{
  "id": "AIBD-0243",
  "title": "Camera-based AI feedback on 100 Spin e-scooters in Santa Monica cuts time ridden on sidewalks by 22% in a randomized field test",
  "summary": "University of Washington study in Findings (20 Nov 2024): feedback disabled at random on 50 of 100 camera-equipped Spin scooters from 23 Nov 2022 to 14 Feb 2023; feedback-equipped scooters spent 22...",
  "date_observed": "2023-02-14",
  "date_basis": "unassessed",
  "date_precision": "unassessed",
  "benefit_status": null,
  "source_collection": null,
  "source_entry": null,
  "account": "Mohammad Mehdi Oshanreh, Daniel Malarkey and Don MacKenzie partnered with the operator Spin. They fitted 100 shared e-scooters in Santa Monica, California with a camera-based computer-vision system. It classifies the riding surface (sidewalk, roadway or bike lane) without the Global Positioning System (GPS). On detecting sidewalk riding, it issues in-app notifications, audible beeps and a speed reduction. From 23 Nov 2022, 50 of the 100 scooters were randomly selected to have the feedback disabled, with riders unaware of assignment. Data were collected until 14 Feb 2023. The paper's abstract cites 488 trips and its methods section 456 trips for analysis (289 with feedback, 167 without). The feedback group spent 22% less time and 20% less distance on sidewalks and 5% more time on streets. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests and a logistic regression found feedback reduced street-to-sidewalk transitions but not bike-lane-to-sidewalk transitions. About 10% of trips in both groups spent over 60% of their time on sidewalks. Targeted theft of camera-equipped scooters led Spin to withdraw them, limiting the sample. The paper does not name the camera system's maker. Funding came from the U.S. Department of Transportation via the C2SMART Center.",
  "category": "general benefit",
  "unexpected": false,
  "purpose": "The camera system was built to detect sidewalk riding in real time and discourage it through alerts and speed limits.",
  "system": "Camera-based computer-vision riding-surface detection with in-app notifications, audible beeps and speed reduction on Spin shared e-scooters (maker not named in the paper)",
  "model_version": null,
  "developer": "Not named in the paper",
  "deployer": "Spin (shared e-scooter operator), with University of Washington researchers",
  "location": "Santa Monica, United States",
  "domain": "Micromobility safety",
  "segment": "Shared e-scooters / pedestrian conflict",
  "benefit_type": "Increased Product Safety",
  "taxonomy_note": null,
  "registry_ids": {},
  "ratings": [
    {
      "group": "societal",
      "depth": null,
      "reason": "Behavioral proxy (sidewalk time) measured across a cohort. No crash or injury outcome."
    },
    {
      "group": "organizational",
      "depth": null,
      "reason": "No outcome for Spin or the city is documented beyond compliance behavior."
    },
    {
      "group": "personal",
      "depth": null,
      "reason": "No identifiable individual outcome."
    }
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    "status": "assessed",
    "statement": "The computer-vision classifier produced the surface detections that triggered feedback. The randomized disabling of feedback isolates the feedback effect but not detection accuracy, which the paper does not report. Independent university authors with operator cooperation. The vendor is unnamed."
  },
  "evidence": [
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "Oshanreh MM, Malarkey D, MacKenzie D (2024). AI-Driven Feedback Systems Reduce Sidewalk Riding on Shared E-Scooters. Findings (Transport Findings), 20 Nov 2024. doi:10.32866/001c.125892.",
      "title": "AI-Driven Feedback Systems Reduce Sidewalk Riding on Shared E-Scooters",
      "url": "https://findingspress.org/article/125892-ai-driven-feedback-systems-reduce-sidewalk-riding-on-shared-e-scooters",
      "date": "2024-11-20",
      "written_by": "deployer",
      "quote": "Data from 488 trips revealed that feedback-equipped scooters spent 22% less time and 20% less distance on sidewalks."
    }
  ],
  "replication": {
    "produced_by": [
      "Camera-based surface classification that does not depend on GPS",
      "Randomized disabling of feedback on half the equipped fleet with riders unaware of assignment",
      "A dense urban grid with sidewalks, streets and bike lanes where sidewalk riding is unlawful"
    ],
    "must_hold": [
      "Equipped scooters remain in service (theft removed them here)",
      "Riders cannot tell which scooters give feedback",
      "Enough trips per arm for distributional tests"
    ],
    "echoes": [
      {
        "date": "2026-03-20",
        "setting": "Lime's in-house “Lime Vision” camera AI with audible sidewalk alerts rolling out to 3,500 Seattle scooters by 1 June 2026; no outcome data reported",
        "model_version": null,
        "outcome": "unknown",
        "source": "https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2026/mar/20/ai-to-warn-seattle-lime-scooters-to-stay-off-sidew/"
      }
    ]
  },
  "paired_incident": null,
  "headline": "Camera AI on Spin e-scooters cuts time ridden on sidewalks 22%",
  "metric": "The feedback group spent 22% less time and 20% less distance on sidewalks",
  "comparator": {
    "against": "the no-feedback group (50 scooters with feedback mechanisms disabled at random)",
    "before": "0.22 (mean fraction of trip time on sidewalks, no-feedback group, Table 1)",
    "after": "0.17 (mean fraction of trip time on sidewalks, feedback group, Table 1)",
    "basis": "measured",
    "quote": "Data from 488 trips revealed that feedback-equipped scooters spent 22% less time and 20% less distance on sidewalks.",
    "url": "https://findingspress.org/article/125892-ai-driven-feedback-systems-reduce-sidewalk-riding-on-shared-e-scooters"
  },
  "later": {
    "status": "unknown",
    "date": null,
    "note": "The paper reports that targeted theft of camera-equipped scooters led Spin to withdraw all of them from operation, but it does not date the withdrawal, so it cannot be placed after the end of data collection.",
    "quote": null,
    "url": null
  },
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  "deployer_country": "United States",
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    {
      "date": "2026-10-20",
      "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.",
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      "editor": "AIBD"
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    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against from the cited sources.",
      "source": "https://findingspress.org/article/125892-ai-driven-feedback-systems-reduce-sidewalk-riding-on-shared-e-scooters",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Benefit type set to Increased Product Safety under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Accessibility among the six first used.",
      "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/",
      "editor": "AIBD"
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    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Country of the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
      "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(company)",
      "editor": "AIBD"
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    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.",
      "source": null,
      "editor": "AIBD"
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            "account": "Mohammad Mehdi Oshanreh, Daniel Malarkey and Don MacKenzie partnered with the operator Spin. They fitted 100 shared e-scooters in Santa Monica, California with a camera-based computer-vision system. It classifies the riding surface (sidewalk, roadway or bike lane) without the Global Positioning System (GPS). On detecting sidewalk riding, it issues in-app notifications, audible beeps and a speed reduction. From 23 Nov 2022, 50 of the 100 scooters were randomly selected to have the feedback disabled, with riders unaware of assignment. Data were collected until 14 Feb 2023. The paper's abstract cites 488 trips and its methods section 456 trips for analysis (289 with feedback, 167 without). The feedback group spent 22% less time and 20% less distance on sidewalks and 5% more time on streets. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests and a logistic regression found feedback reduced street-to-sidewalk transitions but not bike-lane-to-sidewalk transitions. About 10% of trips in both groups spent over 60% of their time on sidewalks. Targeted theft of camera-equipped scooters led Spin to withdraw them, limiting the sample. The paper does not name the camera system's maker. Funding came from the U.S. Department of Transportation via the C2SMART Center.",
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            "benefit_type"
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      },
      "outcomes[].distribution": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].duration": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].id": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
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        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
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              {
                "group": "societal",
                "reason": "Behavioral proxy (sidewalk time) measured across a cohort. No crash or injury outcome."
              },
              {
                "group": "organizational",
                "reason": "No outcome for Spin or the city is documented beyond compliance behavior."
              },
              {
                "group": "personal",
                "reason": "No identifiable individual outcome."
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
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          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
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        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].tradeoffs": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].unexpected": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "unexpected": false,
            "purpose": "The camera system was built to detect sidewalk riding in real time and discourage it through alerts and speed limits."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
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          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "places[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "location": "Santa Monica, United States",
            "deployer_country": "United States"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
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            "deployer_country"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "purpose": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "purpose": "The camera system was built to detect sidewalk riding in real time and discourage it through alerts and speed limits."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "purpose"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "record_dates": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "date_observed": "2023-02-14",
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                "date": "2026-10-20",
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              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against from the cited sources.",
                "source": "https://findingspress.org/article/125892-ai-driven-feedback-systems-reduce-sidewalk-riding-on-shared-e-scooters",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Benefit type set to Increased Product Safety under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Accessibility among the six first used.",
                "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Country of the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
                "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(company)",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
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          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
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        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
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                "Randomized disabling of feedback on half the equipped fleet with riders unaware of assignment",
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              ],
              "must_hold": [
                "Equipped scooters remain in service (theft removed them here)",
                "Riders cannot tell which scooters give feedback",
                "Enough trips per arm for distributional tests"
              ],
              "echoes": [
                {
                  "date": "2026-03-20",
                  "setting": "Lime's in-house “Lime Vision” camera AI with audible sidewalk alerts rolling out to 3,500 Seattle scooters by 1 June 2026; no outcome data reported",
                  "outcome": "unknown",
                  "source": "https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2026/mar/20/ai-to-warn-seattle-lime-scooters-to-stay-off-sidew/"
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
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          "record_fields": [
            "replication"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
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      "replication.conditions": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "replication": {
              "produced_by": [
                "Camera-based surface classification that does not depend on GPS",
                "Randomized disabling of feedback on half the equipped fleet with riders unaware of assignment",
                "A dense urban grid with sidewalks, streets and bike lanes where sidewalk riding is unlawful"
              ],
              "must_hold": [
                "Equipped scooters remain in service (theft removed them here)",
                "Riders cannot tell which scooters give feedback",
                "Enough trips per arm for distributional tests"
              ],
              "echoes": [
                {
                  "date": "2026-03-20",
                  "setting": "Lime's in-house “Lime Vision” camera AI with audible sidewalk alerts rolling out to 3,500 Seattle scooters by 1 June 2026; no outcome data reported",
                  "outcome": "unknown",
                  "source": "https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2026/mar/20/ai-to-warn-seattle-lime-scooters-to-stay-off-sidew/"
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "replication"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "revision_history[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
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              {
                "date": "2026-10-20",
                "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.",
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              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against from the cited sources.",
                "source": "https://findingspress.org/article/125892-ai-driven-feedback-systems-reduce-sidewalk-riding-on-shared-e-scooters",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Benefit type set to Increased Product Safety under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Accessibility among the six first used.",
                "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Country of the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
                "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(company)",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
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          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sector": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "domain": "Micromobility safety",
            "segment": "Shared e-scooters / pedestrian conflict"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
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          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].access_version": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].citation_locator": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
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                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Oshanreh MM, Malarkey D, MacKenzie D (2024). AI-Driven Feedback Systems Reduce Sidewalk Riding on Shared E-Scooters. Findings (Transport Findings), 20 Nov 2024. doi:10.32866/001c.125892.",
                "title": "AI-Driven Feedback Systems Reduce Sidewalk Riding on Shared E-Scooters",
                "url": "https://findingspress.org/article/125892-ai-driven-feedback-systems-reduce-sidewalk-riding-on-shared-e-scooters",
                "date": "2024-11-20",
                "written_by": "deployer",
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              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
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          "role": "Existing evidence items, in their original order"
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "curatorial",
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          "source_refs": []
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        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "complete"
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      "sources[].language": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
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        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
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                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Oshanreh MM, Malarkey D, MacKenzie D (2024). AI-Driven Feedback Systems Reduce Sidewalk Riding on Shared E-Scooters. Findings (Transport Findings), 20 Nov 2024. doi:10.32866/001c.125892.",
                "title": "AI-Driven Feedback Systems Reduce Sidewalk Riding on Shared E-Scooters",
                "url": "https://findingspress.org/article/125892-ai-driven-feedback-systems-reduce-sidewalk-riding-on-shared-e-scooters",
                "date": "2024-11-20",
                "written_by": "deployer",
                "quote": "Data from 488 trips revealed that feedback-equipped scooters spent 22% less time and 20% less distance on sidewalks."
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
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            "evidence"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
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      "sources[].upstream_sources": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "strategic_assessments[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "strategic assessments"
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      "summary": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "summary": "University of Washington study in Findings (20 Nov 2024): feedback disabled at random on 50 of 100 camera-equipped Spin scooters from 23 Nov 2022 to 14 Feb 2023; feedback-equipped scooters spent 22...",
            "account": "Mohammad Mehdi Oshanreh, Daniel Malarkey and Don MacKenzie partnered with the operator Spin. They fitted 100 shared e-scooters in Santa Monica, California with a camera-based computer-vision system. It classifies the riding surface (sidewalk, roadway or bike lane) without the Global Positioning System (GPS). On detecting sidewalk riding, it issues in-app notifications, audible beeps and a speed reduction. From 23 Nov 2022, 50 of the 100 scooters were randomly selected to have the feedback disabled, with riders unaware of assignment. Data were collected until 14 Feb 2023. The paper's abstract cites 488 trips and its methods section 456 trips for analysis (289 with feedback, 167 without). The feedback group spent 22% less time and 20% less distance on sidewalks and 5% more time on streets. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests and a logistic regression found feedback reduced street-to-sidewalk transitions but not bike-lane-to-sidewalk transitions. About 10% of trips in both groups spent over 60% of their time on sidewalks. Targeted theft of camera-equipped scooters led Spin to withdraw them, limiting the sample. The paper does not name the camera system's maker. Funding came from the U.S. Department of Transportation via the C2SMART Center."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
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          "record_fields": [
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          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].autonomy_permissions": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].component_role": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].deployment_configuration": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].inputs_outputs": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].model_name": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].model_version": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].product_name": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "system": "Camera-based computer-vision riding-surface detection with in-app notifications, audible beeps and speed reduction on Spin shared e-scooters (maker not named in the paper)"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "system"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].provider": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "structured",
          "data": {
            "application_developer": "Not named in the paper"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Mapped from the existing case description without a new external source review.",
          "record_fields": [
            "developer"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "taxonomy_crosswalks[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "title": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "title": "Camera-based AI feedback on 100 Spin e-scooters in Santa Monica cuts time ridden on sidewalks by 22% in a randomized field test",
            "headline": "Camera AI on Spin e-scooters cuts time ridden on sidewalks 22%"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "title",
            "headline"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "version": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "identifiers",
          "identifiers": [
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          "role": "SHA-256 of normalized original case data"
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "curatorial",
          "basis": "Deterministic content version assigned by the local migration.",
          "record_fields": [],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "complete"
      },
      "workflow": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "account": "Mohammad Mehdi Oshanreh, Daniel Malarkey and Don MacKenzie partnered with the operator Spin. They fitted 100 shared e-scooters in Santa Monica, California with a camera-based computer-vision system. It classifies the riding surface (sidewalk, roadway or bike lane) without the Global Positioning System (GPS). On detecting sidewalk riding, it issues in-app notifications, audible beeps and a speed reduction. From 23 Nov 2022, 50 of the 100 scooters were randomly selected to have the feedback disabled, with riders unaware of assignment. Data were collected until 14 Feb 2023. The paper's abstract cites 488 trips and its methods section 456 trips for analysis (289 with feedback, 167 without). The feedback group spent 22% less time and 20% less distance on sidewalks and 5% more time on streets. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests and a logistic regression found feedback reduced street-to-sidewalk transitions but not bike-lane-to-sidewalk transitions. About 10% of trips in both groups spent over 60% of their time on sidewalks. Targeted theft of camera-equipped scooters led Spin to withdraw them, limiting the sample. The paper does not name the camera system's maker. Funding came from the U.S. Department of Transportation via the C2SMART Center.",
            "replication": {
              "produced_by": [
                "Camera-based surface classification that does not depend on GPS",
                "Randomized disabling of feedback on half the equipped fleet with riders unaware of assignment",
                "A dense urban grid with sidewalks, streets and bike lanes where sidewalk riding is unlawful"
              ],
              "must_hold": [
                "Equipped scooters remain in service (theft removed them here)",
                "Riders cannot tell which scooters give feedback",
                "Enough trips per arm for distributional tests"
              ],
              "echoes": [
                {
                  "date": "2026-03-20",
                  "setting": "Lime's in-house “Lime Vision” camera AI with audible sidewalk alerts rolling out to 3,500 Seattle scooters by 1 June 2026; no outcome data reported",
                  "outcome": "unknown",
                  "source": "https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2026/mar/20/ai-to-warn-seattle-lime-scooters-to-stay-off-sidew/"
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "account",
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          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      }
    },
    "summary": {
      "total": 91,
      "addressed": 91,
      "known": 28,
      "reviewed": 0,
      "record_mapped": 28,
      "not_assessed": 63,
      "complete": false,
      "by_state": {
        "value_present": 28,
        "not_reported": 0,
        "unresolved": 0,
        "not_assessed": 63,
        "not_applicable": 0,
        "withheld": 0,
        "source_unavailable": 0
      }
    }
  }
}