025-11-27. Algorithmic Transparency Recording Standard, §§2.1, 3.2–3.3, 4.1–4.2, and 5.1–5.2. Original council/supplier disclosure of system design, named model versions, human review, and risks. Publication on GOV.UK is not independent regulatory confirmation of the outcomes.",
      "title": "Leeds City Council: Xylo Core",
      "url": "https://www.gov.uk/algorithmic-transparency-records/leeds-city-council-xylo-core",
      "date": "2025-11-27",
      "written_by": "deployer",
      "quote": null
    },
    {
      "kind": "report",
      "citation": "Xylo. Leeds Patch pilot: six officers and 33 pre-applications. 2026-03-11. Original supplier report describing a pre-application pilot and its sample. Retained to distinguish that sample from the Core householder/minor throughput result. The post is marked edited and provides no public version history.",
      "title": "Leeds Patch pilot: six officers and 33 pre-applications",
      "url": "https://www.linkedin.com/posts/buildxylo_using-xylo-cut-down-the-time-i-spent-on-activity-7437461682311925760-Oc3w",
      "date": "2026-03-11",
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": null
    }
  ],
  "replication": {
    "produced_by": [
      "Leeds and Xylo co-designed and tested the workspace over more than six months.",
      "The reported pilot focused on time, work quality, and officer wellbeing."
    ],
    "must_hold": [
      "Local planning policies and application material are available and kept current for retrieval.",
      "Planning officers review generated suggestions against the original material and retain responsibility for decisions.",
      "Integration limits, officer training, and the time required for review affect the achievable gains."
    ],
    "echoes": []
  },
  "paired_incident": null,
  "headline": "Leeds reports more planning applications processed with Xylo",
  "metric": null,
  "comparator": null,
  "later": null,
  "value": null,
  "developer_country": null,
  "deployer_country": null,
  "unrated_because": null,
  "brief_notes": null,
  "brief": null,
  "revisions": [
    {
      "date": "2026-10-22",
      "change": "Added the case.",
      "source": "https://www.local.gov.uk/case-studies/leeds-city-council-and-xylo-transforming-planning-ai",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-24",
      "change": "Traced the original project reports, corrected publication chronology to March 12, 2026, identified disclosed model versions, and distinguished pilot participation from unpublished outcome denominators.",
      "source": "https://www.local.gov.uk/case-studies/leeds-city-council-and-xylo-transforming-planning-ai",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    }
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  "confidence": "claimed",
  "shade": "low",
  "claim_status": "The deployer's account",
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                ],
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                  "The LGA mentions an opportunities report, privacy/AI white paper, DPIA, and responsible-AI assessment; complete underlying files were not provided in the reviewed pages.",
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                ],
                "limitations": [
                  "The relationship between this sample and the LGA outcome percentages is not specified. Do not use the six-officer sample as a known Core throughput denominator.",
                  "The current post is marked edited; the text at original publication is not independently archived."
                ],
                "source_ref": "AIBD-0553-source-0004"
              }
            ],
            "limitations": [
              "No independent evaluation or publicly inspectable underlying outcome dataset was found.",
              "The technical overview requires Google Drive access; complete internal assessments, pilot calculations, and outcome denominators remain unavailable."
            ],
            "chronology_source": {
              "url": "https://www.linkedin.com/posts/habin-isa_our-pilot-officers-processed-40-more-planning-activity-7437816039079489537-z4dP",
              "title": "Leeds planning pilot: 40% more applications than the control group",
              "date": "2026-03-12",
              "timestamp": "2026-03-12T11:05:31.637Z",
              "basis": "Original post metadata; first verified report of the central throughput claim."
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "source_review",
          "basis": "Traced the original project reports, corrected publication chronology to March 12, 2026, identified disclosed model versions, and distinguished pilot participation from unpublished outcome denominators.",
          "record_fields": [
            "evidence"
          ],
          "source_refs": [
            "AIBD-0553-source-0001",
            "AIBD-0553-source-0002",
            "AIBD-0553-source-0003",
            "AIBD-0553-source-0004"
          ],
          "reviewed_on": "2026-10-24"
        },
        "review_state": "reviewed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "display": {
          "answer": "The council’s account has no independent evaluation or public dataset of outcomes. The technical overview, complete internal assessments, and pilot calculations were inaccessible.",
          "editor_note": ""
        }
      },
      "strategic_assessments[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "strategic assessments"
      },
      "summary": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "summary": "Leeds reports over 40% more applications processed per officer, less research time, and improved officer wellbeing during its Xylo pilot.",
            "account": "Leeds and Xylo developed a workspace that helps planning officers research applications and prepare material for human review. The council reports that its pilot began with eight officers and later expanded to 20. Officer interviews and usage data reportedly showed over 40% more householder and minor applications processed monthly per officer, less research work, and improved wellbeing. Xylo cofounder Habs Isabelle Kim had reported a 40% increase against a control group on March 12, 2026. Neither account provides the throughput denominator, group assignment, baseline totals, or analysis needed to assess that comparison. The reported accuracy improvement concerns officers’ judgments of their work, rather than an independently measured change in decision accuracy. Xylo’s separate March 11 account describes six officers and 33 pre-applications using Patch. That sample cannot automatically be treated as the denominator for the Core throughput result. The council’s earlier technical disclosure names the language models and requires officers to review the generated material. These are original accounts from the council and supplier, without an independent evaluation of the reported benefit."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "curatorial",
          "basis": "Updated affected case fields after the dated primary-source review. Unrelated requirement assessments retain their existing status.",
          "record_fields": [
            "summary",
            "account"
          ],
          "source_refs": [
            "AIBD-0553-source-0001",
            "AIBD-0553-source-0002",
            "AIBD-0553-source-0003",
            "AIBD-0553-source-0004"
          ],
          "reviewed_on": "2026-10-24"
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].autonomy_permissions": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].component_role": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "text",
          "text": "The models retrieved planning information and generated suggestions and draft text for officers to review."
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Restated the mechanical task already described in the existing system and AI-role fields. No new source review is claimed.",
          "record_fields": [
            "system",
            "ai_role"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].deployment_configuration": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "text",
          "text": "The council’s November 2025 disclosure listed gpt-5-2025-08-07, gemini-2.5-pro, and claude-sonnet-4@20250514."
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Separated the model, software, hardware, or operation already described in the existing record. No new source review is claimed.",
          "record_fields": [
            "model_version",
            "system",
            "ai_role"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].inputs_outputs": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].model_name": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "text",
          "text": "The council listed GPT-5, Gemini 2.5 Pro, and Claude Sonnet 4."
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Separated the model, software, hardware, or operation already described in the existing record. No new source review is claimed.",
          "record_fields": [
            "model_version",
            "system",
            "ai_role"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "display": {
          "answer": "The council listed GPT-5, Gemini 2.5 Pro, and Claude Sonnet 4.",
          "editor_note": "The council’s disclosure dated 27 November 2025 lists these models. It does not identify which model produced each reported result."
        }
      },
      "systems[].model_version": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "model_version": "The November 27, 2025 council disclosure lists gpt-5-2025-08-07, gemini-2.5-pro, and claude-sonnet-4@20250514. Versions used for individual reported results are unspecified."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "source_review",
          "basis": "Council/supplier ATRS disclosure, November 27, 2025, §§4.2.1–4.2.2. Per-result model versions remain unspecified.",
          "record_fields": [
            "model_version"
          ],
          "source_refs": [
            "AIBD-0553-source-0003"
          ],
          "reviewed_on": "2026-10-24"
        },
        "review_state": "reviewed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "display": {
          "answer": "The council’s disclosure of 27 November 2025 lists gpt-5-2025-08-07, gemini-2.5-pro, and claude-sonnet-4@20250514. It does not connect individual results to one of those releases.",
          "editor_note": ""
        }
      },
      "systems[].product_name": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "system": "Xylo Core AI planning workspace"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "system"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].provider": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "structured",
          "data": {
            "application_developer": "Xylo"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Mapped from the existing case description without a new external source review.",
          "record_fields": [
            "developer"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "taxonomy_crosswalks[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "title": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "title": "Leeds City Council and Xylo: transforming planning with AI",
            "headline": "Leeds reports more planning applications processed with Xylo"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "title",
            "headline"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "version": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "identifiers",
          "identifiers": [
            "547cdd694349861b4afbe0dddffb6a16bd6730437c4352c4ed41516726b28719"
          ],
          "role": "SHA-256 of normalized original case data"
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "curatorial",
          "basis": "Deterministic content version after the October 24, 2026 primary-source review.",
          "record_fields": [],
          "source_refs": [],
          "reviewed_on": "2026-10-24"
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "complete"
      },
      "workflow": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "account": "Leeds and Xylo developed a workspace that helps planning officers research applications and prepare material for human review. The council reports that its pilot began with eight officers and later expanded to 20. Officer interviews and usage data reportedly showed over 40% more householder and minor applications processed monthly per officer, less research work, and improved wellbeing. Xylo cofounder Habs Isabelle Kim had reported a 40% increase against a control group on March 12, 2026. Neither account provides the throughput denominator, group assignment, baseline totals, or analysis needed to assess that comparison. The reported accuracy improvement concerns officers’ judgments of their work, rather than an independently measured change in decision accuracy. Xylo’s separate March 11 account describes six officers and 33 pre-applications using Patch. That sample cannot automatically be treated as the denominator for the Core throughput result. The council’s earlier technical disclosure names the language models and requires officers to review the generated material. These are original accounts from the council and supplier, without an independent evaluation of the reported benefit.",
            "replication": {
              "produced_by": [
                "Leeds and Xylo co-designed and tested the workspace over more than six months.",
                "The reported pilot focused on time, work quality, and officer wellbeing."
              ],
              "must_hold": [
                "Local planning policies and application material are available and kept current for retrieval.",
                "Planning officers review generated suggestions against the original material and retain responsibility for decisions.",
                "Integration limits, officer training, and the time required for review affect the achievable gains."
              ],
              "echoes": []
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "curatorial",
          "basis": "Updated affected case fields after the dated primary-source review. Unrelated requirement assessments retain their existing status.",
          "record_fields": [
            "account",
            "replication"
          ],
          "source_refs": [
            "AIBD-0553-source-0001",
            "AIBD-0553-source-0002",
            "AIBD-0553-source-0003",
            "AIBD-0553-source-0004"
          ],
          "reviewed_on": "2026-10-24"
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      }
    },
    "summary": {
      "total": 91,
      "addressed": 91,
      "known": 35,
      "reviewed": 5,
      "record_mapped": 30,
      "not_assessed": 56,
      "complete": false,
      "by_state": {
        "value_present": 35,
        "not_reported": 0,
        "unresolved": 0,
        "not_assessed": 56,
        "not_applicable": 0,
        "withheld": 0,
        "source_unavailable": 0
      }
    }
  }
}