{
  "id": "AIBD-0318",
  "title": "TrailGuard AI camera in Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary transmits images of armed poachers on two nights; Dudhwa Tiger Reserve officials identify them and investigate",
  "summary": "Dertien et al. (BioScience 2023): one TrailGuard AI unit captured poachers “carrying a gun and knives” on two dates and a poached chital; officials identified them. Arrests claimed only in releases.",
  "date_observed": "2023-09-14",
  "date_basis": "unassessed",
  "date_precision": "unassessed",
  "benefit_status": null,
  "source_collection": null,
  "source_entry": null,
  "account": "Dertien, Negi, Dinerstein and colleagues (BioScience 73(10):748–757, published online 14 September 2023) report deploying the TrailGuard AI camera-alert system. The paper does not date the detections. The system “runs on-the-edge artificial intelligence algorithms to detect tigers and poachers and transmit real-time images”. It was deployed in the Kanha-Pench corridor and in Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, Uttar Pradesh. All seven Dudhwa units transmitted images; three transmitted objects of interest to forest department officials. “One unit within Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary captured a group of poachers carrying a gun and knives on two separate dates, and a presumably poached chital (Axis axis) on the second detection”. “Authorities were able to quickly identify the individuals via the transmitted images and were investigating the matter”. Tigers were detected at the same spot three days before the second poacher detection. The authors include RESOLVE and CVEDIA staff (the system's developers) alongside Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, Wildlife Institute of India and Global Tiger Forum co-authors. AFP (Taipei Times, 6 October 2023) reported the study's claim of “identifying a team of poachers”. A Clemson University release of 15 September 2023 carries Nightjar/RESOLVE boilerplate. It states that the alerts “led the authorities to the arrest of these individuals for poaching a few weeks later”. It quotes Sanjay Kumar Pathak, former field director of Dudhwa, that the system “led to the detection and arrest of poachers in Dudhwa”. The Hindu (16 September 2023) cited a person involved in the experiment. Poachers caught on camera had a year later helped forest authorities secure a conviction. It quoted Piyush Yadav of Nightjar, the manufacturer, that “A year down, these poachers were arrested with images from TrailGuard playing a key role”. The article's lead puts the capture in Kanha-Pench and the Yadav quote in Dudhwa. No forest-department statement or court record of an arrest was found.",
  "category": "protective response",
  "unexpected": false,
  "purpose": "Built to detect tigers and people on trails with embedded AI and send real-time images to forest officials. Detecting and transmitting the poachers' images was that purpose.",
  "system": "TrailGuard AI camera-alert system (embedded AI on an Intel computer-vision chip; cellular transmission)",
  "model_version": null,
  "developer": "Nightjar / RESOLVE, Washington DC (inventor Steve Gulick), with CVEDIA Ltd",
  "deployer": "Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, Uttar Pradesh Forest Department, with the Global Tiger Forum, National Tiger Conservation Authority and Clemson University",
  "location": "Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary, Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, Uttar Pradesh, India",
  "domain": "Conservation / anti-poaching law enforcement",
  "segment": "Anti-poaching enforcement",
  "benefit_type": "Reduced Violence",
  "taxonomy_note": "The paper documents detection and identification of armed poachers for investigation, with arrests claimed only in releases, and the protected asset is wildlife.",
  "registry_ids": {},
  "ratings": [
    {
      "group": "organizational",
      "depth": 1,
      "reason": "Forest officials received the images in near real time and identified the individuals. The paper documents an investigation, not an arrest or prosecution, so the recorded gain is an investigative lead."
    },
    {
      "group": "societal",
      "depth": null,
      "reason": "Protection of the reserve's wildlife from this gang is claimed through arrests only in the Clemson release, developer material and The Hindu's second-hand report. The paper notes a chital presumably poached before the second detection."
    }
  ],
  "ai_role": {
    "status": "assessed",
    "statement": "The camera's on-board classifier filtered motion triggers to people and tigers and transmitted the poachers' images to officials' phones within about a minute. Identification and investigation were done by officials. The peer-reviewed account is co-authored by the developers (RESOLVE, CVEDIA) with Dudhwa and Wildlife Institute of India staff and stops at “investigating”. The arrest claim rests on a Clemson release quoting the ex-field director, developer press releases and The Hindu quoting the manufacturer and an unnamed participant."
  },
  "evidence": [
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "Dertien JS, Negi H, Dinerstein E, Krishnamurthy R, Negi HS, Gopal R, Gulick S, Pathak SK, Kapoor M, Yadav P, Benitez M, Ferreira M, Wijnveen AJ, Lee ATL, Wright B, Baldwin RF (2023). Mitigating human-wildlife conflict and monitoring endangered tigers using a real-time camera-based alert system. BioScience 73(10):748-757, doi:10.1093/biosci/biad076 (PMC10580963; authors include RESOLVE and CVEDIA developer staff and Dudhwa Tiger Reserve staff).",
      "title": "Mitigating human-wildlife conflict and monitoring endangered tigers using a real-time camera-based alert system",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10580963/",
      "date": "2023-09-14",
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": "One unit within Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary captured a group of poachers carrying a gun and knives on two separate dates"
    },
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "Dertien et al. (2023), same paper, results on the Dudhwa deployment.",
      "title": "Mitigating human-wildlife conflict and monitoring endangered tigers using a real-time camera-based alert system",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10580963/",
      "date": "2023-09-14",
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": "Authorities were able to quickly identify the individuals via the transmitted images and were investigating the matter"
    },
    {
      "kind": "news report",
      "citation": "AFP (2023). AI of the tiger: Tiny camera 'protects' predator - and people. Taipei Times, 6 October 2023.",
      "title": "AI of the tiger: Tiny camera 'protects' predator - and people",
      "url": "https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2023/10/06/2003807276",
      "date": "2023-10-06",
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": "The research claims the cameras were immediately effective, picking up a tiger just 300 meters from a village, and on another occasion identifying a team of poachers."
    },
    {
      "kind": "press release",
      "citation": "Clemson News (2023). Clemson students' deployment of novel camera alert system, TrailGuard AI, featured in BioScience, promotes coexistence of tigers, humans. 15 September 2023 (university release of the lead author's institution; carries Nightjar/RESOLVE boilerplate; quotes former Dudhwa field director Sanjay Kumar Pathak).",
      "title": "Clemson students' deployment of novel camera alert system, TrailGuard AI, featured in BioScience, promotes coexistence of tigers, humans",
      "url": "https://news.clemson.edu/clemson-students-deployment-of-novel-camera-alert-system-trailguard-ai-featured-in-bioscience-promotes-coexistence-of-tigers-humans/",
      "date": "2023-09-15",
      "written_by": "deployer",
      "quote": "TrailGuard AI offers park protection that led to the detection and arrest of poachers in Dudhwa,"
    },
    {
      "kind": "news report",
      "citation": "The Hindu (2023). AI cameras to curb poaching in Madhya Pradesh. 16 Sep 2023.",
      "title": "AI cameras to curb poaching in Madhya Pradesh",
      "url": "https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/ai-cameras-to-curb-poaching/article67315766.ece",
      "date": "2023-09-16",
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": "A year down, these poachers were arrested with images from TrailGuard playing a key role"
    },
    {
      "kind": "news report",
      "citation": "The Hindu (2023). Same article, lead paragraph.",
      "title": "AI cameras to curb poaching in Madhya Pradesh (conviction claim)",
      "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240808102127/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/ai-cameras-to-curb-poaching/article67315766.ece",
      "date": "2023-09-16",
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": "caught poachers on camera that — a year down — helped forest authorities secure a conviction, according to a person involved in the experiment"
    }
  ],
  "replication": {
    "produced_by": [
      "Camouflaged camera units on trails inside the reserve used by both tigers and poachers",
      "Cellular coverage allowing images to reach forest officials' phones in under a minute"
    ],
    "must_hold": [
      "Officials act on the images while the poachers can still be found. The paper records identification and investigation only",
      "The embedded classifier suppresses non-target triggers so that officials keep trusting the alerts"
    ],
    "echoes": [
      {
        "date": null,
        "setting": "Similipal Tiger Reserve, Odisha (recorded separately as AIBD-0102); The Better India (30 June 2025) reports “96 poacher arrests and 86 firearms seized within ten months” from TrailGuard AI deployments there",
        "model_version": null,
        "outcome": "recurred",
        "source": "https://thebetterindia.com/457142/ai-applications-that-tackle-poaching-india/"
      }
    ]
  },
  "paired_incident": null,
  "headline": "TrailGuard AI transmits images of armed poachers in Kishanpur",
  "metric": null,
  "comparator": {
    "against": "camera traps without real-time notification",
    "before": "camera traps have lacked the real-time notification capabilities and practicality necessary for prevention of poaching",
    "after": "notifications of tiger presence via email or push notification between 30 and 42 seconds after detections",
    "basis": "assumed",
    "quote": "Until recently, camera traps have lacked the real-time notification capabilities and practicality necessary for prevention of poaching and human–wildlife conflict.",
    "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10580963/"
  },
  "later": {
    "status": "persisted",
    "date": "2023-09-16",
    "note": "Two days after the paper, The Hindu quoted Nightjar's Piyush Yadav that the Dudhwa poachers were arrested about a year after the images, with TrailGuard images playing a key role; Clemson's release of 15 September 2023 says the arrests came a few weeks later, and no forest department or court record was found.",
    "quote": "But in the Dudhwa [tiger reserve] we learnt that not only could we track [in this case] tigers approaching a village but we also caught a gang of poachers on camera who were walking with a hunted chital. A year down, these poachers were arrested with images from TrailGuard playing a key role,",
    "url": "https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/ai-cameras-to-curb-poaching/article67315766.ece"
  },
  "value": null,
  "developer_country": "United States",
  "deployer_country": "India",
  "unrated_because": null,
  "brief_notes": null,
  "brief": null,
  "revisions": [
    {
      "date": "2026-10-20",
      "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.",
      "source": null,
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-20",
      "change": "Merged the Dudhwa poacher material from a second write-up: added The Hindu's report of the arrest and conviction claims; the BioScience paper is marked as written by the system's developers.",
      "source": null,
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against, what happened since from the cited sources.",
      "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10580963/; https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/ai-cameras-to-curb-poaching/article67315766.ece",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Benefit type set to Reduced Violence under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Environmental Sustainability among the six first used.",
      "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
      "source": "https://www.3blmedia.com/news/trailguard-ai-named-times-list-best-inventions-2023; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudhwa_Tiger_Reserve",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, purpose, the replication conditions, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.",
      "source": null,
      "editor": "AIBD"
    }
  ],
  "confidence": "reported",
  "shade": "medium",
  "claim_status": "Independently reported",
  "claim_basis": "Sources: three independent news reports, the makers' peer-reviewed study and the deployer's press release. The cited evidence includes no independent study or report and no finding by a regulator or court.",
  "profile": {
    "case_id": "AIBD-0318",
    "catalog_version": "1.0.0",
    "source_fingerprint": "3da3ea7fd080d05b95a11dd87baa78b9d68631cb63ea47cec85c691e5b783a51",
    "collection_refs": [
      {
        "collection_id": "aibd",
        "version": "snapshot-8bf7cfec9cb185aa"
      },
      {
        "collection_id": "aibd",
        "version": "2026-10-25"
      },
      {
        "collection_id": "viator",
        "version": "2026-10-25"
      },
      {
        "collection_id": "adyt",
        "version": "2026-10-25"
      },
      {
        "collection_id": "chanticleer",
        "version": "2026-10-25"
      }
    ],
    "source_ids": [
      "AIBD-0318-source-0001",
      "AIBD-0318-source-0002",
      "AIBD-0318-source-0003",
      "AIBD-0318-source-0004",
      "AIBD-0318-source-0005",
      "AIBD-0318-source-0006"
    ],
    "families": {
      "strategic assessments": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "record_ids": []
      },
      "evaluations": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "record_ids": []
      },
      "monetary observations": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "record_ids": []
      },
      "institutional decisions": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "record_ids": []
      }
    },
    "fields": {
      "actors[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "developer": "Nightjar / RESOLVE, Washington DC (inventor Steve Gulick), with CVEDIA Ltd",
            "deployer": "Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, Uttar Pradesh Forest Department, with the Global Tiger Forum, National Tiger Conservation Authority and Clemson University"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "developer",
            "deployer"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "actors[].ownership_control": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "ai_contribution": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "ai_role": {
              "status": "assessed",
              "statement": "The camera's on-board classifier filtered motion triggers to people and tigers and transmitted the poachers' images to officials' phones within about a minute. Identification and investigation were done by officials. The peer-reviewed account is co-authored by the developers (RESOLVE, CVEDIA) with Dudhwa and Wildlife Institute of India staff and stops at “investigating”. The arrest claim rests on a Clemson release quoting the ex-field director, developer press releases and The Hindu quoting the manufacturer and an unnamed participant."
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "ai_role"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "ai_relationship": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "category": "protective response",
            "ai_role": {
              "status": "assessed",
              "statement": "The camera's on-board classifier filtered motion triggers to people and tigers and transmitted the poachers' images to officials' phones within about a minute. Identification and investigation were done by officials. The peer-reviewed account is co-authored by the developers (RESOLVE, CVEDIA) with Dudhwa and Wildlife Institute of India staff and stops at “investigating”. The arrest claim rests on a Clemson release quoting the ex-field director, developer press releases and The Hindu quoting the manufacturer and an unnamed participant."
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "ai_role",
            "category"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "assessments[].alternatives": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "assessments[].assessor_date": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "assessments[].depth": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "ratings": [
              {
                "group": "organizational",
                "depth": 1,
                "reason": "Forest officials received the images in near real time and identified the individuals. The paper documents an investigation, not an arrest or prosecution, so the recorded gain is an investigative lead."
              },
              {
                "group": "societal",
                "reason": "Protection of the reserve's wildlife from this gang is claimed through arrests only in the Clemson release, developer material and The Hindu's second-hand report. The paper notes a chital presumably poached before the second detection."
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "ratings"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "assessments[].display_confidence": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "structured",
          "data": {
            "confidence": "medium",
            "evidence_word": "reported",
            "claim_status": "Independently reported",
            "basis": "Sources: three independent news reports, the makers' peer-reviewed study and the deployer's press release. The cited evidence includes no independent study or report and no finding by a regulator or court.",
            "interpretation": "Existing display rule preserved; the richer outcome-specific confidence question still needs review."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "curatorial",
          "basis": "Derived from the existing case display properties; not a new evidentiary judgment.",
          "record_fields": [],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "assessments[].rationale": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "ratings": [
              {
                "group": "organizational",
                "depth": 1,
                "reason": "Forest officials received the images in near real time and identified the individuals. The paper documents an investigation, not an arrest or prosecution, so the recorded gain is an investigative lead."
              },
              {
                "group": "societal",
                "reason": "Protection of the reserve's wildlife from this gang is claimed through arrests only in the Clemson release, developer material and The Hindu's second-hand report. The paper notes a chital presumably poached before the second detection."
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "ratings"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "assessments[].rubric_version": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "assessments[].status_basis": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "assessments[].target": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "ratings": [
              {
                "group": "organizational",
                "depth": 1,
                "reason": "Forest officials received the images in near real time and identified the individuals. The paper documents an investigation, not an arrest or prosecution, so the recorded gain is an investigative lead."
              },
              {
                "group": "societal",
                "reason": "Protection of the reserve's wildlife from this gang is claimed through arrests only in the Clemson release, developer material and The Hindu's second-hand report. The paper notes a chital presumably poached before the second detection."
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "ratings"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "availability": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "brief": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "case_kind": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "case_links[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "claims[].evidence_links": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "claims[].evidence_strength": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "claims[].missingness": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "claims[].proposition": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "cross_border_flows[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "decisions[].action_outcome": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "institutional decisions"
      },
      "decisions[].grounds": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "institutional decisions"
      },
      "decisions[].institution_task": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "institutional decisions"
      },
      "decisions[].success_criterion": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "institutional decisions"
      },
      "deployment_stage": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "economics[].amount": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].costs[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].counterfactual": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].currency_price_basis": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].gross_net": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].measure_type": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].period_unit": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].realization": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].recipient_payer": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].return_payback": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].valuation_method": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "evaluations[].ai_uplift": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].comparator": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].design": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].effect": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].exposure": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].id": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].measurement_method": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].metric": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].reproduction_materials": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].setting_sample": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].uncertainty_limitations": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "external_references[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "follow_up[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "later": {
              "status": "persisted",
              "date": "2023-09-16",
              "note": "Two days after the paper, The Hindu quoted Nightjar's Piyush Yadav that the Dudhwa poachers were arrested about a year after the images, with TrailGuard images playing a key role; Clemson's release of 15 September 2023 says the arrests came a few weeks later, and no forest department or court record was found.",
              "quote": "But in the Dudhwa [tiger reserve] we learnt that not only could we track [in this case] tigers approaching a village but we also caught a gang of poachers on camera who were walking with a hunted chital. A year down, these poachers were arrested with images from TrailGuard playing a key role,",
              "url": "https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/ai-cameras-to-curb-poaching/article67315766.ece"
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "later"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "human_oversight": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "id": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "id": "AIBD-0318"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "id"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "infrastructure_dependencies[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].beneficiaries": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].beneficiary_count": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].benefit_type": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "benefit_type": "Reduced Violence",
            "taxonomy_note": "The paper documents detection and identification of armed poachers for investigation, with arrests claimed only in releases, and the protected asset is wildlife."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "benefit_type",
            "taxonomy_note"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].claim": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "account": "Dertien, Negi, Dinerstein and colleagues (BioScience 73(10):748–757, published online 14 September 2023) report deploying the TrailGuard AI camera-alert system. The paper does not date the detections. The system “runs on-the-edge artificial intelligence algorithms to detect tigers and poachers and transmit real-time images”. It was deployed in the Kanha-Pench corridor and in Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, Uttar Pradesh. All seven Dudhwa units transmitted images; three transmitted objects of interest to forest department officials. “One unit within Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary captured a group of poachers carrying a gun and knives on two separate dates, and a presumably poached chital (Axis axis) on the second detection”. “Authorities were able to quickly identify the individuals via the transmitted images and were investigating the matter”. Tigers were detected at the same spot three days before the second poacher detection. The authors include RESOLVE and CVEDIA staff (the system's developers) alongside Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, Wildlife Institute of India and Global Tiger Forum co-authors. AFP (Taipei Times, 6 October 2023) reported the study's claim of “identifying a team of poachers”. A Clemson University release of 15 September 2023 carries Nightjar/RESOLVE boilerplate. It states that the alerts “led the authorities to the arrest of these individuals for poaching a few weeks later”. It quotes Sanjay Kumar Pathak, former field director of Dudhwa, that the system “led to the detection and arrest of poachers in Dudhwa”. The Hindu (16 September 2023) cited a person involved in the experiment. Poachers caught on camera had a year later helped forest authorities secure a conviction. It quoted Piyush Yadav of Nightjar, the manufacturer, that “A year down, these poachers were arrested with images from TrailGuard playing a key role”. The article's lead puts the capture in Kanha-Pench and the Yadav quote in Dudhwa. No forest-department statement or court record of an arrest was found.",
            "benefit_type": "Reduced Violence"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "account",
            "benefit_type"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].distribution": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].duration": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].id": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].stakeholder_group": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "ratings": [
              {
                "group": "organizational",
                "depth": 1,
                "reason": "Forest officials received the images in near real time and identified the individuals. The paper documents an investigation, not an arrest or prosecution, so the recorded gain is an investigative lead."
              },
              {
                "group": "societal",
                "reason": "Protection of the reserve's wildlife from this gang is claimed through arrests only in the Clemson release, developer material and The Hindu's second-hand report. The paper notes a chital presumably poached before the second detection."
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "ratings"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].status": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].tradeoffs": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].unexpected": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "unexpected": false,
            "purpose": "Built to detect tigers and people on trails with embedded AI and send real-time images to forest officials. Detecting and transmitting the poachers' images was that purpose."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "unexpected",
            "purpose"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "places[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "location": "Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary, Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, Uttar Pradesh, India",
            "developer_country": "United States",
            "deployer_country": "India"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "location",
            "developer_country",
            "deployer_country"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "purpose": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "purpose": "Built to detect tigers and people on trails with embedded AI and send real-time images to forest officials. Detecting and transmitting the poachers' images was that purpose."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "purpose"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "record_dates": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "date_observed": "2023-09-14",
            "revisions": [
              {
                "date": "2026-10-20",
                "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-20",
                "change": "Merged the Dudhwa poacher material from a second write-up: added The Hindu's report of the arrest and conviction claims; the BioScience paper is marked as written by the system's developers.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against, what happened since from the cited sources.",
                "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10580963/; https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/ai-cameras-to-curb-poaching/article67315766.ece",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Benefit type set to Reduced Violence under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Environmental Sustainability among the six first used.",
                "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
                "source": "https://www.3blmedia.com/news/trailguard-ai-named-times-list-best-inventions-2023; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudhwa_Tiger_Reserve",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, purpose, the replication conditions, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "date_observed",
            "revisions"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "replication.attempts[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "replication": {
              "produced_by": [
                "Camouflaged camera units on trails inside the reserve used by both tigers and poachers",
                "Cellular coverage allowing images to reach forest officials' phones in under a minute"
              ],
              "must_hold": [
                "Officials act on the images while the poachers can still be found. The paper records identification and investigation only",
                "The embedded classifier suppresses non-target triggers so that officials keep trusting the alerts"
              ],
              "echoes": [
                {
                  "setting": "Similipal Tiger Reserve, Odisha (recorded separately as AIBD-0102); The Better India (30 June 2025) reports “96 poacher arrests and 86 firearms seized within ten months” from TrailGuard AI deployments there",
                  "outcome": "recurred",
                  "source": "https://thebetterindia.com/457142/ai-applications-that-tackle-poaching-india/"
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "replication"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "replication.conditions": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "replication": {
              "produced_by": [
                "Camouflaged camera units on trails inside the reserve used by both tigers and poachers",
                "Cellular coverage allowing images to reach forest officials' phones in under a minute"
              ],
              "must_hold": [
                "Officials act on the images while the poachers can still be found. The paper records identification and investigation only",
                "The embedded classifier suppresses non-target triggers so that officials keep trusting the alerts"
              ],
              "echoes": [
                {
                  "setting": "Similipal Tiger Reserve, Odisha (recorded separately as AIBD-0102); The Better India (30 June 2025) reports “96 poacher arrests and 86 firearms seized within ten months” from TrailGuard AI deployments there",
                  "outcome": "recurred",
                  "source": "https://thebetterindia.com/457142/ai-applications-that-tackle-poaching-india/"
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "replication"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "revision_history[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "revisions": [
              {
                "date": "2026-10-20",
                "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-20",
                "change": "Merged the Dudhwa poacher material from a second write-up: added The Hindu's report of the arrest and conviction claims; the BioScience paper is marked as written by the system's developers.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against, what happened since from the cited sources.",
                "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10580963/; https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/ai-cameras-to-curb-poaching/article67315766.ece",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Benefit type set to Reduced Violence under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Environmental Sustainability among the six first used.",
                "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
                "source": "https://www.3blmedia.com/news/trailguard-ai-named-times-list-best-inventions-2023; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudhwa_Tiger_Reserve",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, purpose, the replication conditions, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "revisions"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sector": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "domain": "Conservation / anti-poaching law enforcement",
            "segment": "Anti-poaching enforcement"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "domain",
            "segment"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].access_version": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].citation_locator": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "evidence": [
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Dertien JS, Negi H, Dinerstein E, Krishnamurthy R, Negi HS, Gopal R, Gulick S, Pathak SK, Kapoor M, Yadav P, Benitez M, Ferreira M, Wijnveen AJ, Lee ATL, Wright B, Baldwin RF (2023). Mitigating human-wildlife conflict and monitoring endangered tigers using a real-time camera-based alert system. BioScience 73(10):748-757, doi:10.1093/biosci/biad076 (PMC10580963; authors include RESOLVE and CVEDIA developer staff and Dudhwa Tiger Reserve staff).",
                "title": "Mitigating human-wildlife conflict and monitoring endangered tigers using a real-time camera-based alert system",
                "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10580963/",
                "date": "2023-09-14",
                "written_by": "makers",
                "quote": "One unit within Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary captured a group of poachers carrying a gun and knives on two separate dates"
              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Dertien et al. (2023), same paper, results on the Dudhwa deployment.",
                "title": "Mitigating human-wildlife conflict and monitoring endangered tigers using a real-time camera-based alert system",
                "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10580963/",
                "date": "2023-09-14",
                "written_by": "makers",
                "quote": "Authorities were able to quickly identify the individuals via the transmitted images and were investigating the matter"
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "AFP (2023). AI of the tiger: Tiny camera 'protects' predator - and people. Taipei Times, 6 October 2023.",
                "title": "AI of the tiger: Tiny camera 'protects' predator - and people",
                "url": "https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2023/10/06/2003807276",
                "date": "2023-10-06",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "The research claims the cameras were immediately effective, picking up a tiger just 300 meters from a village, and on another occasion identifying a team of poachers."
              },
              {
                "kind": "press release",
                "citation": "Clemson News (2023). Clemson students' deployment of novel camera alert system, TrailGuard AI, featured in BioScience, promotes coexistence of tigers, humans. 15 September 2023 (university release of the lead author's institution; carries Nightjar/RESOLVE boilerplate; quotes former Dudhwa field director Sanjay Kumar Pathak).",
                "title": "Clemson students' deployment of novel camera alert system, TrailGuard AI, featured in BioScience, promotes coexistence of tigers, humans",
                "url": "https://news.clemson.edu/clemson-students-deployment-of-novel-camera-alert-system-trailguard-ai-featured-in-bioscience-promotes-coexistence-of-tigers-humans/",
                "date": "2023-09-15",
                "written_by": "deployer",
                "quote": "TrailGuard AI offers park protection that led to the detection and arrest of poachers in Dudhwa,"
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "The Hindu (2023). AI cameras to curb poaching in Madhya Pradesh. 16 Sep 2023.",
                "title": "AI cameras to curb poaching in Madhya Pradesh",
                "url": "https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/ai-cameras-to-curb-poaching/article67315766.ece",
                "date": "2023-09-16",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "A year down, these poachers were arrested with images from TrailGuard playing a key role"
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "The Hindu (2023). Same article, lead paragraph.",
                "title": "AI cameras to curb poaching in Madhya Pradesh (conviction claim)",
                "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240808102127/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/ai-cameras-to-curb-poaching/article67315766.ece",
                "date": "2023-09-16",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "caught poachers on camera that — a year down — helped forest authorities secure a conviction, according to a person involved in the experiment"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "evidence"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].id": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "identifiers",
          "identifiers": [
            "AIBD-0318-source-0001",
            "AIBD-0318-source-0002",
            "AIBD-0318-source-0003",
            "AIBD-0318-source-0004",
            "AIBD-0318-source-0005",
            "AIBD-0318-source-0006"
          ],
          "role": "Existing evidence items, in their original order"
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "curatorial",
          "basis": "Stable within the fingerprinted record version; no source content or source review has been added.",
          "record_fields": [],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "complete"
      },
      "sources[].language": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].relationship": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "evidence": [
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Dertien JS, Negi H, Dinerstein E, Krishnamurthy R, Negi HS, Gopal R, Gulick S, Pathak SK, Kapoor M, Yadav P, Benitez M, Ferreira M, Wijnveen AJ, Lee ATL, Wright B, Baldwin RF (2023). Mitigating human-wildlife conflict and monitoring endangered tigers using a real-time camera-based alert system. BioScience 73(10):748-757, doi:10.1093/biosci/biad076 (PMC10580963; authors include RESOLVE and CVEDIA developer staff and Dudhwa Tiger Reserve staff).",
                "title": "Mitigating human-wildlife conflict and monitoring endangered tigers using a real-time camera-based alert system",
                "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10580963/",
                "date": "2023-09-14",
                "written_by": "makers",
                "quote": "One unit within Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary captured a group of poachers carrying a gun and knives on two separate dates"
              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Dertien et al. (2023), same paper, results on the Dudhwa deployment.",
                "title": "Mitigating human-wildlife conflict and monitoring endangered tigers using a real-time camera-based alert system",
                "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10580963/",
                "date": "2023-09-14",
                "written_by": "makers",
                "quote": "Authorities were able to quickly identify the individuals via the transmitted images and were investigating the matter"
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "AFP (2023). AI of the tiger: Tiny camera 'protects' predator - and people. Taipei Times, 6 October 2023.",
                "title": "AI of the tiger: Tiny camera 'protects' predator - and people",
                "url": "https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2023/10/06/2003807276",
                "date": "2023-10-06",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "The research claims the cameras were immediately effective, picking up a tiger just 300 meters from a village, and on another occasion identifying a team of poachers."
              },
              {
                "kind": "press release",
                "citation": "Clemson News (2023). Clemson students' deployment of novel camera alert system, TrailGuard AI, featured in BioScience, promotes coexistence of tigers, humans. 15 September 2023 (university release of the lead author's institution; carries Nightjar/RESOLVE boilerplate; quotes former Dudhwa field director Sanjay Kumar Pathak).",
                "title": "Clemson students' deployment of novel camera alert system, TrailGuard AI, featured in BioScience, promotes coexistence of tigers, humans",
                "url": "https://news.clemson.edu/clemson-students-deployment-of-novel-camera-alert-system-trailguard-ai-featured-in-bioscience-promotes-coexistence-of-tigers-humans/",
                "date": "2023-09-15",
                "written_by": "deployer",
                "quote": "TrailGuard AI offers park protection that led to the detection and arrest of poachers in Dudhwa,"
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "The Hindu (2023). AI cameras to curb poaching in Madhya Pradesh. 16 Sep 2023.",
                "title": "AI cameras to curb poaching in Madhya Pradesh",
                "url": "https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/ai-cameras-to-curb-poaching/article67315766.ece",
                "date": "2023-09-16",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "A year down, these poachers were arrested with images from TrailGuard playing a key role"
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "The Hindu (2023). Same article, lead paragraph.",
                "title": "AI cameras to curb poaching in Madhya Pradesh (conviction claim)",
                "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240808102127/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/ai-cameras-to-curb-poaching/article67315766.ece",
                "date": "2023-09-16",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "caught poachers on camera that — a year down — helped forest authorities secure a conviction, according to a person involved in the experiment"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "evidence"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].upstream_sources": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "strategic_assessments[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "strategic assessments"
      },
      "summary": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "summary": "Dertien et al. (BioScience 2023): one TrailGuard AI unit captured poachers “carrying a gun and knives” on two dates and a poached chital; officials identified them. Arrests claimed only in releases.",
            "account": "Dertien, Negi, Dinerstein and colleagues (BioScience 73(10):748–757, published online 14 September 2023) report deploying the TrailGuard AI camera-alert system. The paper does not date the detections. The system “runs on-the-edge artificial intelligence algorithms to detect tigers and poachers and transmit real-time images”. It was deployed in the Kanha-Pench corridor and in Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, Uttar Pradesh. All seven Dudhwa units transmitted images; three transmitted objects of interest to forest department officials. “One unit within Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary captured a group of poachers carrying a gun and knives on two separate dates, and a presumably poached chital (Axis axis) on the second detection”. “Authorities were able to quickly identify the individuals via the transmitted images and were investigating the matter”. Tigers were detected at the same spot three days before the second poacher detection. The authors include RESOLVE and CVEDIA staff (the system's developers) alongside Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, Wildlife Institute of India and Global Tiger Forum co-authors. AFP (Taipei Times, 6 October 2023) reported the study's claim of “identifying a team of poachers”. A Clemson University release of 15 September 2023 carries Nightjar/RESOLVE boilerplate. It states that the alerts “led the authorities to the arrest of these individuals for poaching a few weeks later”. It quotes Sanjay Kumar Pathak, former field director of Dudhwa, that the system “led to the detection and arrest of poachers in Dudhwa”. The Hindu (16 September 2023) cited a person involved in the experiment. Poachers caught on camera had a year later helped forest authorities secure a conviction. It quoted Piyush Yadav of Nightjar, the manufacturer, that “A year down, these poachers were arrested with images from TrailGuard playing a key role”. The article's lead puts the capture in Kanha-Pench and the Yadav quote in Dudhwa. No forest-department statement or court record of an arrest was found."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "summary",
            "account"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].autonomy_permissions": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].component_role": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].deployment_configuration": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].inputs_outputs": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].model_name": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].model_version": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].product_name": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "system": "TrailGuard AI camera-alert system (embedded AI on an Intel computer-vision chip; cellular transmission)"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "system"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].provider": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "structured",
          "data": {
            "application_developer": "Nightjar / RESOLVE, Washington DC (inventor Steve Gulick), with CVEDIA Ltd"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Mapped from the existing case description without a new external source review.",
          "record_fields": [
            "developer"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "taxonomy_crosswalks[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "title": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "title": "TrailGuard AI camera in Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary transmits images of armed poachers on two nights; Dudhwa Tiger Reserve officials identify them and investigate",
            "headline": "TrailGuard AI transmits images of armed poachers in Kishanpur"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "title",
            "headline"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "version": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "identifiers",
          "identifiers": [
            "3da3ea7fd080d05b95a11dd87baa78b9d68631cb63ea47cec85c691e5b783a51"
          ],
          "role": "SHA-256 of normalized original case data"
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "curatorial",
          "basis": "Deterministic content version assigned by the local migration.",
          "record_fields": [],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "complete"
      },
      "workflow": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "account": "Dertien, Negi, Dinerstein and colleagues (BioScience 73(10):748–757, published online 14 September 2023) report deploying the TrailGuard AI camera-alert system. The paper does not date the detections. The system “runs on-the-edge artificial intelligence algorithms to detect tigers and poachers and transmit real-time images”. It was deployed in the Kanha-Pench corridor and in Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, Uttar Pradesh. All seven Dudhwa units transmitted images; three transmitted objects of interest to forest department officials. “One unit within Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary captured a group of poachers carrying a gun and knives on two separate dates, and a presumably poached chital (Axis axis) on the second detection”. “Authorities were able to quickly identify the individuals via the transmitted images and were investigating the matter”. Tigers were detected at the same spot three days before the second poacher detection. The authors include RESOLVE and CVEDIA staff (the system's developers) alongside Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, Wildlife Institute of India and Global Tiger Forum co-authors. AFP (Taipei Times, 6 October 2023) reported the study's claim of “identifying a team of poachers”. A Clemson University release of 15 September 2023 carries Nightjar/RESOLVE boilerplate. It states that the alerts “led the authorities to the arrest of these individuals for poaching a few weeks later”. It quotes Sanjay Kumar Pathak, former field director of Dudhwa, that the system “led to the detection and arrest of poachers in Dudhwa”. The Hindu (16 September 2023) cited a person involved in the experiment. Poachers caught on camera had a year later helped forest authorities secure a conviction. It quoted Piyush Yadav of Nightjar, the manufacturer, that “A year down, these poachers were arrested with images from TrailGuard playing a key role”. The article's lead puts the capture in Kanha-Pench and the Yadav quote in Dudhwa. No forest-department statement or court record of an arrest was found.",
            "replication": {
              "produced_by": [
                "Camouflaged camera units on trails inside the reserve used by both tigers and poachers",
                "Cellular coverage allowing images to reach forest officials' phones in under a minute"
              ],
              "must_hold": [
                "Officials act on the images while the poachers can still be found. The paper records identification and investigation only",
                "The embedded classifier suppresses non-target triggers so that officials keep trusting the alerts"
              ],
              "echoes": [
                {
                  "setting": "Similipal Tiger Reserve, Odisha (recorded separately as AIBD-0102); The Better India (30 June 2025) reports “96 poacher arrests and 86 firearms seized within ten months” from TrailGuard AI deployments there",
                  "outcome": "recurred",
                  "source": "https://thebetterindia.com/457142/ai-applications-that-tackle-poaching-india/"
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "account",
            "replication"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      }
    },
    "summary": {
      "total": 91,
      "addressed": 91,
      "known": 29,
      "reviewed": 0,
      "record_mapped": 29,
      "not_assessed": 62,
      "complete": false,
      "by_state": {
        "value_present": 29,
        "not_reported": 0,
        "unresolved": 0,
        "not_assessed": 62,
        "not_applicable": 0,
        "withheld": 0,
        "source_unavailable": 0
      }
    }
  }
}