{ "id": "AIBD-0314", "title": "Face matches reported in a search for missing children", "summary": "The ministry reported 2,930 facial matches among children in care. The Delhi High Court later recorded that the software had not helped solve any missing-child case.", "date_observed": "2018-04-10", "date_basis": "unassessed", "date_precision": "unassessed", "benefit_status": null, "source_collection": null, "source_entry": null, "account": "PTI reported on 22 April 2018 (Business Standard) on an affidavit from the Ministry of Women and Child Development to the Delhi High Court. It said that the Delhi Police, “on a trial basis, used the FRS on 45,000 children living in different children's homes”. Also, 2,930 children “could be recognized between April 6 and April 10”. The ministry's secretary Rakesh Srivastava said that the police shared the outcome on 10 April. In Sadhan Haldar v NCT of Delhi, the court had pressed the police to test-run facial recognition. The ministry had then supplied data on about seven lakh missing children from the Track Child portal. The same report says that identities “have been established and efforts are on to help them reunite with their families”. No reunification is documented in any cited source. The Wire (republished by the Pulitzer Center, 2–3 July 2025) cites the Bureau of Police Research and Development's Compendium of Equipment. It says that the police bought two facial recognition systems on 28 March 2018, manufactured by Innefu Labs and supplied by Pelorus Technologies. It quotes an Innefu blog claiming its AI Vision product “helped in identifying 3000 missing children” in its first four days. On 23 August 2018 Delhi Police counsel Rahul Mehra told the High Court: “The software is not good. There is only two percent match” (NDTV). That was in a habeas corpus matter about women missing from a placement agency. On 22 January 2019 the High Court (Hima Kohli and Manoj Kumar Ohri JJ) recorded in Sadhan Haldar what it was told. The software “has not helped in cracking any case of missing children so far”, against 5,160 children untraced out of 19,916 reported missing in 2016–2018. A Centre for Internet and Society (CIS India) report gives 10,617 matches, of which 3,202 identities were verified, and no reunification count.", "category": "benefit created", "unexpected": false, "purpose": "Procured under the Delhi High Court's direction in Sadhan Haldar to match photographs of missing and found children against the Track Child database. The April 2018 trial run was that intended use.", "system": "Delhi Police Facial Recognition System (reported by The Wire as Innefu Labs' AI Vision)", "model_version": "AI Vision", "developer": "Innefu Labs Pvt Ltd (manufacturer, per The Wire citing the BPR&D Compendium of Equipment); supplied by Pelorus Technologies Pvt Ltd", "deployer": "Delhi Police (Crime Branch), using Ministry of Women and Child Development Track Child portal data", "location": "Delhi, India", "domain": "Policing / missing persons and child protection", "segment": "Missing children in child-care institutions", "benefit_type": "Improved Knowledge Discovery", "taxonomy_note": "The only documented outcome is a raw match count that the police and the High Court later undercut.", "registry_ids": {}, "ratings": [ { "group": "personal", "depth": null, "reason": "No cited source documents a child reunited with a family as a result of the 2,930 matches. The High Court recorded on 22 January 2019 that the software had not cracked any missing-child case." }, { "group": "organizational", "depth": null, "reason": "The police reported 2,930 identities “established” to the ministry. The same police told the court four months later that the software produced only a two percent match." }, { "group": "societal", "depth": null, "reason": "The court's own figures (5,160 children untraced of 19,916 reported in 2016–2018) are the context. No reduction attributable to the software is documented." } ], "ai_role": { "status": "assessed", "statement": "The software produced the 2,930 matches reported in the ministry's affidavit. The claim rests on the police's report of raw output, relayed by PTI, and on the vendor's blog. No cited source verifies a single match to a reunification. The police counsel described the match rate as two percent in August 2018. The Delhi High Court recorded in January 2019 that the software had not helped crack any case. The CIS India figures (10,617 matches, 3,202 identities verified) come from a report that is not among the sources." }, "evidence": [ { "kind": "news report", "citation": "PTI (2018). Facial recognition system helps trace 3,000 missing children in 4 days. Business Standard, 22 April 2018.", "title": "Facial recognition system helps trace 3,000 missing children in 4 days", "url": "https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/facial-recognition-system-helps-trace-3-000-missing-children-in-4-days-118042200470_1.html", "date": "2018-04-22", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "Of them, 2,930 children could be recognised between April 6 and April 10." }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "NDTV (2018). 2 Percent Accuracy In Delhi Police Facial Recognition Software, Court Told. NDTV, 23 August 2018.", "title": "2 Percent Accuracy In Delhi Police Facial Recognition Software, Court Told", "url": "https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/2-percent-accuracy-in-delhi-police-facial-recognition-software-court-told-1905242", "date": "2018-08-23", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "The software is not good. There is only two per cent match,", "supports_benefit": false }, { "kind": "court document", "citation": "Delhi High Court (2019). Sadhan Haldar v The State NCT of Delhi & Ors, W.P.(CRL) 1560/2017, order of 22 January 2019 (Hima Kohli and Manoj Kumar Ohri JJ). Indian Kanoon.", "title": "Sadhan Haldar vs The State Nct Of Delhi & Ors on 22 January, 2019", "url": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/181795735/", "date": "2019-01-22", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "We are told that use of 'Facial Recognition Software' has not helped in cracking any case of missing children so far, which comes as a surprise.", "supports_benefit": false }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "The Wire / Pulitzer Center (2025). As AI Took Over Policing in Delhi, Who Bore the Brunt? Pulitzer Center, 2 July 2025.", "title": "As AI Took Over Policing in Delhi, Who Bore the Brunt?", "url": "https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/ai-took-over-policing-delhi-who-bore-brunt", "date": "2025-07-02", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "During the first four days of its implementation, Innefu's product (AI Vision) helped in identifying 3000 missing children.", "supports_benefit": false }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "The Wire / Pulitzer Center (2025). Looking Back at the Camera: How Controversial AI Firms Shaped Delhi's Predictive Policing. Pulitzer Center, 3 July 2025.", "title": "Looking Back at the Camera: How Controversial AI Firms Shaped Delhi's Predictive Policing", "url": "https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/looking-back-camera-how-controversial-ai-firms-shaped-delhis-predictive-policing", "date": "2025-07-03", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "While the software was originally manufactured by Innefu Labs Pvt Ltd, it was supplied to the Delhi Police by a vendor named Pelorus Technologies Pvt. Ltd.", "supports_benefit": false }, { "kind": "report", "citation": "Internet Freedom Foundation (2019). The Delhi Police must stop its facial recognition system. internetfreedom.in, 29 December 2019.", "title": "The Delhi Police must stop it's facial recognition system", "url": "https://internetfreedom.in/we-demand-the-delhi-police-stop-its-facial-recognition-system/", "date": "2019-12-29", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "at least three orders of the Hon'ble High Court recording it's dissatisfaction with the facial recognition system as late as August 23, 2019", "supports_benefit": false }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "Manorama Yearbook (2019). Can facial recognition help fight crime? 10 July 2019.", "title": "Can facial recognition help fight crime?", "url": "https://www.manoramayearbook.in/current-affairs/india/2019/07/10/Can-facial-recognition-help-fight-crime.html", "date": "2019-07-10", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "Of them, the police were able to identify 2,930 children with the software.", "supports_benefit": false } ], "replication": { "produced_by": [ "A court-directed 1:many facial recognition trial on photographs of 45,000 children in children's homes, against Track Child portal data on about seven lakh missing children", "Police reporting of raw match counts to the ministry, which relayed them to the court by affidavit" ], "must_hold": [ "Matches are verified against identity records and followed by reunification, which no cited source shows", "The software's match rate is adequate. The police counsel's statement of a two percent match in August 2018 concerned the same software" ], "echoes": [ { "date": "2018-08-23", "setting": "Delhi High Court suggested using the software to trace women missing from an illegal placement agency; police counsel reported a two percent match", "model_version": null, "outcome": "did not recur", "source": "https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/2-percent-accuracy-in-delhi-police-facial-recognition-software-court-told-1905242" }, { "date": "2019-01-22", "setting": "Delhi High Court review of missing-children cases in Sadhan Haldar v NCT of Delhi", "model_version": null, "outcome": "did not recur", "source": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/181795735/" } ] }, "paired_incident": null, "headline": "Face matches reported in a search for missing children", "metric": "matched 2,930 identities on 6–10 April 2018", "comparator": null, "later": { "status": "reversed", "date": "2019-01-22", "note": "On 22 January 2019 the Delhi High Court recorded in Sadhan Haldar v. NCT of Delhi that the facial recognition software had not helped crack any missing-child case, after police counsel had reported a two percent match rate in August 2018.", "quote": "“We are told that the use of ‘Facial Recognition Software’ has not helped in cracking any case of missing children so far, which comes as a surprise. It is most unacceptable that the software adopted by the Delhi Police after due diligence has not borne any results.”", "url": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/181795735/" }, "value": null, "developer_country": "India", "deployer_country": "India", "unrated_because": "the court recorded that no case was cracked", "brief_notes": null, "brief": null, "revisions": [ { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.", "source": null, "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Left not rated: the court recorded that no case was cracked.", "source": null, "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Title reworded to state the event without naming who claims it.", "source": null, "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Added what happened since, the model version from the cited sources.", "source": "http://web.archive.org/web/20260829155711/https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/ai-took-over-policing-delhi-who-bore-brunt; http://web.archive.org/web/20250715172059/https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/looking-back-camera-how-controversial-ai-firms-shaped-delhis-predictive-policing", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.", "source": "https://www.innefu.com/contact-us; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Police", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, purpose, the replication conditions, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.", "source": null, "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Notes about which sources could be read were reworded for readers; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.", "source": null, "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-25", "change": "Reviewed the specified original sources; corrected their authorship, document types, and support for the reported benefit.", "source": "https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/facial-recognition-system-helps-trace-3-000-missing-children-in-4-days-118042200470_1.html", "editor": "AIBD" } ], "confidence": "reported", "shade": "medium", "claim_status": "Independently reported", "claim_basis": "Sources: one independent court document, one independent report and five independent news reports. For the benefit itself, the cited sources include no independent study or report and no finding by a regulator or court.", "profile": { "case_id": "AIBD-0314", "catalog_version": "1.0.0", "source_fingerprint": "c0b5467b4ae848089208b52fc57badd37164494b3e763b011569e920449d0023", "collection_refs": [ { "collection_id": "aibd", "version": "snapshot-8bf7cfec9cb185aa" }, { "collection_id": "aibd", "version": "2026-10-25" }, { "collection_id": "querist", "version": "2026-10-25" }, { "collection_id": "chanticleer", "version": "2026-10-25" } ], "source_ids": [ "AIBD-0314-source-0001", "AIBD-0314-source-0002", "AIBD-0314-source-0003", "AIBD-0314-source-0004", "AIBD-0314-source-0005", "AIBD-0314-source-0006", "AIBD-0314-source-0007" ], "families": { "strategic assessments": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "record_ids": [] }, "evaluations": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "record_ids": [] }, "monetary observations": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "record_ids": [] }, "institutional decisions": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "record_ids": [] } }, "fields": { "actors[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "developer": "Innefu Labs Pvt Ltd (manufacturer, per The Wire citing the BPR&D Compendium of Equipment); supplied by Pelorus Technologies Pvt Ltd", "deployer": "Delhi Police (Crime Branch), using Ministry of Women and Child Development Track Child portal data" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "developer", "deployer" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "actors[].ownership_control": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "ai_contribution": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "ai_role": { "status": "assessed", "statement": "The software produced the 2,930 matches reported in the ministry's affidavit. The claim rests on the police's report of raw output, relayed by PTI, and on the vendor's blog. No cited source verifies a single match to a reunification. The police counsel described the match rate as two percent in August 2018. The Delhi High Court recorded in January 2019 that the software had not helped crack any case. The CIS India figures (10,617 matches, 3,202 identities verified) come from a report that is not among the sources." } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "ai_role" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "ai_relationship": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "category": "benefit created", "ai_role": { "status": "assessed", "statement": "The software produced the 2,930 matches reported in the ministry's affidavit. 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The CIS India figures (10,617 matches, 3,202 identities verified) come from a report that is not among the sources." } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "ai_role", "category" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].alternatives": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].assessor_date": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].depth": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].display_confidence": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "structured", "data": { "confidence": "medium", "evidence_word": "reported", "claim_status": "Independently reported", "basis": "Sources: one independent court document, one independent report and five independent news reports. 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The same police told the court four months later that the software produced only a two percent match." }, { "group": "societal", "reason": "The court's own figures (5,160 children untraced of 19,916 reported in 2016–2018) are the context. 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}, "evaluations[].effect": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "evaluations" }, "evaluations[].exposure": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "evaluations" }, "evaluations[].id": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "evaluations" }, "evaluations[].measurement_method": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "evaluations" }, "evaluations[].metric": { "state": "not_assessed", "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Mapped from the existing case description without a new external source review.", "record_fields": [ "metric" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "evaluations", "display": { "answer": "matched 2,930 identities on 6–10 April 2018", "editor_note": "" } }, "evaluations[].reproduction_materials": { 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It is most unacceptable that the software adopted by the Delhi Police after due diligence has not borne any results.”", "url": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/181795735/" } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "later" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "human_oversight": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "id": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "id": "AIBD-0314" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "id" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "infrastructure_dependencies[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].beneficiaries": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].beneficiary_count": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].benefit_type": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "benefit_type": "Improved Knowledge Discovery", "taxonomy_note": "The only documented outcome is a raw match count that the police and the High Court later undercut." } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "benefit_type", "taxonomy_note" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].claim": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "account": "PTI reported on 22 April 2018 (Business Standard) on an affidavit from the Ministry of Women and Child Development to the Delhi High Court. It said the Delhi Police, “on a trial basis, used the FRS on 45,000 children living in different children's homes”. Also, 2,930 children “could be recognized between April 6 and April 10”. The ministry's secretary Rakesh Srivastava said that the police shared the outcome on 10 April. In Sadhan Haldar v NCT of Delhi, the court had pressed the police to test-run facial recognition. The ministry had then supplied data on about seven lakh missing children from the Track Child portal. The same report says identities “have been established and efforts are on to help them reunite with their families”. No reunification is documented in any cited source. The Wire (republished by the Pulitzer Center, 2–3 July 2025) cites the Bureau of Police Research and Development's Compendium of Equipment. It says the police bought two facial recognition systems on 28 March 2018, manufactured by Innefu Labs and supplied by Pelorus Technologies. It quotes an Innefu blog claiming its AI Vision product “helped in identifying 3000 missing children” in its first four days. On 23 August 2018 Delhi Police counsel Rahul Mehra told the High Court: “The software is not good. There is only two percent match” (NDTV). That was in a habeas corpus matter about women missing from a placement agency. On 22 January 2019 the High Court (Hima Kohli and Manoj Kumar Ohri JJ) recorded in Sadhan Haldar what it was told. The software “has not helped in cracking any case of missing children so far”, against 5,160 children untraced out of 19,916 reported missing in 2016–2018. A Centre for Internet and Society (CIS India) report gives 10,617 matches, of which 3,202 identities were verified, and no reunification count; the report itself is not among the sources.", "benefit_type": "Improved Knowledge Discovery" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "account", "benefit_type" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].distribution": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].duration": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].id": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].stakeholder_group": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "ratings": [ { "group": "personal", "reason": "No cited source documents a child reunited with a family as a result of the 2,930 matches. The High Court recorded on 22 January 2019 that the software had not cracked any missing-child case." }, { "group": "organizational", "reason": "The police reported 2,930 identities “established” to the ministry. The same police told the court four months later that the software produced only a two percent match." }, { "group": "societal", "reason": "The court's own figures (5,160 children untraced of 19,916 reported in 2016–2018) are the context. No reduction attributable to the software is documented." } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "ratings" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].status": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].tradeoffs": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].unexpected": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "unexpected": false, "purpose": "Procured under the Delhi High Court's direction in Sadhan Haldar to match photographs of missing and found children against the Track Child database. The April 2018 trial run was that intended use." } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "unexpected", "purpose" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "places[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "location": "Delhi, India", "developer_country": "India", "deployer_country": "India" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "location", "developer_country", "deployer_country" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "purpose": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "purpose": "Procured under the Delhi High Court's direction in Sadhan Haldar to match photographs of missing and found children against the Track Child database. The April 2018 trial run was that intended use." } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "purpose" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "record_dates": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "date_observed": "2018-04-10", "revisions": [ { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Left not rated: the court recorded that no case was cracked.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Title reworded to state the event without naming who claims it.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Added what happened since, the model version from the cited sources.", "source": "http://web.archive.org/web/20260829155711/https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/ai-took-over-policing-delhi-who-bore-brunt; http://web.archive.org/web/20250715172059/https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/looking-back-camera-how-controversial-ai-firms-shaped-delhis-predictive-policing", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.", "source": "https://www.innefu.com/contact-us; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Police", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, purpose, the replication conditions, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Notes about which sources could be read were reworded for readers; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-25", "change": "Reviewed the specified original sources; corrected their authorship, document types, and support for the reported benefit.", "source": "https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/facial-recognition-system-helps-trace-3-000-missing-children-in-4-days-118042200470_1.html", "editor": "AIBD" } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "date_observed", "revisions" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "replication.attempts[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "replication": { "produced_by": [ "A court-directed 1:many facial recognition trial on photographs of 45,000 children in children's homes, against Track Child portal data on about seven lakh missing children", "Police reporting of raw match counts to the ministry, which relayed them to the court by affidavit" ], "must_hold": [ "Matches are verified against identity records and followed by reunification, which no cited source shows", "The software's match rate is adequate. The police counsel's statement of a two percent match in August 2018 concerned the same software" ], "echoes": [ { "date": "2018-08-23", "setting": "Delhi High Court suggested using the software to trace women missing from an illegal placement agency; police counsel reported a two percent match", "outcome": "did not recur", "source": "https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/2-percent-accuracy-in-delhi-police-facial-recognition-software-court-told-1905242" }, { "date": "2019-01-22", "setting": "Delhi High Court review of missing-children cases in Sadhan Haldar v NCT of Delhi", "outcome": "did not recur", "source": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/181795735/" } ] } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "replication" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "replication.conditions": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "replication": { "produced_by": [ "A court-directed 1:many facial recognition trial on photographs of 45,000 children in children's homes, against Track Child portal data on about seven lakh missing children", "Police reporting of raw match counts to the ministry, which relayed them to the court by affidavit" ], "must_hold": [ "Matches are verified against identity records and followed by reunification, which no cited source shows", "The software's match rate is adequate. The police counsel's statement of a two percent match in August 2018 concerned the same software" ], "echoes": [ { "date": "2018-08-23", "setting": "Delhi High Court suggested using the software to trace women missing from an illegal placement agency; police counsel reported a two percent match", "outcome": "did not recur", "source": "https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/2-percent-accuracy-in-delhi-police-facial-recognition-software-court-told-1905242" }, { "date": "2019-01-22", "setting": "Delhi High Court review of missing-children cases in Sadhan Haldar v NCT of Delhi", "outcome": "did not recur", "source": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/181795735/" } ] } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "replication" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "revision_history[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "revisions": [ { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Left not rated: the court recorded that no case was cracked.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Title reworded to state the event without naming who claims it.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Added what happened since, the model version from the cited sources.", "source": "http://web.archive.org/web/20260829155711/https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/ai-took-over-policing-delhi-who-bore-brunt; http://web.archive.org/web/20250715172059/https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/looking-back-camera-how-controversial-ai-firms-shaped-delhis-predictive-policing", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.", "source": "https://www.innefu.com/contact-us; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Police", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, purpose, the replication conditions, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Notes about which sources could be read were reworded for readers; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-25", "change": "Reviewed the specified original sources; corrected their authorship, document types, and support for the reported benefit.", "source": "https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/facial-recognition-system-helps-trace-3-000-missing-children-in-4-days-118042200470_1.html", "editor": "AIBD" } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "revisions" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "sector": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "domain": "Policing / missing persons and child protection", "segment": "Missing children in child-care institutions" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "domain", "segment" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "sources[].access_version": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "sources[].citation_locator": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "evidence": [ { "kind": "news report", "citation": "PTI (2018). Facial recognition system helps trace 3,000 missing children in 4 days. Business Standard, 22 April 2018.", "title": "Facial recognition system helps trace 3,000 missing children in 4 days", "url": "https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/facial-recognition-system-helps-trace-3-000-missing-children-in-4-days-118042200470_1.html", "date": "2018-04-22", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "Of them, 2,930 children could be recognised between April 6 and April 10." }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "NDTV (2018). 2 Percent Accuracy In Delhi Police Facial Recognition Software, Court Told. NDTV, 23 August 2018.", "title": "2 Percent Accuracy In Delhi Police Facial Recognition Software, Court Told", "url": "https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/2-percent-accuracy-in-delhi-police-facial-recognition-software-court-told-1905242", "date": "2018-08-23", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "The software is not good. There is only two per cent match,", "supports_benefit": false }, { "kind": "court document", "citation": "Delhi High Court (2019). Sadhan Haldar v The State NCT of Delhi & Ors, W.P.(CRL) 1560/2017, order of 22 January 2019 (Hima Kohli and Manoj Kumar Ohri JJ). Indian Kanoon.", "title": "Sadhan Haldar vs The State Nct Of Delhi & Ors on 22 January, 2019", "url": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/181795735/", "date": "2019-01-22", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "We are told that use of 'Facial Recognition Software' has not helped in cracking any case of missing children so far, which comes as a surprise.", "supports_benefit": false }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "The Wire / Pulitzer Center (2025). As AI Took Over Policing in Delhi, Who Bore the Brunt? Pulitzer Center, 2 July 2025.", "title": "As AI Took Over Policing in Delhi, Who Bore the Brunt?", "url": "https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/ai-took-over-policing-delhi-who-bore-brunt", "date": "2025-07-02", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "During the first four days of its implementation, Innefu's product (AI Vision) helped in identifying 3000 missing children.", "supports_benefit": false }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "The Wire / Pulitzer Center (2025). Looking Back at the Camera: How Controversial AI Firms Shaped Delhi's Predictive Policing. Pulitzer Center, 3 July 2025.", "title": "Looking Back at the Camera: How Controversial AI Firms Shaped Delhi's Predictive Policing", "url": "https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/looking-back-camera-how-controversial-ai-firms-shaped-delhis-predictive-policing", "date": "2025-07-03", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "While the software was originally manufactured by Innefu Labs Pvt Ltd, it was supplied to the Delhi Police by a vendor named Pelorus Technologies Pvt. Ltd.", "supports_benefit": false }, { "kind": "report", "citation": "Internet Freedom Foundation (2019). The Delhi Police must stop its facial recognition system. internetfreedom.in, 29 December 2019.", "title": "The Delhi Police must stop it's facial recognition system", "url": "https://internetfreedom.in/we-demand-the-delhi-police-stop-its-facial-recognition-system/", "date": "2019-12-29", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "at least three orders of the Hon'ble High Court recording it's dissatisfaction with the facial recognition system as late as August 23, 2019", "supports_benefit": false }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "Manorama Yearbook (2019). Can facial recognition help fight crime? 10 July 2019.", "title": "Can facial recognition help fight crime?", "url": "https://www.manoramayearbook.in/current-affairs/india/2019/07/10/Can-facial-recognition-help-fight-crime.html", "date": "2019-07-10", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "Of them, the police were able to identify 2,930 children with the software.", "supports_benefit": false } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "evidence" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "sources[].id": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "identifiers", "identifiers": [ "AIBD-0314-source-0001", "AIBD-0314-source-0002", "AIBD-0314-source-0003", "AIBD-0314-source-0004", "AIBD-0314-source-0005", "AIBD-0314-source-0006", "AIBD-0314-source-0007" ], "role": "Existing evidence items, in their original order" }, "provenance": { "kind": "curatorial", "basis": "Stable within the fingerprinted record version; no source content or source review has been added.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "complete" }, "sources[].language": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "sources[].relationship": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "The early report relays the ministry’s matching claim. The court later recorded that no missing-child case had been cracked. The retained investigations add contrary evidence and procurement details." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "The identified originals and their locators are listed in the source assessment.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0314-source-0002", "AIBD-0314-source-0003", "AIBD-0314-source-0004", "AIBD-0314-source-0005", "AIBD-0314-source-0006", "AIBD-0314-source-0007" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "partial", "display": { "answer": "The early report relays the ministry’s matching claim. The court later recorded that no missing-child case had been cracked. The retained investigations add contrary evidence and procurement details." } }, "sources[].upstream_sources": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "structured", "data": { "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25", "lead_source_ref": "AIBD-0314-source-0001", "retained_source_order": [ "AIBD-0314-source-0001", "AIBD-0314-source-0002", "AIBD-0314-source-0003", "AIBD-0314-source-0004", "AIBD-0314-source-0005", "AIBD-0314-source-0006", "AIBD-0314-source-0007" ], "origins": [ { "url": "https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/2-percent-accuracy-in-delhi-police-facial-recognition-software-court-told-1905242", "locator": "PTI report, paragraphs on Rahul Mehra’s submission to the High Court.", "contribution": "The police counsel’s two-percent match statement is contrary evidence, not proof of a benefit.", "relationship": "Independent scrutiny or context, not positive corroboration.", "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0314-source-0002" ] }, { "url": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/181795735/", "locator": "Order of 22 January 2019, ¶ 12, printed p. 6.", "contribution": "The court records that it was told that no missing-child case had been cracked. It does not find the claimed benefit.", "relationship": "Independent scrutiny or context, not positive corroboration.", "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0314-source-0003" ] }, { "url": "https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/ai-took-over-policing-delhi-who-bore-brunt", "locator": "The investigation’s discussion of AI Vision and the claimed identification of missing children.", "contribution": "The investigation supplies later scrutiny and harm accounts. Its missing-child figure is attributed to the vendor, not independently verified.", "relationship": "Independent scrutiny or context, not positive corroboration.", "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0314-source-0004" ] }, { "url": "https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/looking-back-camera-how-controversial-ai-firms-shaped-delhis-predictive-policing", "locator": "Opening procurement paragraphs and the quotation from Innefu’s AI Vision page.", "contribution": "The investigation establishes procurement and vendor relationships. Its missing-child figure repeats the developer’s account.", "relationship": "Independent scrutiny or context, not positive corroboration.", "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0314-source-0005" ] }, { "url": "https://internetfreedom.in/we-demand-the-delhi-police-stop-its-facial-recognition-system/", "locator": "Sections on the low success rate and the demand to halt facial recognition.", "contribution": "The advocacy report challenges effectiveness and legality. It must not count as an independent study supporting a positive result.", "relationship": "Independent scrutiny or context, not positive corroboration.", "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0314-source-0006" ] }, { "url": "https://www.manoramayearbook.in/current-affairs/india/2019/07/10/Can-facial-recognition-help-fight-crime.html", "locator": "Telangana model, paragraphs on Delhi’s trial and the High Court.", "contribution": "The explainer repeats the ministry’s affidavit and the High Court’s contrary statement. It supplies no new missing-child result.", "relationship": "Independent scrutiny or context, not positive corroboration.", "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0314-source-0007" ] } ], "excluded_or_consolidated_sources": [], "review_scope": "Whether the specified sources establish the reported benefit, their document types, and their authorship relationships. Other fields and sources were not comprehensively reassessed." } }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "A limited source-role review; each inspected source and its contribution is identified.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0314-source-0002", "AIBD-0314-source-0003", "AIBD-0314-source-0004", "AIBD-0314-source-0005", "AIBD-0314-source-0006", "AIBD-0314-source-0007" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "partial", "display": { "answer": "The early report relays the ministry’s matching claim. The court later recorded that no missing-child case had been cracked. The retained investigations add contrary evidence and procurement details." } }, "strategic_assessments[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "strategic assessments" }, "summary": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "summary": "The ministry reported 2,930 facial matches among children in care. The Delhi High Court later recorded that the software had not helped solve any missing-child case.", "account": "PTI reported on 22 April 2018 (Business Standard) on an affidavit from the Ministry of Women and Child Development to the Delhi High Court. It said that the Delhi Police, “on a trial basis, used the FRS on 45,000 children living in different children's homes”. Also, 2,930 children “could be recognized between April 6 and April 10”. The ministry's secretary Rakesh Srivastava said that the police shared the outcome on 10 April. In Sadhan Haldar v NCT of Delhi, the court had pressed the police to test-run facial recognition. The ministry had then supplied data on about seven lakh missing children from the Track Child portal. The same report says that identities “have been established and efforts are on to help them reunite with their families”. No reunification is documented in any cited source. The Wire (republished by the Pulitzer Center, 2–3 July 2025) cites the Bureau of Police Research and Development's Compendium of Equipment. It says that the police bought two facial recognition systems on 28 March 2018, manufactured by Innefu Labs and supplied by Pelorus Technologies. It quotes an Innefu blog claiming its AI Vision product “helped in identifying 3000 missing children” in its first four days. On 23 August 2018 Delhi Police counsel Rahul Mehra told the High Court: “The software is not good. There is only two percent match” (NDTV). That was in a habeas corpus matter about women missing from a placement agency. On 22 January 2019 the High Court (Hima Kohli and Manoj Kumar Ohri JJ) recorded in Sadhan Haldar what it was told. The software “has not helped in cracking any case of missing children so far”, against 5,160 children untraced out of 19,916 reported missing in 2016–2018. A Centre for Internet and Society (CIS India) report gives 10,617 matches, of which 3,202 identities were verified, and no reunification count." } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Wording aligned with the source review of 25 October 2026; the longer account retains previously collected details.", "record_fields": [ "summary", "account" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].autonomy_permissions": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].component_role": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "The software compared facial images to propose possible matches." }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Restated the mechanical task already described in the existing system and AI-role fields. No new source review is claimed.", "record_fields": [ "system", "ai_role" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].deployment_configuration": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "The Wire identified the facial-recognition software as Innefu Labs’ AI Vision." }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Separated the model, software, hardware, or operation already described in the existing record. No new source review is claimed.", "record_fields": [ "model_version", "system", "ai_role" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].inputs_outputs": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].model_name": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].model_version": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "model_version": "AI Vision" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "model_version" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial", "display": { "answer": "Exact release not established.", "editor_note": "" } }, "systems[].product_name": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "system": "Delhi Police Facial Recognition System (reported by The Wire as Innefu Labs' AI Vision)" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "system" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].provider": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "structured", "data": { "application_developer": "Innefu Labs Pvt Ltd (manufacturer, per The Wire citing the BPR&D Compendium of Equipment); supplied by Pelorus Technologies Pvt Ltd" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Mapped from the existing case description without a new external source review.", "record_fields": [ "developer" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "taxonomy_crosswalks[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "title": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "title": "Face matches reported in a search for missing children", "headline": "Face matches reported in a search for missing children" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Wording aligned with the source review of 25 October 2026; the longer account retains previously collected details.", "record_fields": [ "title", "headline" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "version": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "identifiers", "identifiers": [ "c0b5467b4ae848089208b52fc57badd37164494b3e763b011569e920449d0023" ], "role": "SHA-256 of normalized original case data" }, "provenance": { "kind": "curatorial", "basis": "Deterministic content version assigned by the local migration.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "complete" }, "workflow": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "account": "PTI reported on 22 April 2018 (Business Standard) on an affidavit from the Ministry of Women and Child Development to the Delhi High Court. It said the Delhi Police, “on a trial basis, used the FRS on 45,000 children living in different children's homes”. Also, 2,930 children “could be recognized between April 6 and April 10”. The ministry's secretary Rakesh Srivastava said that the police shared the outcome on 10 April. In Sadhan Haldar v NCT of Delhi, the court had pressed the police to test-run facial recognition. The ministry had then supplied data on about seven lakh missing children from the Track Child portal. The same report says identities “have been established and efforts are on to help them reunite with their families”. No reunification is documented in any cited source. The Wire (republished by the Pulitzer Center, 2–3 July 2025) cites the Bureau of Police Research and Development's Compendium of Equipment. It says the police bought two facial recognition systems on 28 March 2018, manufactured by Innefu Labs and supplied by Pelorus Technologies. It quotes an Innefu blog claiming its AI Vision product “helped in identifying 3000 missing children” in its first four days. On 23 August 2018 Delhi Police counsel Rahul Mehra told the High Court: “The software is not good. There is only two percent match” (NDTV). That was in a habeas corpus matter about women missing from a placement agency. On 22 January 2019 the High Court (Hima Kohli and Manoj Kumar Ohri JJ) recorded in Sadhan Haldar what it was told. The software “has not helped in cracking any case of missing children so far”, against 5,160 children untraced out of 19,916 reported missing in 2016–2018. A Centre for Internet and Society (CIS India) report gives 10,617 matches, of which 3,202 identities were verified, and no reunification count; the report itself is not among the sources.", "replication": { "produced_by": [ "A court-directed 1:many facial recognition trial on photographs of 45,000 children in children's homes, against Track Child portal data on about seven lakh missing children", "Police reporting of raw match counts to the ministry, which relayed them to the court by affidavit" ], "must_hold": [ "Matches are verified against identity records and followed by reunification, which no cited source shows", "The software's match rate is adequate. The police counsel's statement of a two percent match in August 2018 concerned the same software" ], "echoes": [ { "date": "2018-08-23", "setting": "Delhi High Court suggested using the software to trace women missing from an illegal placement agency; police counsel reported a two percent match", "outcome": "did not recur", "source": "https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/2-percent-accuracy-in-delhi-police-facial-recognition-software-court-told-1905242" }, { "date": "2019-01-22", "setting": "Delhi High Court review of missing-children cases in Sadhan Haldar v NCT of Delhi", "outcome": "did not recur", "source": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/181795735/" } ] } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "account", "replication" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" } }, "summary": { "total": 91, "addressed": 91, "known": 32, "reviewed": 2, "record_mapped": 30, "not_assessed": 59, "complete": false, "by_state": { "value_present": 32, "not_reported": 0, "unresolved": 0, "not_assessed": 59, "not_applicable": 0, "withheld": 0, "source_unavailable": 0 } } } }