{
  "id": "AIBD-0349",
  "title": "Google's Android Earthquake Alerts detects the Mw 6.2 Marmara Ereğlisi earthquake 5.31 s after origin and alerts over 16 million users on 23 April 2025; evaluation is Google-authored",
  "summary": "AEA detected the 23 April 2025 Mw 6.2 Marmara Ereğlisi quake in 5.31 s and alerted 16 million+ users (median 56 s warning for weak shaking); Google-authored evaluation; inland Take Action shortfall.",
  "date_observed": "2025-04-23",
  "date_basis": "unassessed",
  "date_precision": "unassessed",
  "benefit_status": null,
  "source_collection": null,
  "source_entry": null,
  "account": "On 23 April 2025 the Mw 6.2 Marmara Ereğlisi earthquake struck offshore in the Sea of Marmara, Türkiye. Initial reports cited by the evaluation put shaking in Istanbul at MMI V. At least 359 people were injured, mostly from panic. Google's Android Earthquake Alerts (AEA) system uses the accelerometers of online Android phones. An on-phone detection algorithm flags sudden changes in acceleration. The system detected the event 5.31 seconds after its origin. It issued a first “Be Aware” alert 0.43 seconds later on an initial magnitude estimate of Mw 4.83. “Take Action” alerts followed as the estimate rose. Alerts reached more than 16 million Android users in Türkiye, Greece, Romania and Bulgaria. Warning times for weak shaking (MMI III) reached up to 150 seconds with a median of 56 seconds. The authors report 90% true positives and 99% precision. The final magnitude estimate saturated at Mw 6.04, so the “Take Action” polygon was too small. Inland populations that felt MMI V shaking received only the “Be Aware” warning before stronger shaking arrived. The evaluation (Nature Communications, 11 August 2026) and the system description (Science, 17 July 2025) are written by Google employees. So is the user-feedback data. The same system underestimated the 6 February 2023 Türkiye earthquakes. The BBC reported on 27 July 2025 that only 469 “Take Action” alerts were sent for the M7.8 event. 10 million people could have received one.",
  "category": "protective response",
  "unexpected": false,
  "purpose": "Crowd-sourced earthquake detection and early warning delivered to Android phones in countries without dense seismic networks. The alerts were the intended use.",
  "system": "Android Earthquake Alerts (AEA) system",
  "model_version": null,
  "developer": "Google",
  "deployer": "Google (alerts delivered directly to Android users; launched in Türkiye in June 2021)",
  "location": "Sea of Marmara / Istanbul region, Türkiye (alerts also in Greece, Romania and Bulgaria)",
  "domain": "Earthquake early warning / public safety",
  "segment": "Consumer operating-system safety feature",
  "benefit_type": "Increased Product Safety",
  "taxonomy_note": "An earthquake warning is read as a detection mechanism; no averted injury is documented.",
  "registry_ids": {},
  "ratings": [
    {
      "group": "personal",
      "depth": 1,
      "reason": "Google's feedback data say recipients were likely to drop, cover and hold on or warn others. No individual injury avoided is documented. The data are vendor-collected."
    },
    {
      "group": "organizational",
      "depth": null,
      "reason": "No organization's decision or operation is documented as changed by the alerts."
    },
    {
      "group": "societal",
      "depth": 2,
      "reason": "More than 16 million users were alerted with a median 56 s warning for weak shaking. “Take Action” alerts did not cover inland MMI V areas in time. No reduction in injuries is demonstrated. Evidence is vendor-authored."
    }
  ],
  "ai_role": {
    "status": "assessed",
    "statement": "The system itself generated the detection and the alerts. A few hundred phones triggered on the P wave. The system detected the event 5.31 s after origin and issued alerts within 0.43 s. Magnitude estimates were updated over the next 12 s. All performance figures and user-response data come from Google-authored papers (Mousavi et al. 2026; Allen et al. 2025). That is said plainly here. The only independent cited source, the BBC, concerns the 2023 underestimation. The read papers describe the detection as an on-phone algorithm that analyzes acceleration time series for sudden changes. They do not use the terms machine learning or artificial intelligence. Whether the system uses AI is not established by the sources."
  },
  "evidence": [
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "Mousavi, S. M., Robertson, P., Allen, R. M., Barski, A., Bosch, R., Thiruverahan, N., Cho, Y., Gadh, T., Malkos, S., Spooner, B., Wimpey, G., Shi, E., Stogaitis, M. (2026). Performance and user response of android's smartphone-based alerts in the 2025 Marmara Ereğlisi earthquake. Nature Communications, 11 August 2026. doi:10.1038/s41467-026-76413-7. Authors affiliated with Google LLC and Google Germany GmbH.",
      "title": "Performance and user response of android's smartphone-based alerts in the 2025 Marmara Ereğlisi earthquake",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-76413-7",
      "date": "2026-08-11",
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": "AEA detected the event 5.31 seconds after its initiation, alerting over 16 million users."
    },
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "Mousavi, S. M. et al. (2026). Same article, abstract, warning times.",
      "title": "Performance and user response of android's smartphone-based alerts (warning times)",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13558587",
      "date": "2026-08-11",
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": "Warning times for weak shaking (MMI III) reached up to 150 seconds, with a median of 56 seconds."
    },
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "Mousavi, S. M. et al. (2026). Same article, Methods, detection and alerting.",
      "title": "Performance and user response of android's smartphone-based alerts (detection method)",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13558587",
      "date": "2026-08-11",
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": "An on-phone detection algorithm analyzes acceleration time series for sudden changes indicative of P- or S-wave arrivals."
    },
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "Mousavi, S. M. et al. (2026). Same article, Results, alert performance.",
      "title": "Performance and user response of android's smartphone-based alerts (Take Action shortfall)",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13558587",
      "date": "2026-08-11",
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": "Consequently, inland populations who experienced moderate ground motions (MMI V) did not receive a “Take Action” alert before the arrival of the stronger shaking."
    },
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "Allen, R. M., Barski, A., Berman, M., Bosch, R., Cho, Y., Jiang, X. S., Lee, Y. L., Malkos, S., Mousavi, S. M., Robertson, P., Spooner, B., Stogaitis, M., Thiruverahan, N., Wimpey, G. (2025). Global earthquake detection and warning using Android phones. Science, 17 July 2025. doi:10.1126/science.ads4779 (Google-authored).",
      "title": "Global earthquake detection and warning using Android phones",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/40674485",
      "date": "2025-07-17",
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": "Alerts were delivered in 98 countries for earthquakes with M ≥4.5, corresponding to ~60 events and 18 million alerts per month."
    },
    {
      "kind": "news report",
      "citation": "Clayton, J., Foster, A., Derico, B. (2025). Google failed to warn 10 million of Turkey earthquake severity. BBC News, 27 July 2025.",
      "title": "Google failed to warn 10 million of Turkey earthquake severity",
      "url": "https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c77v2kx304go",
      "date": "2025-07-27",
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": "Instead, only 469 \"Take Action\" warnings were sent out for the first 7.8 magnitude quake."
    },
    {
      "kind": "news report",
      "citation": "Clayton, J., Foster, A., Derico, B. (2025). Same article, magnitude estimate.",
      "title": "Google failed to warn 10 million of Turkey earthquake severity (magnitude estimate)",
      "url": "https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c77v2kx304go",
      "date": "2025-07-27",
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": "For the first earthquake, the system estimated the shaking at between 4.5 and 4.9 on the moment magnitude scale (MMS) when it was actually a 7.8."
    },
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "Mousavi, S. M., Robertson, P., Allen, R. M., et al. (2026). Performance and user response of android's smartphone-based alerts in the 2025 Marmara Ereğlisi earthquake. Nature Communications, 11 August 2026. doi:10.1038/s41467-026-76413-7. Full text as served by the Europe PMC REST API (PMC13558587).",
      "title": "Performance and user response of android's smartphone-based alerts in the 2025 Marmara Ereğlisi earthquake (Europe PMC full text XML)",
      "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13558587/fullTextXML",
      "date": "2026-08-11",
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": null
    }
  ],
  "replication": {
    "produced_by": [
      "Dense network of online Android phones (about 66,000 used for characterization) around an offshore epicentre",
      "On-phone trigger on P-wave acceleration and server-side magnitude estimation updated over 12 s",
      "Two-tier alerting (Be Aware, Take Action) delivered through the operating system",
      "A population with high earthquake awareness after the 2023 Kahramanmaraş disaster, per the authors"
    ],
    "must_hold": [
      "Enough stationary, charging phones near the epicentre to trigger early",
      "Magnitude estimates that do not saturate below the true magnitude. This failed here at Mw 6.04 and failed badly in 2023.",
      "Alerts that outrun S-wave arrival at the populated distance",
      "Users who recognize and act on the alert"
    ],
    "echoes": [
      {
        "date": "2023-02-06",
        "setting": "Mw 7.8 and Mw 7.5 earthquakes, south-east Türkiye: magnitude estimated at 4.5–4.9; 469 Take Action alerts sent for the first quake when 10 million people could have received one (BBC)",
        "model_version": null,
        "outcome": "did not recur",
        "source": "https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c77v2kx304go"
      },
      {
        "date": null,
        "setting": "Global operation over three years: alerts in 98 countries, about 60 events and 18 million alerts per month; 85% of alert recipients felt shaking (Science 2025, Google-authored)",
        "model_version": null,
        "outcome": "recurred",
        "source": "https://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/40674485"
      }
    ]
  },
  "paired_incident": null,
  "headline": "Google's AEA alerts 16 million+ users to Marmara Ereğlisi quake",
  "metric": "alerted 16 million+ users (median 56 s warning for weak shaking)",
  "comparator": {
    "against": "local seismic networks (AFAD stations)",
    "before": null,
    "after": "AEA detected the event 5.31 seconds after its initiation, alerting over 16 million users.",
    "basis": "measured",
    "quote": "A key finding was the earlier detection of seismic signals by smartphone accelerometers compared to the wavefield’s arrival at local seismic networks in this specific geography.",
    "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13558587/fullTextXML"
  },
  "later": {
    "status": "persisted",
    "date": "2025-09-16",
    "note": "Google reports the system still operating in Türkiye after the event, with more than 116 million alerts issued for 203 detected events since June 2021 as of 16 September 2025.",
    "quote": "Since AEA’s launch in Türkiye in June 2021, more than 116 million alerts have been issued for 203 detected events in the country (as of Sep 16, 2025)",
    "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13558587/fullTextXML"
  },
  "value": null,
  "developer_country": "United States",
  "deployer_country": "United States",
  "unrated_because": null,
  "brief_notes": null,
  "brief": null,
  "revisions": [
    {
      "date": "2026-10-20",
      "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.",
      "source": null,
      "editor": "AIBD"
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    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against, what happened since from the cited sources.",
      "source": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13558587/fullTextXML; https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13558587/fullTextXML",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Benefit type set to Increased Product Safety under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Knowledge Discovery among the six first used.",
      "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
      "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google",
      "editor": "AIBD"
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    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, purpose, the replication conditions, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.",
      "source": null,
      "editor": "AIBD"
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  ],
  "confidence": "reported",
  "shade": "medium",
  "claim_status": "Independently reported",
  "claim_basis": "Sources: one independent news report and four peer-reviewed studies from the makers. The cited evidence includes no independent study or report and no finding by a regulator or court.",
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              "statement": "The system itself generated the detection and the alerts. A few hundred phones triggered on the P wave. The system detected the event 5.31 s after origin and issued alerts within 0.43 s. Magnitude estimates were updated over the next 12 s. All performance figures and user-response data come from Google-authored papers (Mousavi et al. 2026; Allen et al. 2025). That is said plainly here. The only independent cited source, the BBC, concerns the 2023 underestimation. The read papers describe the detection as an on-phone algorithm that analyzes acceleration time series for sudden changes. They do not use the terms machine learning or artificial intelligence. Whether the system uses AI is not established by the sources."
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          "answer": "Android Earthquake Alerts detected the earthquake from phone accelerometers and issued warnings. The authors report detection 5.31 seconds after the earthquake began and an alert within a further 0.43 seconds.",
          "editor_note": ""
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        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "economics[].amount": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].costs[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].counterfactual": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].currency_price_basis": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].gross_net": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].measure_type": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].period_unit": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].realization": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].recipient_payer": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].return_payback": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].valuation_method": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "evaluations[].ai_uplift": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].comparator": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].design": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].effect": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].exposure": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].id": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].measurement_method": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].metric": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Mapped from the existing case description without a new external source review.",
          "record_fields": [
            "metric"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations",
        "display": {
          "answer": "alerted 16 million+ users (median 56 s warning for weak shaking)",
          "editor_note": ""
        }
      },
      "evaluations[].reproduction_materials": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].setting_sample": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].uncertainty_limitations": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Mapped from the existing case description without a new external source review.",
          "record_fields": [
            "ai_role",
            "account"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations",
        "display": {
          "answer": "Google-authored papers supply the performance figures and user responses. The sources describe an algorithm that detects changes in acceleration but do not establish that it uses machine learning. The independent BBC report concerns a different earthquake.",
          "editor_note": ""
        }
      },
      "external_references[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "follow_up[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "later": {
              "status": "persisted",
              "date": "2025-09-16",
              "note": "Google reports the system still operating in Türkiye after the event, with more than 116 million alerts issued for 203 detected events since June 2021 as of 16 September 2025.",
              "quote": "Since AEA’s launch in Türkiye in June 2021, more than 116 million alerts have been issued for 203 detected events in the country (as of Sep 16, 2025)",
              "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13558587/fullTextXML"
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "later"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "human_oversight": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "id": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "id": "AIBD-0349"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "id"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "infrastructure_dependencies[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].beneficiaries": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].beneficiary_count": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].benefit_type": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "benefit_type": "Increased Product Safety",
            "taxonomy_note": "An earthquake warning is read as a detection mechanism; no averted injury is documented."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "benefit_type",
            "taxonomy_note"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].claim": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "account": "On 23 April 2025 the Mw 6.2 Marmara Ereğlisi earthquake struck offshore in the Sea of Marmara, Türkiye. Initial reports cited by the evaluation put shaking in Istanbul at MMI V. At least 359 people were injured, mostly from panic. Google's Android Earthquake Alerts (AEA) system uses the accelerometers of online Android phones. An on-phone detection algorithm flags sudden changes in acceleration. The system detected the event 5.31 seconds after its origin. It issued a first “Be Aware” alert 0.43 seconds later on an initial magnitude estimate of Mw 4.83. “Take Action” alerts followed as the estimate rose. Alerts reached more than 16 million Android users in Türkiye, Greece, Romania and Bulgaria. Warning times for weak shaking (MMI III) reached up to 150 seconds with a median of 56 seconds. The authors report 90% true positives and 99% precision. The final magnitude estimate saturated at Mw 6.04, so the “Take Action” polygon was too small. Inland populations that felt MMI V shaking received only the “Be Aware” warning before stronger shaking arrived. The evaluation (Nature Communications, 11 August 2026) and the system description (Science, 17 July 2025) are written by Google employees. So is the user-feedback data. The same system underestimated the 6 February 2023 Türkiye earthquakes. The BBC reported on 27 July 2025 that only 469 “Take Action” alerts were sent for the M7.8 event. 10 million people could have received one.",
            "benefit_type": "Increased Product Safety"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "account",
            "benefit_type"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].distribution": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].duration": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].id": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].stakeholder_group": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "ratings": [
              {
                "group": "personal",
                "depth": 1,
                "reason": "Google's feedback data say recipients were likely to drop, cover and hold on or warn others. No individual injury avoided is documented. The data are vendor-collected."
              },
              {
                "group": "organizational",
                "reason": "No organization's decision or operation is documented as changed by the alerts."
              },
              {
                "group": "societal",
                "depth": 2,
                "reason": "More than 16 million users were alerted with a median 56 s warning for weak shaking. “Take Action” alerts did not cover inland MMI V areas in time. No reduction in injuries is demonstrated. Evidence is vendor-authored."
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "ratings"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].status": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].tradeoffs": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].unexpected": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "unexpected": false,
            "purpose": "Crowd-sourced earthquake detection and early warning delivered to Android phones in countries without dense seismic networks. The alerts were the intended use."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "unexpected",
            "purpose"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "places[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "location": "Sea of Marmara / Istanbul region, Türkiye (alerts also in Greece, Romania and Bulgaria)",
            "developer_country": "United States",
            "deployer_country": "United States"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "location",
            "developer_country",
            "deployer_country"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "purpose": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "purpose": "Crowd-sourced earthquake detection and early warning delivered to Android phones in countries without dense seismic networks. The alerts were the intended use."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "purpose"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "record_dates": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "date_observed": "2025-04-23",
            "revisions": [
              {
                "date": "2026-10-20",
                "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against, what happened since from the cited sources.",
                "source": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13558587/fullTextXML; https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13558587/fullTextXML",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Benefit type set to Increased Product Safety under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Knowledge Discovery among the six first used.",
                "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
                "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, purpose, the replication conditions, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "date_observed",
            "revisions"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "replication.attempts[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "replication": {
              "produced_by": [
                "Dense network of online Android phones (about 66,000 used for characterization) around an offshore epicentre",
                "On-phone trigger on P-wave acceleration and server-side magnitude estimation updated over 12 s",
                "Two-tier alerting (Be Aware, Take Action) delivered through the operating system",
                "A population with high earthquake awareness after the 2023 Kahramanmaraş disaster, per the authors"
              ],
              "must_hold": [
                "Enough stationary, charging phones near the epicentre to trigger early",
                "Magnitude estimates that do not saturate below the true magnitude. This failed here at Mw 6.04 and failed badly in 2023.",
                "Alerts that outrun S-wave arrival at the populated distance",
                "Users who recognize and act on the alert"
              ],
              "echoes": [
                {
                  "date": "2023-02-06",
                  "setting": "Mw 7.8 and Mw 7.5 earthquakes, south-east Türkiye: magnitude estimated at 4.5–4.9; 469 Take Action alerts sent for the first quake when 10 million people could have received one (BBC)",
                  "outcome": "did not recur",
                  "source": "https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c77v2kx304go"
                },
                {
                  "setting": "Global operation over three years: alerts in 98 countries, about 60 events and 18 million alerts per month; 85% of alert recipients felt shaking (Science 2025, Google-authored)",
                  "outcome": "recurred",
                  "source": "https://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/40674485"
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "replication"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "replication.conditions": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "replication": {
              "produced_by": [
                "Dense network of online Android phones (about 66,000 used for characterization) around an offshore epicentre",
                "On-phone trigger on P-wave acceleration and server-side magnitude estimation updated over 12 s",
                "Two-tier alerting (Be Aware, Take Action) delivered through the operating system",
                "A population with high earthquake awareness after the 2023 Kahramanmaraş disaster, per the authors"
              ],
              "must_hold": [
                "Enough stationary, charging phones near the epicentre to trigger early",
                "Magnitude estimates that do not saturate below the true magnitude. This failed here at Mw 6.04 and failed badly in 2023.",
                "Alerts that outrun S-wave arrival at the populated distance",
                "Users who recognize and act on the alert"
              ],
              "echoes": [
                {
                  "date": "2023-02-06",
                  "setting": "Mw 7.8 and Mw 7.5 earthquakes, south-east Türkiye: magnitude estimated at 4.5–4.9; 469 Take Action alerts sent for the first quake when 10 million people could have received one (BBC)",
                  "outcome": "did not recur",
                  "source": "https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c77v2kx304go"
                },
                {
                  "setting": "Global operation over three years: alerts in 98 countries, about 60 events and 18 million alerts per month; 85% of alert recipients felt shaking (Science 2025, Google-authored)",
                  "outcome": "recurred",
                  "source": "https://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/40674485"
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "replication"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "revision_history[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "revisions": [
              {
                "date": "2026-10-20",
                "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against, what happened since from the cited sources.",
                "source": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13558587/fullTextXML; https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13558587/fullTextXML",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Benefit type set to Increased Product Safety under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Knowledge Discovery among the six first used.",
                "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
                "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, purpose, the replication conditions, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "revisions"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sector": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "domain": "Earthquake early warning / public safety",
            "segment": "Consumer operating-system safety feature"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "domain",
            "segment"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].access_version": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].citation_locator": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "evidence": [
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Mousavi, S. M., Robertson, P., Allen, R. M., Barski, A., Bosch, R., Thiruverahan, N., Cho, Y., Gadh, T., Malkos, S., Spooner, B., Wimpey, G., Shi, E., Stogaitis, M. (2026). Performance and user response of android's smartphone-based alerts in the 2025 Marmara Ereğlisi earthquake. Nature Communications, 11 August 2026. doi:10.1038/s41467-026-76413-7. Authors affiliated with Google LLC and Google Germany GmbH.",
                "title": "Performance and user response of android's smartphone-based alerts in the 2025 Marmara Ereğlisi earthquake",
                "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-76413-7",
                "date": "2026-08-11",
                "written_by": "makers",
                "quote": "AEA detected the event 5.31 seconds after its initiation, alerting over 16 million users."
              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Mousavi, S. M. et al. (2026). Same article, abstract, warning times.",
                "title": "Performance and user response of android's smartphone-based alerts (warning times)",
                "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13558587",
                "date": "2026-08-11",
                "written_by": "makers",
                "quote": "Warning times for weak shaking (MMI III) reached up to 150 seconds, with a median of 56 seconds."
              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Mousavi, S. M. et al. (2026). Same article, Methods, detection and alerting.",
                "title": "Performance and user response of android's smartphone-based alerts (detection method)",
                "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13558587",
                "date": "2026-08-11",
                "written_by": "makers",
                "quote": "An on-phone detection algorithm analyzes acceleration time series for sudden changes indicative of P- or S-wave arrivals."
              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Mousavi, S. M. et al. (2026). Same article, Results, alert performance.",
                "title": "Performance and user response of android's smartphone-based alerts (Take Action shortfall)",
                "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13558587",
                "date": "2026-08-11",
                "written_by": "makers",
                "quote": "Consequently, inland populations who experienced moderate ground motions (MMI V) did not receive a “Take Action” alert before the arrival of the stronger shaking."
              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Allen, R. M., Barski, A., Berman, M., Bosch, R., Cho, Y., Jiang, X. S., Lee, Y. L., Malkos, S., Mousavi, S. M., Robertson, P., Spooner, B., Stogaitis, M., Thiruverahan, N., Wimpey, G. (2025). Global earthquake detection and warning using Android phones. Science, 17 July 2025. doi:10.1126/science.ads4779 (Google-authored).",
                "title": "Global earthquake detection and warning using Android phones",
                "url": "https://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/40674485",
                "date": "2025-07-17",
                "written_by": "makers",
                "quote": "Alerts were delivered in 98 countries for earthquakes with M ≥4.5, corresponding to ~60 events and 18 million alerts per month."
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "Clayton, J., Foster, A., Derico, B. (2025). Google failed to warn 10 million of Turkey earthquake severity. BBC News, 27 July 2025.",
                "title": "Google failed to warn 10 million of Turkey earthquake severity",
                "url": "https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c77v2kx304go",
                "date": "2025-07-27",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "Instead, only 469 \"Take Action\" warnings were sent out for the first 7.8 magnitude quake."
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "Clayton, J., Foster, A., Derico, B. (2025). Same article, magnitude estimate.",
                "title": "Google failed to warn 10 million of Turkey earthquake severity (magnitude estimate)",
                "url": "https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c77v2kx304go",
                "date": "2025-07-27",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "For the first earthquake, the system estimated the shaking at between 4.5 and 4.9 on the moment magnitude scale (MMS) when it was actually a 7.8."
              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Mousavi, S. M., Robertson, P., Allen, R. M., et al. (2026). Performance and user response of android's smartphone-based alerts in the 2025 Marmara Ereğlisi earthquake. Nature Communications, 11 August 2026. doi:10.1038/s41467-026-76413-7. Full text as served by the Europe PMC REST API (PMC13558587).",
                "title": "Performance and user response of android's smartphone-based alerts in the 2025 Marmara Ereğlisi earthquake (Europe PMC full text XML)",
                "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13558587/fullTextXML",
                "date": "2026-08-11",
                "written_by": "makers"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "evidence"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].id": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "identifiers",
          "identifiers": [
            "AIBD-0349-source-0001",
            "AIBD-0349-source-0002",
            "AIBD-0349-source-0003",
            "AIBD-0349-source-0004",
            "AIBD-0349-source-0005",
            "AIBD-0349-source-0006",
            "AIBD-0349-source-0007",
            "AIBD-0349-source-0008"
          ],
          "role": "Existing evidence items, in their original order"
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "curatorial",
          "basis": "Stable within the fingerprinted record version; no source content or source review has been added.",
          "record_fields": [],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "complete"
      },
      "sources[].language": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].relationship": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "evidence": [
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Mousavi, S. M., Robertson, P., Allen, R. M., Barski, A., Bosch, R., Thiruverahan, N., Cho, Y., Gadh, T., Malkos, S., Spooner, B., Wimpey, G., Shi, E., Stogaitis, M. (2026). Performance and user response of android's smartphone-based alerts in the 2025 Marmara Ereğlisi earthquake. Nature Communications, 11 August 2026. doi:10.1038/s41467-026-76413-7. Authors affiliated with Google LLC and Google Germany GmbH.",
                "title": "Performance and user response of android's smartphone-based alerts in the 2025 Marmara Ereğlisi earthquake",
                "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-76413-7",
                "date": "2026-08-11",
                "written_by": "makers",
                "quote": "AEA detected the event 5.31 seconds after its initiation, alerting over 16 million users."
              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Mousavi, S. M. et al. (2026). Same article, abstract, warning times.",
                "title": "Performance and user response of android's smartphone-based alerts (warning times)",
                "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13558587",
                "date": "2026-08-11",
                "written_by": "makers",
                "quote": "Warning times for weak shaking (MMI III) reached up to 150 seconds, with a median of 56 seconds."
              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Mousavi, S. M. et al. (2026). Same article, Methods, detection and alerting.",
                "title": "Performance and user response of android's smartphone-based alerts (detection method)",
                "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13558587",
                "date": "2026-08-11",
                "written_by": "makers",
                "quote": "An on-phone detection algorithm analyzes acceleration time series for sudden changes indicative of P- or S-wave arrivals."
              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Mousavi, S. M. et al. (2026). Same article, Results, alert performance.",
                "title": "Performance and user response of android's smartphone-based alerts (Take Action shortfall)",
                "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13558587",
                "date": "2026-08-11",
                "written_by": "makers",
                "quote": "Consequently, inland populations who experienced moderate ground motions (MMI V) did not receive a “Take Action” alert before the arrival of the stronger shaking."
              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Allen, R. M., Barski, A., Berman, M., Bosch, R., Cho, Y., Jiang, X. S., Lee, Y. L., Malkos, S., Mousavi, S. M., Robertson, P., Spooner, B., Stogaitis, M., Thiruverahan, N., Wimpey, G. (2025). Global earthquake detection and warning using Android phones. Science, 17 July 2025. doi:10.1126/science.ads4779 (Google-authored).",
                "title": "Global earthquake detection and warning using Android phones",
                "url": "https://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/40674485",
                "date": "2025-07-17",
                "written_by": "makers",
                "quote": "Alerts were delivered in 98 countries for earthquakes with M ≥4.5, corresponding to ~60 events and 18 million alerts per month."
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "Clayton, J., Foster, A., Derico, B. (2025). Google failed to warn 10 million of Turkey earthquake severity. BBC News, 27 July 2025.",
                "title": "Google failed to warn 10 million of Turkey earthquake severity",
                "url": "https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c77v2kx304go",
                "date": "2025-07-27",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "Instead, only 469 \"Take Action\" warnings were sent out for the first 7.8 magnitude quake."
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "Clayton, J., Foster, A., Derico, B. (2025). Same article, magnitude estimate.",
                "title": "Google failed to warn 10 million of Turkey earthquake severity (magnitude estimate)",
                "url": "https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c77v2kx304go",
                "date": "2025-07-27",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "For the first earthquake, the system estimated the shaking at between 4.5 and 4.9 on the moment magnitude scale (MMS) when it was actually a 7.8."
              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Mousavi, S. M., Robertson, P., Allen, R. M., et al. (2026). Performance and user response of android's smartphone-based alerts in the 2025 Marmara Ereğlisi earthquake. Nature Communications, 11 August 2026. doi:10.1038/s41467-026-76413-7. Full text as served by the Europe PMC REST API (PMC13558587).",
                "title": "Performance and user response of android's smartphone-based alerts in the 2025 Marmara Ereğlisi earthquake (Europe PMC full text XML)",
                "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13558587/fullTextXML",
                "date": "2026-08-11",
                "written_by": "makers"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "evidence"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].upstream_sources": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "strategic_assessments[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "strategic assessments"
      },
      "summary": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "summary": "AEA detected the 23 April 2025 Mw 6.2 Marmara Ereğlisi quake in 5.31 s and alerted 16 million+ users (median 56 s warning for weak shaking); Google-authored evaluation; inland Take Action shortfall.",
            "account": "On 23 April 2025 the Mw 6.2 Marmara Ereğlisi earthquake struck offshore in the Sea of Marmara, Türkiye. Initial reports cited by the evaluation put shaking in Istanbul at MMI V. At least 359 people were injured, mostly from panic. Google's Android Earthquake Alerts (AEA) system uses the accelerometers of online Android phones. An on-phone detection algorithm flags sudden changes in acceleration. The system detected the event 5.31 seconds after its origin. It issued a first “Be Aware” alert 0.43 seconds later on an initial magnitude estimate of Mw 4.83. “Take Action” alerts followed as the estimate rose. Alerts reached more than 16 million Android users in Türkiye, Greece, Romania and Bulgaria. Warning times for weak shaking (MMI III) reached up to 150 seconds with a median of 56 seconds. The authors report 90% true positives and 99% precision. The final magnitude estimate saturated at Mw 6.04, so the “Take Action” polygon was too small. Inland populations that felt MMI V shaking received only the “Be Aware” warning before stronger shaking arrived. The evaluation (Nature Communications, 11 August 2026) and the system description (Science, 17 July 2025) are written by Google employees. So is the user-feedback data. The same system underestimated the 6 February 2023 Türkiye earthquakes. The BBC reported on 27 July 2025 that only 469 “Take Action” alerts were sent for the M7.8 event. 10 million people could have received one."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "summary",
            "account"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].autonomy_permissions": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].component_role": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].deployment_configuration": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].inputs_outputs": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].model_name": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].model_version": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].product_name": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "system": "Android Earthquake Alerts (AEA) system"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "system"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].provider": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "structured",
          "data": {
            "application_developer": "Google"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Mapped from the existing case description without a new external source review.",
          "record_fields": [
            "developer"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "taxonomy_crosswalks[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "title": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "title": "Google's Android Earthquake Alerts detects the Mw 6.2 Marmara Ereğlisi earthquake 5.31 s after origin and alerts over 16 million users on 23 April 2025; evaluation is Google-authored",
            "headline": "Google's AEA alerts 16 million+ users to Marmara Ereğlisi quake"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "title",
            "headline"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "version": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "identifiers",
          "identifiers": [
            "5d5b66e01eda69fa53abd5912285d70540631339d1048ba27dde67b5a1cf8ba7"
          ],
          "role": "SHA-256 of normalized original case data"
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "curatorial",
          "basis": "Deterministic content version assigned by the local migration.",
          "record_fields": [],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "complete"
      },
      "workflow": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "account": "On 23 April 2025 the Mw 6.2 Marmara Ereğlisi earthquake struck offshore in the Sea of Marmara, Türkiye. Initial reports cited by the evaluation put shaking in Istanbul at MMI V. At least 359 people were injured, mostly from panic. Google's Android Earthquake Alerts (AEA) system uses the accelerometers of online Android phones. An on-phone detection algorithm flags sudden changes in acceleration. The system detected the event 5.31 seconds after its origin. It issued a first “Be Aware” alert 0.43 seconds later on an initial magnitude estimate of Mw 4.83. “Take Action” alerts followed as the estimate rose. Alerts reached more than 16 million Android users in Türkiye, Greece, Romania and Bulgaria. Warning times for weak shaking (MMI III) reached up to 150 seconds with a median of 56 seconds. The authors report 90% true positives and 99% precision. The final magnitude estimate saturated at Mw 6.04, so the “Take Action” polygon was too small. Inland populations that felt MMI V shaking received only the “Be Aware” warning before stronger shaking arrived. The evaluation (Nature Communications, 11 August 2026) and the system description (Science, 17 July 2025) are written by Google employees. So is the user-feedback data. The same system underestimated the 6 February 2023 Türkiye earthquakes. The BBC reported on 27 July 2025 that only 469 “Take Action” alerts were sent for the M7.8 event. 10 million people could have received one.",
            "replication": {
              "produced_by": [
                "Dense network of online Android phones (about 66,000 used for characterization) around an offshore epicentre",
                "On-phone trigger on P-wave acceleration and server-side magnitude estimation updated over 12 s",
                "Two-tier alerting (Be Aware, Take Action) delivered through the operating system",
                "A population with high earthquake awareness after the 2023 Kahramanmaraş disaster, per the authors"
              ],
              "must_hold": [
                "Enough stationary, charging phones near the epicentre to trigger early",
                "Magnitude estimates that do not saturate below the true magnitude. This failed here at Mw 6.04 and failed badly in 2023.",
                "Alerts that outrun S-wave arrival at the populated distance",
                "Users who recognize and act on the alert"
              ],
              "echoes": [
                {
                  "date": "2023-02-06",
                  "setting": "Mw 7.8 and Mw 7.5 earthquakes, south-east Türkiye: magnitude estimated at 4.5–4.9; 469 Take Action alerts sent for the first quake when 10 million people could have received one (BBC)",
                  "outcome": "did not recur",
                  "source": "https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c77v2kx304go"
                },
                {
                  "setting": "Global operation over three years: alerts in 98 countries, about 60 events and 18 million alerts per month; 85% of alert recipients felt shaking (Science 2025, Google-authored)",
                  "outcome": "recurred",
                  "source": "https://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/40674485"
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "account",
            "replication"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      }
    },
    "summary": {
      "total": 91,
      "addressed": 91,
      "known": 29,
      "reviewed": 0,
      "record_mapped": 29,
      "not_assessed": 62,
      "complete": false,
      "by_state": {
        "value_present": 29,
        "not_reported": 0,
        "unresolved": 0,
        "not_assessed": 62,
        "not_applicable": 0,
        "withheld": 0,
        "source_unavailable": 0
      }
    }
  }
}