{ "id": "AIBD-0326", "title": "Rafael's X-Guard towed decoy, labeled “AI-powered”, may have diverted Pakistani missiles from IAF Rafales in Operation Sindoor (7–10 May 2025)", "summary": "Every account traces to ex-USAF pilot Ryan Bodenheimer via idrw.org (6 July 2025). No IAF, MoD, Dassault or Rafael confirmation; CDS Gen Anil Chauhan admitted on 31 May 2025 that India lost jets.", "date_observed": "2025-05-07", "date_basis": "unassessed", "date_precision": "unassessed", "benefit_status": null, "source_collection": null, "source_entry": null, "account": "The OECD AI Incidents entry concerns Operation Sindoor in May 2025. It says the Indian Air Force (IAF) used “the AI-powered X-Guard decoy system on Rafale jets”. It says this “prevented enemy missiles from hitting real aircraft”. The claim originates in an idrw.org post of 6 July 2025, sourced to “AFI”, an outsourced content partner. The post quotes Ryan Bodenheimer, a former US Air Force F-15E and F-16 pilot. He calls the IAF's tactics “the best spoofing and deception we've ever seen” and credits “the Rafale's X-Guard AI-enhanced jamming decoy system”. idrw itself writes that the system “likely played a pivotal role”. It writes that Pakistani claims of downed Rafales were “likely X-Guard decoys” according to Jane's Defence Weekly. The Economic Times (ET) writes on 8 July 2025 that the IAF “reportedly used artificial intelligence-powered technology”. LatestLY (9 Jul) says it “allegedly used” it. India TV (9 Jul) attributes a finding that Pakistani kills were hits on towed decoys to “a recent Jane's Defence Weekly investigation”. No other outlet on record corroborates it, and the Jane's Defence Weekly investigation itself is not among the sources. Oneindia (9 Jul) says false claims of downed Rafales “may have been decoys”. TFIPOST (9 Jul) says the IAF “reportedly deployed” the system and names the maker correctly as Rafael Advanced Defense Systems. ET, India TV, LatestLY, Oneindia and idrw write “Rafale Advanced Defense Systems”. The Week and Business Today are quoted from an earlier reading; their pages were not available afterward. The Week's headline says the IAF “may have used” X-Guard. It describes Bodenheimer as “a military tech digital creator”. Business Today writes “reportedly misdirected”. No IAF, Ministry of Defence (MoD), Dassault or Rafael statement confirms that X-Guard was carried or deployed. Rafael's product page was not available. The claimed outcome (no losses) is contradicted by India's Chief of Defence Staff (CDS), General Anil Chauhan. At the Shangri-La Dialogue on 31 May 2025 he admitted that an unspecified number of Indian jets were shot down. He rejected Pakistan's claim of six (Al Jazeera, 1 June 2025; Wikipedia citing Bloomberg). Operation Sindoor began on 7 May 2025 and lasted four days (India TV). The Monitor's 7 July date is the coverage date.", "category": "harm prevented", "unexpected": false, "purpose": "A towed decoy is built to present a false target to enemy radars and radar-guided missiles. They then engage the decoy rather than the aircraft. The outlets describe a 30 kg body on a 100 m fiber-optic cable emitting a 500 W jamming signal.", "system": "X-Guard fiber-optic towed decoy (Rafael Advanced Defense Systems), described by Indian outlets as 'AI-powered' with 'AI-enhanced algorithms' adjusting its emissions; no read manufacturer or official source describes it", "model_version": null, "developer": "Rafael Advanced Defense Systems (Israel); several outlets misname it 'Rafale Advanced Defense Systems'", "deployer": "Indian Air Force (claimed by commentary; unconfirmed by any official source)", "location": "India-Pakistan border airspace, Operation Sindoor, 7-10 May 2025", "domain": "Defense: electronic warfare", "segment": "Airborne towed radar decoys", "benefit_type": "Reduced Violence", "taxonomy_note": "Missiles diverted from aircraft are read as a physically harmful incident averted; no defense type exists.", "registry_ids": { "oecd_aim": "2025-07-07-7754" }, "ratings": [ { "group": "personal", "depth": null, "reason": "No pilot or aircraft is documented as saved by the decoy. The CDS admitted jet losses. The claim rests on one commentator's inference." }, { "group": "organizational", "depth": null, "reason": "No official account of the engagements names X-Guard. India's later move to expedite X-Guard deliveries (idrw search listing, 13 July 2025) is procurement news, not an outcome of this operation." } ], "ai_role": { "status": "unassessed", "statement": "No source independent of the commentary chain describes X-Guard as an AI system. idrw writes “AI-enhanced jamming decoy” and “AI-enhanced algorithms dynamically adjust signals” without attribution. ET, India TV, LatestLY, Oneindia and TFIPOST repeat the label. The Week gives no source for “AI-enabled”. Rafael's own page was unreadable. Deployment itself is unconfirmed by the IAF, MoD, Dassault or Rafael. The no-loss outcome is contradicted by the CDS. Neither the system's AI character nor any contribution to the engagements can therefore be assessed." }, "evidence": [ { "kind": "registry label", "citation": "OECD AI Incidents and Hazards Monitor, record 2025-07-07-7754, 'AI-Powered X-Guard Decoy Alters Outcome of Operation Sindoor' (AI-generated summary).", "title": "AI-Powered X-Guard Decoy Alters Outcome of Operation Sindoor", "url": "https://oecd.ai/en/incidents/2025-07-07-7754", "date": "2025-07-07", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "This technology prevented enemy missiles from hitting real aircraft, enabling successful Indian airstrikes and avoiding loss of personnel and equipment." }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "idrw.org (sourced to AFI), 6 July 2025, 'India's X-Guard Decoy System was Game-Changing Deception in Operation Sindoor Claims former F-15 Pilot' (origin of the claim).", "title": "India’s X-Guard Decoy System was Game-Changing Deception in Operation Sindoor Claims former F-15 Pilot", "url": "https://idrw.org/indias-x-guard-decoy-system-was-game-changing-deception-in-operation-sindoor-claims-former-f-15-pilot/", "date": "2025-07-06", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "crediting the Rafale’s X-Guard AI-enhanced jamming decoy system for outsmarting Pakistan’s air defenses" }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "The Economic Times (ET Online), 8 July 2025, ''Best deception ever seen': US F-16 pilot reveals how a 30 kg device fooled Pakistan into thinking it downed a Rafale'.", "title": "'Best deception ever seen': US F-16 pilot reveals how a 30 kg device fooled Pakistan into thinking it downed a Rafale", "url": "https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/best-deception-ever-seen-us-f-16-pilot-reveals-how-a-30-kg-device-fooled-pakistan-into-thinking-it-downed-a-rafale/articleshow/122313728.cms", "date": "2025-07-08", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "the Indian Air Force (IAF) reportedly used artificial intelligence-powered technology during a four-day military operation with Pakistan in May 2025" }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "India TV News (ed. Ankit Kumar), 9 July 2025, 'Operation Sindoor: How India's AI-powered ghost Rafales outfoxed Pakistan | Explained'.", "title": "Operation Sindoor: How India's AI-powered ghost Rafales outfoxed Pakistan | Explained", "url": "https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/operation-sindoor-how-indias-ai-powered-ghost-rafales-outfoxed-pakistan-explained-2025-07-09-998147", "date": "2025-07-09", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "A recent Jane's Defence Weekly investigation has revealed that several Pakistani claims of downing Rafales were based on successful hits on towed decoys, not actual aircraft." }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "LatestLY (Sunny Rodricks), 9 July 2025, 'What Is X-Guard? All About Indian Rafale's AI-Powered Towed Decoy System..'.", "title": "What Is X-Guard? All About Indian Rafale's AI-Powered Towed Decoy System Which Helped Air Force Neutralise Pakistani Air Threats During Operation Sindoor", "url": "https://www.latestly.com/india/news/what-is-x-guard-all-about-indian-rafales-ai-powered-towed-decoy-system-which-helped-air-force-neutralise-pakistani-air-threats-during-operation-sindoor-6982417.html", "date": "2025-07-09", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "it is learned that the Indian Air Force (IAF) allegedly used artificial intelligence-powered technology during Operation Sindoor against Pakistan in May 2025" }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "TFIPOST (Harishanker R P), 9 July 2025, 'Rafale Decoy Confused Pakistan Jets During Operation Sindoor, Claims US Veteran Pilot'.", "title": "Rafale Decoy Confused Pakistan Jets During Operation Sindoor, Claims US Veteran Pilot", "url": "https://tfipost.com/2025/07/rafale-decoy-confused-pakistan-jets-during-operation-sindoor-claims-us-veteran-pilot", "date": "2025-07-09", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "Developed by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, this smart decoy transformed the battlefield" }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "Oneindia, 9 July 2025, 'AI-Powered Decoy System Turns The Tide: How India's Rafale Outsmarted Pakistan's Air Defenses'.", "title": "AI-Powered Decoy System Turns The Tide: How India's Rafale Outsmarted Pakistan's Air Defenses", "url": "https://www.oneindia.com/artificial-intelligence/ai-powered-decoy-system-turns-the-tide-how-indias-rafale-outsmarted-pakistans-air-defenses-7795811.html", "date": "2025-07-09", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "false claims of downed Rafales-many of which may have been decoys" }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "Al Jazeera, 1 June 2025, 'India general admits jet losses in clash with Pakistan: Here's what he said'.", "title": "India general admits jet losses in clash with Pakistan: Here’s what he said", "url": "https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/1/india-general-admits-jet-losses-in-clash-with-pakistan-heres-what-he-said", "date": "2025-06-01", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "General Anil Chauhan, India’s chief of defence staff, has admitted that an unspecified number of its jets were shot down during its conflict with Pakistan last month." }, { "kind": "other", "citation": "Wikipedia, '2025 India–Pakistan conflict', accessed 20 October 2026 (cites Bloomberg, 31 May 2025, 'India Confirms It Lost Fighter Jets in Recent Pakistan Conflict'; the article does not mention X-Guard).", "title": "2025 India–Pakistan conflict", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_conflict", "date": null, "written_by": "independent", "quote": "On 31 May 2025, India's Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan admitted that India lost jets, but dismissed Pakistan's claim of downing six fighter jets." } ], "replication": { "produced_by": [ "A towed decoy on a fiber-optic cable emitting a jamming signal that mimics the aircraft's radar return and Doppler shift (as the outlets describe it)", "Radar-guided missiles (PL-15E, per the outlets) engaging the decoy rather than the aircraft" ], "must_hold": [ "Official confirmation that X-Guard was carried and deployed by the IAF in the 7–10 May 2025 engagements", "Evidence that missiles struck decoys rather than aircraft. India TV attributes this to Jane's Defence Weekly, but no other outlet corroborates it. It is at odds with the CDS's admission of losses." ], "echoes": [] }, "paired_incident": null, "headline": "X-Guard decoy may have diverted Pakistani missiles from IAF jets", "metric": null, "comparator": null, "later": { "status": "reversed", "date": "2025-05-31", "note": "India's chief of defence staff admitted on 31 May 2025 that an unspecified number of Indian jets were shot down in the May conflict, which contradicts the outlets' claim that the decoy kept missiles from hitting real aircraft.", "quote": "General Anil Chauhan, India's chief of defence staff, has admitted that an unspecified number of its jets were shot down during its conflict with Pakistan last month.", "url": "https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/1/india-general-admits-jet-losses-in-clash-with-pakistan-heres-what-he-said" }, "value": null, "developer_country": "Israel", "deployer_country": "India", "unrated_because": "no official confirmation, and the CDS admitted losses", "brief_notes": null, "brief": null, "revisions": [ { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.", "source": null, "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Left not rated: no official confirmation, and the CDS admitted losses.", "source": null, "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Headline reworded to state the event without naming who claims it.", "source": null, "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Title reworded to state the event without naming who claims it.", "source": null, "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Added what happened since from the cited sources.", "source": "https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/1/india-general-admits-jet-losses-in-clash-with-pakistan-heres-what-he-said", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Benefit type set to Reduced Violence under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Organizational Efficiency among the six first used.", "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Advanced_Defense_Systems; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Air_Force", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, purpose, the replication conditions, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.", "source": null, "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Notes about which sources could be read were reworded for readers; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.", "source": null, "editor": "AIBD" } ], "confidence": "reported", "shade": "medium", "claim_status": "Independently reported", "claim_basis": "Sources: seven independent news reports, a registry entry and one other independent source. The cited evidence includes no independent study or report and no finding by a regulator or court.", "profile": { "case_id": "AIBD-0326", "catalog_version": "1.0.0", "source_fingerprint": "16fad776b788e393ffadc107502a285dd2a9c30163095ec46c10bfe8653abb72", "collection_refs": [ { "collection_id": "aibd", "version": "snapshot-8bf7cfec9cb185aa" }, { "collection_id": "aibd", "version": "2026-10-25" }, { "collection_id": "querist", "version": "2026-10-25" }, { "collection_id": "viator", "version": "2026-10-25" }, { "collection_id": "adyt", "version": "2026-10-25" }, { "collection_id": "chanticleer", "version": "2026-10-25" } ], "source_ids": [ "AIBD-0326-source-0001", "AIBD-0326-source-0002", "AIBD-0326-source-0003", "AIBD-0326-source-0004", "AIBD-0326-source-0005", "AIBD-0326-source-0006", "AIBD-0326-source-0007", "AIBD-0326-source-0008", "AIBD-0326-source-0009" ], "families": { "strategic assessments": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "record_ids": [] }, "evaluations": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "record_ids": [] }, "monetary observations": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "record_ids": [] }, "institutional decisions": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "record_ids": [] } }, "fields": { "actors[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "developer": "Rafael Advanced Defense Systems (Israel); several outlets misname it 'Rafale Advanced Defense Systems'", "deployer": "Indian Air Force (claimed by commentary; unconfirmed by any official source)" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "developer", "deployer" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "actors[].ownership_control": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "ai_contribution": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "ai_relationship": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "category": "harm prevented", "ai_role": { "status": "unassessed", "statement": "No source independent of the commentary chain describes X-Guard as an AI system. idrw writes “AI-enhanced jamming decoy” and “AI-enhanced algorithms dynamically adjust signals” without attribution. ET, India TV, LatestLY, Oneindia and TFIPOST repeat the label. The Week gives no source for “AI-enabled”. Rafael's own page was unreadable. Deployment itself is unconfirmed by the IAF, MoD, Dassault or Rafael. The no-loss outcome is contradicted by the CDS. Neither the system's AI character nor any contribution to the engagements can therefore be assessed." } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "ai_role", "category" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].alternatives": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].assessor_date": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].depth": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].display_confidence": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "structured", "data": { "confidence": "medium", "evidence_word": "reported", "claim_status": "Independently reported", "basis": "Sources: seven independent news reports, a registry entry and one other independent source. The cited evidence includes no independent study or report and no finding by a regulator or court.", "interpretation": "Existing display rule preserved; the richer outcome-specific confidence question still needs review." } }, "provenance": { "kind": "curatorial", "basis": "Derived from the existing case display properties; not a new evidentiary judgment.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].rationale": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "ratings": [ { "group": "personal", "reason": "No pilot or aircraft is documented as saved by the decoy. The CDS admitted jet losses. The claim rests on one commentator's inference." }, { "group": "organizational", "reason": "No official account of the engagements names X-Guard. India's later move to expedite X-Guard deliveries (idrw search listing, 13 July 2025) is procurement news, not an outcome of this operation." } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "ratings" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].rubric_version": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].status_basis": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].target": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "ratings": [ { "group": "personal", "reason": "No pilot or aircraft is documented as saved by the decoy. The CDS admitted jet losses. The claim rests on one commentator's inference." }, { "group": "organizational", "reason": "No official account of the engagements names X-Guard. India's later move to expedite X-Guard deliveries (idrw search listing, 13 July 2025) is procurement news, not an outcome of this operation." } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "ratings" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "availability": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "brief": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "case_kind": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "case_links[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "claims[].evidence_links": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "claims[].evidence_strength": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": 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aircraft.", "quote": "General Anil Chauhan, India's chief of defence staff, has admitted that an unspecified number of its jets were shot down during its conflict with Pakistan last month.", "url": "https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/1/india-general-admits-jet-losses-in-clash-with-pakistan-heres-what-he-said" } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "later" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "human_oversight": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "id": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "id": "AIBD-0326" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "id" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "infrastructure_dependencies[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].beneficiaries": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].beneficiary_count": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].benefit_type": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "benefit_type": "Reduced Violence", "taxonomy_note": "Missiles diverted from aircraft are read as a physically harmful incident averted; no defense type exists." } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "benefit_type", "taxonomy_note" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].claim": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "account": "The OECD AI Incidents entry concerns Operation Sindoor in May 2025. It says the Indian Air Force (IAF) used “the AI-powered X-Guard decoy system on Rafale jets”. It says this “prevented enemy missiles from hitting real aircraft”. The claim originates in an idrw.org post of 6 July 2025, sourced to “AFI”, an outsourced content partner. The post quotes Ryan Bodenheimer, a former US Air Force F-15E and F-16 pilot. He calls the IAF's tactics “the best spoofing and deception we've ever seen” and credits “the Rafale's X-Guard AI-enhanced jamming decoy system”. idrw itself writes that the system “likely played a pivotal role”. It writes that Pakistani claims of downed Rafales were “likely X-Guard decoys” according to Jane's Defence Weekly. The Economic Times (ET) writes on 8 July 2025 that the IAF “reportedly used artificial intelligence-powered technology”. LatestLY (9 Jul) says it “allegedly used” it. India TV (9 Jul) attributes a finding that Pakistani kills were hits on towed decoys to “a recent Jane's Defence Weekly investigation”. No other outlet on record corroborates it, and the Jane's Defence Weekly investigation itself is not among the sources. Oneindia (9 Jul) says false claims of downed Rafales “may have been decoys”. TFIPOST (9 Jul) says the IAF “reportedly deployed” the system and names the maker correctly as Rafael Advanced Defense Systems. ET, India TV, LatestLY, Oneindia and idrw write “Rafale Advanced Defense Systems”. The Week and Business Today are quoted from an earlier reading; their pages were not available afterward. The Week's headline says the IAF “may have used” X-Guard. It describes Bodenheimer as “a military tech digital creator”. Business Today writes “reportedly misdirected”. No IAF, Ministry of Defence (MoD), Dassault or Rafael statement confirms that X-Guard was carried or deployed. Rafael's product page was not available. The claimed outcome (no losses) is contradicted by India's Chief of Defence Staff (CDS), General Anil Chauhan. At the Shangri-La Dialogue on 31 May 2025 he admitted that an unspecified number of Indian jets were shot down. He rejected Pakistan's claim of six (Al Jazeera, 1 June 2025; Wikipedia citing Bloomberg). Operation Sindoor began on 7 May 2025 and lasted four days (India TV). The Monitor's 7 July date is the coverage date.", "benefit_type": "Reduced Violence" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "account", "benefit_type" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].distribution": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].duration": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].id": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].stakeholder_group": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "ratings": [ { "group": "personal", "reason": "No pilot or aircraft is documented as saved by the decoy. The CDS admitted jet losses. The claim rests on one commentator's inference." }, { "group": "organizational", "reason": "No official account of the engagements names X-Guard. India's later move to expedite X-Guard deliveries (idrw search listing, 13 July 2025) is procurement news, not an outcome of this operation." } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "ratings" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].status": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].tradeoffs": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].unexpected": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "unexpected": false, "purpose": "A towed decoy is built to present a false target to enemy radars and radar-guided missiles. They then engage the decoy rather than the aircraft. The outlets describe a 30 kg body on a 100 m fiber-optic cable emitting a 500 W jamming signal." } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "unexpected", "purpose" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "places[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "location": "India-Pakistan border airspace, Operation Sindoor, 7-10 May 2025", "developer_country": "Israel", "deployer_country": "India" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "location", "developer_country", "deployer_country" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "purpose": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "purpose": "A towed decoy is built to present a false target to enemy radars and radar-guided missiles. They then engage the decoy rather than the aircraft. The outlets describe a 30 kg body on a 100 m fiber-optic cable emitting a 500 W jamming signal." } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "purpose" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "record_dates": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "date_observed": "2025-05-07", "revisions": [ { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Left not rated: no official confirmation, and the CDS admitted losses.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Headline reworded to state the event without naming who claims it.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Title reworded to state the event without naming who claims it.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Added what happened since from the cited sources.", "source": "https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/1/india-general-admits-jet-losses-in-clash-with-pakistan-heres-what-he-said", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Benefit type set to Reduced Violence under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Organizational Efficiency among the six first used.", "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Advanced_Defense_Systems; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Air_Force", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, purpose, the replication conditions, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Notes about which sources could be read were reworded for readers; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.", "editor": "AIBD" } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "date_observed", "revisions" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "replication.attempts[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "replication.conditions": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "replication": { "produced_by": [ "A towed decoy on a fiber-optic cable emitting a jamming signal that mimics the aircraft's radar return and Doppler shift (as the outlets describe it)", "Radar-guided missiles (PL-15E, per the outlets) engaging the decoy rather than the aircraft" ], "must_hold": [ "Official confirmation that X-Guard was carried and deployed by the IAF in the 7–10 May 2025 engagements", "Evidence that missiles struck decoys rather than aircraft. India TV attributes this to Jane's Defence Weekly, but no other outlet corroborates it. It is at odds with the CDS's admission of losses." ], "echoes": [] } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "replication" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "revision_history[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "revisions": [ { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Left not rated: no official confirmation, and the CDS admitted losses.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Headline reworded to state the event without naming who claims it.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Title reworded to state the event without naming who claims it.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Added what happened since from the cited sources.", "source": "https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/1/india-general-admits-jet-losses-in-clash-with-pakistan-heres-what-he-said", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Benefit type set to Reduced Violence under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Organizational Efficiency among the six first used.", "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Advanced_Defense_Systems; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Air_Force", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, purpose, the replication conditions, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Notes about which sources could be read were reworded for readers; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.", "editor": "AIBD" } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "revisions" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "sector": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "domain": "Defense: electronic warfare", "segment": "Airborne towed radar decoys" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "domain", "segment" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "sources[].access_version": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "sources[].citation_locator": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "evidence": [ { "kind": "registry label", "citation": "OECD AI Incidents and Hazards Monitor, record 2025-07-07-7754, 'AI-Powered X-Guard Decoy Alters Outcome of Operation Sindoor' (AI-generated summary).", "title": "AI-Powered X-Guard Decoy Alters Outcome of Operation Sindoor", "url": "https://oecd.ai/en/incidents/2025-07-07-7754", "date": "2025-07-07", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "This technology prevented enemy missiles from hitting real aircraft, enabling successful Indian airstrikes and avoiding loss of personnel and equipment." }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "idrw.org (sourced to AFI), 6 July 2025, 'India's X-Guard Decoy System was Game-Changing Deception in Operation Sindoor Claims former F-15 Pilot' (origin of the claim).", "title": "India’s X-Guard Decoy System was Game-Changing Deception in Operation Sindoor Claims former F-15 Pilot", "url": "https://idrw.org/indias-x-guard-decoy-system-was-game-changing-deception-in-operation-sindoor-claims-former-f-15-pilot/", "date": "2025-07-06", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "crediting the Rafale’s X-Guard AI-enhanced jamming decoy system for outsmarting Pakistan’s air defenses" }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "The Economic Times (ET Online), 8 July 2025, ''Best deception ever seen': US F-16 pilot reveals how a 30 kg device fooled Pakistan into thinking it downed a Rafale'.", "title": "'Best deception ever seen': US F-16 pilot reveals how a 30 kg device fooled Pakistan into thinking it downed a Rafale", "url": "https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/best-deception-ever-seen-us-f-16-pilot-reveals-how-a-30-kg-device-fooled-pakistan-into-thinking-it-downed-a-rafale/articleshow/122313728.cms", "date": "2025-07-08", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "the Indian Air Force (IAF) reportedly used artificial intelligence-powered technology during a four-day military operation with Pakistan in May 2025" }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "India TV News (ed. Ankit Kumar), 9 July 2025, 'Operation Sindoor: How India's AI-powered ghost Rafales outfoxed Pakistan | Explained'.", "title": "Operation Sindoor: How India's AI-powered ghost Rafales outfoxed Pakistan | Explained", "url": "https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/operation-sindoor-how-indias-ai-powered-ghost-rafales-outfoxed-pakistan-explained-2025-07-09-998147", "date": "2025-07-09", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "A recent Jane's Defence Weekly investigation has revealed that several Pakistani claims of downing Rafales were based on successful hits on towed decoys, not actual aircraft." }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "LatestLY (Sunny Rodricks), 9 July 2025, 'What Is X-Guard? All About Indian Rafale's AI-Powered Towed Decoy System..'.", "title": "What Is X-Guard? All About Indian Rafale's AI-Powered Towed Decoy System Which Helped Air Force Neutralise Pakistani Air Threats During Operation Sindoor", "url": "https://www.latestly.com/india/news/what-is-x-guard-all-about-indian-rafales-ai-powered-towed-decoy-system-which-helped-air-force-neutralise-pakistani-air-threats-during-operation-sindoor-6982417.html", "date": "2025-07-09", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "it is learned that the Indian Air Force (IAF) allegedly used artificial intelligence-powered technology during Operation Sindoor against Pakistan in May 2025" }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "TFIPOST (Harishanker R P), 9 July 2025, 'Rafale Decoy Confused Pakistan Jets During Operation Sindoor, Claims US Veteran Pilot'.", "title": "Rafale Decoy Confused Pakistan Jets During Operation Sindoor, Claims US Veteran Pilot", "url": "https://tfipost.com/2025/07/rafale-decoy-confused-pakistan-jets-during-operation-sindoor-claims-us-veteran-pilot", "date": "2025-07-09", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "Developed by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, this smart decoy transformed the battlefield" }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "Oneindia, 9 July 2025, 'AI-Powered Decoy System Turns The Tide: How India's Rafale Outsmarted Pakistan's Air Defenses'.", "title": "AI-Powered Decoy System Turns The Tide: How India's Rafale Outsmarted Pakistan's Air Defenses", "url": "https://www.oneindia.com/artificial-intelligence/ai-powered-decoy-system-turns-the-tide-how-indias-rafale-outsmarted-pakistans-air-defenses-7795811.html", "date": "2025-07-09", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "false claims of downed Rafales-many of which may have been decoys" }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "Al Jazeera, 1 June 2025, 'India general admits jet losses in clash with Pakistan: Here's what he said'.", "title": "India general admits jet losses in clash with Pakistan: Here’s what he said", "url": "https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/1/india-general-admits-jet-losses-in-clash-with-pakistan-heres-what-he-said", "date": "2025-06-01", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "General Anil Chauhan, India’s chief of defence staff, has admitted that an unspecified number of its jets were shot down during its conflict with Pakistan last month." }, { "kind": "other", "citation": "Wikipedia, '2025 India–Pakistan conflict', accessed 20 October 2026 (cites Bloomberg, 31 May 2025, 'India Confirms It Lost Fighter Jets in Recent Pakistan Conflict'; the article does not mention X-Guard).", "title": "2025 India–Pakistan conflict", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_conflict", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "On 31 May 2025, India's Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan admitted that India lost jets, but dismissed Pakistan's claim of downing six fighter jets." } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "evidence" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "sources[].id": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "identifiers", "identifiers": [ "AIBD-0326-source-0001", "AIBD-0326-source-0002", "AIBD-0326-source-0003", "AIBD-0326-source-0004", "AIBD-0326-source-0005", "AIBD-0326-source-0006", "AIBD-0326-source-0007", "AIBD-0326-source-0008", "AIBD-0326-source-0009" ], "role": "Existing evidence items, in their original order" }, "provenance": { "kind": "curatorial", "basis": "Stable within the fingerprinted record version; no source content or source review has been added.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "complete" }, "sources[].language": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "sources[].relationship": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "evidence": [ { "kind": "registry label", "citation": "OECD AI Incidents and Hazards Monitor, record 2025-07-07-7754, 'AI-Powered X-Guard Decoy Alters Outcome of Operation Sindoor' (AI-generated summary).", "title": "AI-Powered X-Guard Decoy Alters Outcome of Operation Sindoor", "url": "https://oecd.ai/en/incidents/2025-07-07-7754", "date": "2025-07-07", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "This technology prevented enemy missiles from hitting real aircraft, enabling successful Indian airstrikes and avoiding loss of personnel and equipment." }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "idrw.org (sourced to AFI), 6 July 2025, 'India's X-Guard Decoy System was Game-Changing Deception in Operation Sindoor Claims former F-15 Pilot' (origin of the claim).", "title": "India’s X-Guard Decoy System was Game-Changing Deception in Operation Sindoor Claims former F-15 Pilot", "url": "https://idrw.org/indias-x-guard-decoy-system-was-game-changing-deception-in-operation-sindoor-claims-former-f-15-pilot/", "date": "2025-07-06", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "crediting the Rafale’s X-Guard AI-enhanced jamming decoy system for outsmarting Pakistan’s air defenses" }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "The Economic Times (ET Online), 8 July 2025, ''Best deception ever seen': US F-16 pilot reveals how a 30 kg device fooled Pakistan into thinking it downed a Rafale'.", "title": "'Best deception ever seen': US F-16 pilot reveals how a 30 kg device fooled Pakistan into thinking it downed a Rafale", "url": "https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/best-deception-ever-seen-us-f-16-pilot-reveals-how-a-30-kg-device-fooled-pakistan-into-thinking-it-downed-a-rafale/articleshow/122313728.cms", "date": "2025-07-08", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "the Indian Air Force (IAF) reportedly used artificial intelligence-powered technology during a four-day military operation with Pakistan in May 2025" }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "India TV News (ed. Ankit Kumar), 9 July 2025, 'Operation Sindoor: How India's AI-powered ghost Rafales outfoxed Pakistan | Explained'.", "title": "Operation Sindoor: How India's AI-powered ghost Rafales outfoxed Pakistan | Explained", "url": "https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/operation-sindoor-how-indias-ai-powered-ghost-rafales-outfoxed-pakistan-explained-2025-07-09-998147", "date": "2025-07-09", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "A recent Jane's Defence Weekly investigation has revealed that several Pakistani claims of downing Rafales were based on successful hits on towed decoys, not actual aircraft." }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "LatestLY (Sunny Rodricks), 9 July 2025, 'What Is X-Guard? All About Indian Rafale's AI-Powered Towed Decoy System..'.", "title": "What Is X-Guard? All About Indian Rafale's AI-Powered Towed Decoy System Which Helped Air Force Neutralise Pakistani Air Threats During Operation Sindoor", "url": "https://www.latestly.com/india/news/what-is-x-guard-all-about-indian-rafales-ai-powered-towed-decoy-system-which-helped-air-force-neutralise-pakistani-air-threats-during-operation-sindoor-6982417.html", "date": "2025-07-09", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "it is learned that the Indian Air Force (IAF) allegedly used artificial intelligence-powered technology during Operation Sindoor against Pakistan in May 2025" }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "TFIPOST (Harishanker R P), 9 July 2025, 'Rafale Decoy Confused Pakistan Jets During Operation Sindoor, Claims US Veteran Pilot'.", "title": "Rafale Decoy Confused Pakistan Jets During Operation Sindoor, Claims US Veteran Pilot", "url": "https://tfipost.com/2025/07/rafale-decoy-confused-pakistan-jets-during-operation-sindoor-claims-us-veteran-pilot", "date": "2025-07-09", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "Developed by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, this smart decoy transformed the battlefield" }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "Oneindia, 9 July 2025, 'AI-Powered Decoy System Turns The Tide: How India's Rafale Outsmarted Pakistan's Air Defenses'.", "title": "AI-Powered Decoy System Turns The Tide: How India's Rafale Outsmarted Pakistan's Air Defenses", "url": "https://www.oneindia.com/artificial-intelligence/ai-powered-decoy-system-turns-the-tide-how-indias-rafale-outsmarted-pakistans-air-defenses-7795811.html", "date": "2025-07-09", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "false claims of downed Rafales-many of which may have been decoys" }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "Al Jazeera, 1 June 2025, 'India general admits jet losses in clash with Pakistan: Here's what he said'.", "title": "India general admits jet losses in clash with Pakistan: Here’s what he said", "url": "https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/1/india-general-admits-jet-losses-in-clash-with-pakistan-heres-what-he-said", "date": "2025-06-01", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "General Anil Chauhan, India’s chief of defence staff, has admitted that an unspecified number of its jets were shot down during its conflict with Pakistan last month." }, { "kind": "other", "citation": "Wikipedia, '2025 India–Pakistan conflict', accessed 20 October 2026 (cites Bloomberg, 31 May 2025, 'India Confirms It Lost Fighter Jets in Recent Pakistan Conflict'; the article does not mention X-Guard).", "title": "2025 India–Pakistan conflict", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_conflict", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "On 31 May 2025, India's Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan admitted that India lost jets, but dismissed Pakistan's claim of downing six fighter jets." } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "evidence" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "sources[].upstream_sources": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "strategic_assessments[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "strategic assessments" }, "summary": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "summary": "Every account traces to ex-USAF pilot Ryan Bodenheimer via idrw.org (6 July 2025). No IAF, MoD, Dassault or Rafael confirmation; CDS Gen Anil Chauhan admitted on 31 May 2025 that India lost jets.", "account": "The OECD AI Incidents entry concerns Operation Sindoor in May 2025. It says the Indian Air Force (IAF) used “the AI-powered X-Guard decoy system on Rafale jets”. It says this “prevented enemy missiles from hitting real aircraft”. The claim originates in an idrw.org post of 6 July 2025, sourced to “AFI”, an outsourced content partner. The post quotes Ryan Bodenheimer, a former US Air Force F-15E and F-16 pilot. He calls the IAF's tactics “the best spoofing and deception we've ever seen” and credits “the Rafale's X-Guard AI-enhanced jamming decoy system”. idrw itself writes that the system “likely played a pivotal role”. It writes that Pakistani claims of downed Rafales were “likely X-Guard decoys” according to Jane's Defence Weekly. The Economic Times (ET) writes on 8 July 2025 that the IAF “reportedly used artificial intelligence-powered technology”. LatestLY (9 Jul) says it “allegedly used” it. India TV (9 Jul) attributes a finding that Pakistani kills were hits on towed decoys to “a recent Jane's Defence Weekly investigation”. No other outlet on record corroborates it, and the Jane's Defence Weekly investigation itself is not among the sources. Oneindia (9 Jul) says false claims of downed Rafales “may have been decoys”. TFIPOST (9 Jul) says the IAF “reportedly deployed” the system and names the maker correctly as Rafael Advanced Defense Systems. ET, India TV, LatestLY, Oneindia and idrw write “Rafale Advanced Defense Systems”. The Week and Business Today are quoted from an earlier reading; their pages were not available afterward. The Week's headline says the IAF “may have used” X-Guard. It describes Bodenheimer as “a military tech digital creator”. Business Today writes “reportedly misdirected”. No IAF, Ministry of Defence (MoD), Dassault or Rafael statement confirms that X-Guard was carried or deployed. Rafael's product page was not available. The claimed outcome (no losses) is contradicted by India's Chief of Defence Staff (CDS), General Anil Chauhan. At the Shangri-La Dialogue on 31 May 2025 he admitted that an unspecified number of Indian jets were shot down. He rejected Pakistan's claim of six (Al Jazeera, 1 June 2025; Wikipedia citing Bloomberg). Operation Sindoor began on 7 May 2025 and lasted four days (India TV). The Monitor's 7 July date is the coverage date." } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "summary", "account" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].autonomy_permissions": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].component_role": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].deployment_configuration": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].inputs_outputs": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].model_name": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].model_version": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].product_name": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "system": "X-Guard fiber-optic towed decoy (Rafael Advanced Defense Systems), described by Indian outlets as 'AI-powered' with 'AI-enhanced algorithms' adjusting its emissions; no read manufacturer or official source describes it" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "system" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].provider": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "structured", "data": { "application_developer": "Rafael Advanced Defense Systems (Israel); several outlets misname it 'Rafale Advanced Defense Systems'" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Mapped from the existing case description without a new external source review.", "record_fields": [ "developer" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "taxonomy_crosswalks[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "title": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "title": "Rafael's X-Guard towed decoy, labeled “AI-powered”, may have diverted Pakistani missiles from IAF Rafales in Operation Sindoor (7–10 May 2025)", "headline": "X-Guard decoy may have diverted Pakistani missiles from IAF jets" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "title", "headline" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "version": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "identifiers", "identifiers": [ "16fad776b788e393ffadc107502a285dd2a9c30163095ec46c10bfe8653abb72" ], "role": "SHA-256 of normalized original case data" }, "provenance": { "kind": "curatorial", "basis": "Deterministic content version assigned by the local migration.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "complete" }, "workflow": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "account": "The OECD AI Incidents entry concerns Operation Sindoor in May 2025. It says the Indian Air Force (IAF) used “the AI-powered X-Guard decoy system on Rafale jets”. It says this “prevented enemy missiles from hitting real aircraft”. The claim originates in an idrw.org post of 6 July 2025, sourced to “AFI”, an outsourced content partner. The post quotes Ryan Bodenheimer, a former US Air Force F-15E and F-16 pilot. He calls the IAF's tactics “the best spoofing and deception we've ever seen” and credits “the Rafale's X-Guard AI-enhanced jamming decoy system”. idrw itself writes that the system “likely played a pivotal role”. It writes that Pakistani claims of downed Rafales were “likely X-Guard decoys” according to Jane's Defence Weekly. The Economic Times (ET) writes on 8 July 2025 that the IAF “reportedly used artificial intelligence-powered technology”. LatestLY (9 Jul) says it “allegedly used” it. India TV (9 Jul) attributes a finding that Pakistani kills were hits on towed decoys to “a recent Jane's Defence Weekly investigation”. No other outlet on record corroborates it, and the Jane's Defence Weekly investigation itself is not among the sources. Oneindia (9 Jul) says false claims of downed Rafales “may have been decoys”. TFIPOST (9 Jul) says the IAF “reportedly deployed” the system and names the maker correctly as Rafael Advanced Defense Systems. ET, India TV, LatestLY, Oneindia and idrw write “Rafale Advanced Defense Systems”. The Week and Business Today are quoted from an earlier reading; their pages were not available afterward. The Week's headline says the IAF “may have used” X-Guard. It describes Bodenheimer as “a military tech digital creator”. Business Today writes “reportedly misdirected”. No IAF, Ministry of Defence (MoD), Dassault or Rafael statement confirms that X-Guard was carried or deployed. Rafael's product page was not available. The claimed outcome (no losses) is contradicted by India's Chief of Defence Staff (CDS), General Anil Chauhan. At the Shangri-La Dialogue on 31 May 2025 he admitted that an unspecified number of Indian jets were shot down. He rejected Pakistan's claim of six (Al Jazeera, 1 June 2025; Wikipedia citing Bloomberg). Operation Sindoor began on 7 May 2025 and lasted four days (India TV). The Monitor's 7 July date is the coverage date.", "replication": { "produced_by": [ "A towed decoy on a fiber-optic cable emitting a jamming signal that mimics the aircraft's radar return and Doppler shift (as the outlets describe it)", "Radar-guided missiles (PL-15E, per the outlets) engaging the decoy rather than the aircraft" ], "must_hold": [ "Official confirmation that X-Guard was carried and deployed by the IAF in the 7–10 May 2025 engagements", "Evidence that missiles struck decoys rather than aircraft. India TV attributes this to Jane's Defence Weekly, but no other outlet corroborates it. It is at odds with the CDS's admission of losses." ], "echoes": [] } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "account", "replication" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" } }, "summary": { "total": 91, "addressed": 91, "known": 27, "reviewed": 0, "record_mapped": 27, "not_assessed": 64, "complete": false, "by_state": { "value_present": 27, "not_reported": 0, "unresolved": 0, "not_assessed": 64, "not_applicable": 0, "withheld": 0, "source_unavailable": 0 } } } }