{
  "id": "AIBD-0241",
  "title": "Waymo rider-only miles show 100% fewer bodily-injury and 76% fewer property-damage liability claims than zip-code-matched human drivers in Swiss Re claims data",
  "summary": "Heliyon (14 July 2024, Swiss Re and Waymo authors): Waymo liability claims benchmarked against 600,000+ Swiss Re claims; a Dec 2024 25.3M-mile update reports 88%/92% reductions.",
  "date_observed": "2024-07-14",
  "date_basis": "unassessed",
  "date_precision": "unassessed",
  "benefit_status": null,
  "source_collection": null,
  "source_entry": null,
  "account": "The peer-reviewed Heliyon paper (vol. 10, issue 14, e34379) was received 25 April 2024, accepted 9 July 2024 and published 14 July 2024. Luigi Di Lillo, Xilin Zhou and Margherita Atzei (Swiss Reinsurance Company) and Tilia Gode, Ruoshu Chen and Trent Victor (Waymo LLC) wrote it. They built a human-driver baseline from over 600,000 Swiss Re property-damage and bodily-injury liability claims and 125 billion miles of exposure (claims 2016–2021). It was calibrated to Waymo One's service-area zip codes in San Francisco and Phoenix. They compared it with Waymo claims from 1 January 2018 to 1 August 2023. Over 3,868,506 rider-only miles (no human behind the wheel) Waymo had zero bodily-injury claims against a baseline of 1.11 per million miles. Property-damage claims were 0.78 per million miles against 3.26, a 76% reduction. Both differences had non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals. A follow-up paper (Di Lillo, Gode, Zhou, Scanlon, Chen, Victor; not peer-reviewed) appeared on Waymo's site on 19 December 2024. It extended the data to 25.3 million fully autonomous miles (1 January 2018 to 31 July 2024) in San Francisco, Phoenix, Los Angeles and Austin. It reported 88% fewer property-damage and 92% fewer bodily-injury claims against the overall driving population (two bodily-injury claims observed against 26 expected). Against 2018–2021 model-year vehicles they were 86% and 90%. The authors note the baseline cannot exclude freeway miles and uses the insured's registered zip code rather than the collision location. The data cover the periods above.",
  "category": "general benefit",
  "unexpected": false,
  "purpose": "The Waymo Driver is built to provide driverless ride-hailing. The studies were designed to measure its liability-claim frequency against human drivers.",
  "system": "Waymo Driver (SAE Level 4 automated driving system) operating the Waymo One ride-hailing service",
  "model_version": null,
  "developer": "Waymo LLC",
  "deployer": "Waymo LLC (Waymo One in Phoenix and San Francisco; later Los Angeles and Austin)",
  "location": null,
  "domain": "Road vehicle crash avoidance",
  "segment": "Automated driving systems / ride-hailing",
  "benefit_type": "Increased Product Safety",
  "taxonomy_note": null,
  "registry_ids": {},
  "ratings": [
    {
      "group": "societal",
      "depth": null,
      "reason": "Aggregate claim-frequency comparison; no individually attributable outcome is documented."
    },
    {
      "group": "organizational",
      "depth": null,
      "reason": "Fewer liability claims are reported in aggregate only."
    },
    {
      "group": "personal",
      "depth": null,
      "reason": "No individual beneficiary is documented."
    }
  ],
  "ai_role": {
    "status": "assessed",
    "statement": "The ADS drove all rider-only miles. Claims were adjudicated by Waymo's claims administrator. The anonymized data were reviewed by Swiss Re, which built the human baseline from its own portfolio. The comparison is observational (different drivers, roads and reporting pathways). The rider-only sample in the peer-reviewed paper is 3.9 million miles, and Waymo authors co-wrote both papers."
  },
  "evidence": [
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "Di Lillo L, Gode T, Zhou X, Atzei M, Chen R, Victor T (2024). Comparative safety performance of autonomous- and human drivers: A real-world case study of the Waymo Driver. Heliyon 10(14): e34379.",
      "title": "Comparative safety performance of autonomous- and human drivers: A real-world case study of the Waymo Driver",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34379",
      "date": "2024-07-14",
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": "While driving without a human behind the steering wheel in RO mode for 3,868,506 miles, the Waymo Driver reduced bodily injury claims frequency by 100 %"
    },
    {
      "kind": "preprint",
      "citation": "Di Lillo L, Gode T, Zhou X, Scanlon JM, Chen R, Victor T (2024). Do Autonomous Vehicles Outperform Latest-Generation Human-Driven Vehicles? A Comparison to Waymo's Auto Liability Insurance Claims at 25 Million Miles. PDF hosted by Waymo.",
      "title": "Do Autonomous Vehicles Outperform Latest-Generation Human-Driven Vehicles? A Comparison to Waymo's Auto Liability Insurance Claims at 25 Million Miles",
      "url": "https://storage.googleapis.com/waymo-uploads/files/documents/safety/Comparison%20of%20Waymo%20and%20Human-Driven%20Vehicles%20at%2025M%20miles.pdf",
      "date": "2024-12-19",
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": "Compared to the overall driving population there was an 88% reduction in property damage claims and a 92% reduction in bodily injury claims."
    },
    {
      "kind": "press release",
      "citation": "Waymo (19 Dec 2024). New Swiss Re study: Waymo is safer than even the most advanced human-driven vehicles. Waymo blog.",
      "title": "New Swiss Re study: Waymo is safer than even the most advanced human-driven vehicles",
      "url": "https://waymo.com/blog/2024/12/new-swiss-re-study-waymo",
      "date": "2024-12-19",
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": "the Waymo Driver demonstrated better safety performance when compared to human-driven vehicles, with an 88% reduction in property damage claims and 92% reduction in bodily injury claims."
    },
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "Kusano KD, Scanlon JM, Chen YH, McMurry TL, Gode T, Victor T (2025). Comparison of Waymo Rider-Only crash rates by crash type to human benchmarks at 56.7 million miles. Traffic Injury Prevention 26(sup1).",
      "title": "Comparison of Waymo Rider-Only crash rates by crash type to human benchmarks at 56.7 million miles",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2025.2499887",
      "date": "2025-05-16",
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": "Data were examined over 56.7 million RO miles through the end of January 2025"
    },
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "Di Lillo L, Gode T, Zhou X, Atzei M, Chen R, Victor T (2024). Comparative safety performance of autonomous- and human drivers: A real-world case study of the Waymo Driver. Heliyon 10(14): e34379 (PMC11305169, full text via Europe PMC).",
      "title": "Comparative safety performance of autonomous- and human drivers: A real-world case study of the Waymo Driver",
      "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11305169/fullTextXML",
      "date": "2024-07-14",
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": null
    }
  ],
  "replication": {
    "produced_by": [
      "Geofenced, mostly non-freeway urban service areas in Phoenix and San Francisco",
      "Liability claims adjudicated under state negligence law and reported for any incident regardless of automation level",
      "A human baseline calibrated by zip code of the insured and by mileage exposure",
      "Rider-only operation with no human in the driver's seat"
    ],
    "must_hold": [
      "Access to an insurer's claims portfolio for the same zip codes and years",
      "Comparable claim-reporting thresholds for ADS and human drivers",
      "Sufficient autonomous mileage for non-overlapping confidence intervals",
      "Operational design domain similar to the baseline's road mix"
    ],
    "echoes": [
      {
        "date": "2024-12-19",
        "setting": "Same method extended to 25.3 million rider-only miles (1 January 2018 to 31 July 2024) in San Francisco, Phoenix, Los Angeles and Austin; 88%/92% reductions versus the overall driving population",
        "model_version": null,
        "outcome": "recurred",
        "source": "https://storage.googleapis.com/waymo-uploads/files/documents/safety/Comparison%20of%20Waymo%20and%20Human-Driven%20Vehicles%20at%2025M%20miles.pdf"
      },
      {
        "date": "2025-05-16",
        "setting": "Police-reported crash benchmarks instead of claims: 56.7 million rider-only miles through January 2025; statistically lower any-injury, airbag-deployment and suspected-serious-injury crash rates (Waymo authors, peer-reviewed)",
        "model_version": null,
        "outcome": "recurred",
        "source": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2025.2499887"
      },
      {
        "date": "2026-08-28",
        "setting": "127 million autonomous miles through September 2025 compared by time of day and day of week in Maricopa, San Francisco, Los Angeles and Travis counties; lower any-injury and airbag-deployment involvement rates in all periods (Waymo authors, peer-reviewed)",
        "model_version": null,
        "outcome": "recurred",
        "source": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2026.2695421"
      }
    ]
  },
  "paired_incident": null,
  "headline": "Waymo has zero bodily-injury, 76% fewer property-damage claims",
  "metric": "0.78 property-damage claims per million miles against 3.26, a 76% reduction",
  "comparator": {
    "against": "zip code-calibrated human-driver baseline built from Swiss Re liability claims",
    "before": "1.11 claims per million miles (bodily injury); 3.26 claims per million miles (property damage)",
    "after": "0.00 claims per million miles (bodily injury); 0.78 claims per million miles (property damage)",
    "basis": "measured",
    "quote": "Property damage claims frequency was significantly reduced by 76 % (0.78 vs 3.26 claims per million miles), RO_PD 95 % CI [0.16, 2.27], Baseline 95 % CI [3.24, 3.27]",
    "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11305169/fullTextXML"
  },
  "later": {
    "status": "persisted",
    "date": "2024-12-19",
    "note": "A follow-up with Swiss Re over 25.3 million rider-only miles reported 88% fewer property-damage and 92% fewer bodily-injury claims than the overall driving population, and a May 2025 peer-reviewed study over 56.7 million miles found statistically lower crash rates across injury outcomes.",
    "quote": "Compared to the overall driving population there was an 88% reduction in property damage claims and a 92% reduction in bodily injury claims. The overall driving population benchmark was expected to have 78 property damage and 26 bodily injury claims.",
    "url": "https://storage.googleapis.com/waymo-uploads/files/documents/safety/Comparison%20of%20Waymo%20and%20Human-Driven%20Vehicles%20at%2025M%20miles.pdf"
  },
  "value": null,
  "developer_country": "United States",
  "deployer_country": "United States",
  "unrated_because": null,
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    {
      "date": "2026-10-20",
      "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.",
      "source": null,
      "editor": "AIBD"
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    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Title reworded to state the event without naming who claims it.",
      "source": null,
      "editor": "AIBD"
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    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against, what happened since from the cited sources.",
      "source": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11305169/fullTextXML; https://storage.googleapis.com/waymo-uploads/files/documents/safety/Comparison%20of%20Waymo%20and%20Human-Driven%20Vehicles%20at%2025M%20miles.pdf",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Benefit type set to Increased Product Safety under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Organizational Efficiency among the six first used.",
      "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/",
      "editor": "AIBD"
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    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
      "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo",
      "editor": "AIBD"
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      "date": "2026-10-21",
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      "source": null,
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  ],
  "confidence": "claimed",
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              {
                "kind": "preprint",
                "citation": "Di Lillo L, Gode T, Zhou X, Scanlon JM, Chen R, Victor T (2024). Do Autonomous Vehicles Outperform Latest-Generation Human-Driven Vehicles? A Comparison to Waymo's Auto Liability Insurance Claims at 25 Million Miles. PDF hosted by Waymo.",
                "title": "Do Autonomous Vehicles Outperform Latest-Generation Human-Driven Vehicles? A Comparison to Waymo's Auto Liability Insurance Claims at 25 Million Miles",
                "url": "https://storage.googleapis.com/waymo-uploads/files/documents/safety/Comparison%20of%20Waymo%20and%20Human-Driven%20Vehicles%20at%2025M%20miles.pdf",
                "date": "2024-12-19",
                "written_by": "makers",
                "quote": "Compared to the overall driving population there was an 88% reduction in property damage claims and a 92% reduction in bodily injury claims."
              },
              {
                "kind": "press release",
                "citation": "Waymo (19 Dec 2024). New Swiss Re study: Waymo is safer than even the most advanced human-driven vehicles. Waymo blog.",
                "title": "New Swiss Re study: Waymo is safer than even the most advanced human-driven vehicles",
                "url": "https://waymo.com/blog/2024/12/new-swiss-re-study-waymo",
                "date": "2024-12-19",
                "written_by": "makers",
                "quote": "the Waymo Driver demonstrated better safety performance when compared to human-driven vehicles, with an 88% reduction in property damage claims and 92% reduction in bodily injury claims."
              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Kusano KD, Scanlon JM, Chen YH, McMurry TL, Gode T, Victor T (2025). Comparison of Waymo Rider-Only crash rates by crash type to human benchmarks at 56.7 million miles. Traffic Injury Prevention 26(sup1).",
                "title": "Comparison of Waymo Rider-Only crash rates by crash type to human benchmarks at 56.7 million miles",
                "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2025.2499887",
                "date": "2025-05-16",
                "written_by": "makers",
                "quote": "Data were examined over 56.7 million RO miles through the end of January 2025"
              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Di Lillo L, Gode T, Zhou X, Atzei M, Chen R, Victor T (2024). Comparative safety performance of autonomous- and human drivers: A real-world case study of the Waymo Driver. Heliyon 10(14): e34379 (PMC11305169, full text via Europe PMC).",
                "title": "Comparative safety performance of autonomous- and human drivers: A real-world case study of the Waymo Driver",
                "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11305169/fullTextXML",
                "date": "2024-07-14",
                "written_by": "makers"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "evidence"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].upstream_sources": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "strategic_assessments[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "strategic assessments"
      },
      "summary": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "summary": "Heliyon (14 July 2024, Swiss Re and Waymo authors): Waymo liability claims benchmarked against 600,000+ Swiss Re claims; a Dec 2024 25.3M-mile update reports 88%/92% reductions.",
            "account": "The peer-reviewed Heliyon paper (vol. 10, issue 14, e34379) was received 25 April 2024, accepted 9 July 2024 and published 14 July 2024. Luigi Di Lillo, Xilin Zhou and Margherita Atzei (Swiss Reinsurance Company) and Tilia Gode, Ruoshu Chen and Trent Victor (Waymo LLC) wrote it. They built a human-driver baseline from over 600,000 Swiss Re property-damage and bodily-injury liability claims and 125 billion miles of exposure (claims 2016–2021). It was calibrated to Waymo One's service-area zip codes in San Francisco and Phoenix. They compared it with Waymo claims from 1 January 2018 to 1 August 2023. Over 3,868,506 rider-only miles (no human behind the wheel) Waymo had zero bodily-injury claims against a baseline of 1.11 per million miles. Property-damage claims were 0.78 per million miles against 3.26, a 76% reduction. Both differences had non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals. A follow-up paper (Di Lillo, Gode, Zhou, Scanlon, Chen, Victor; not peer-reviewed) appeared on Waymo's site on 19 December 2024. It extended the data to 25.3 million fully autonomous miles (1 January 2018 to 31 July 2024) in San Francisco, Phoenix, Los Angeles and Austin. It reported 88% fewer property-damage and 92% fewer bodily-injury claims against the overall driving population (two bodily-injury claims observed against 26 expected). Against 2018–2021 model-year vehicles they were 86% and 90%. The authors note the baseline cannot exclude freeway miles and uses the insured's registered zip code rather than the collision location. The data cover the periods above."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "summary",
            "account"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].autonomy_permissions": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].component_role": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].deployment_configuration": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].inputs_outputs": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].model_name": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].model_version": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].product_name": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "system": "Waymo Driver (SAE Level 4 automated driving system) operating the Waymo One ride-hailing service"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "system"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].provider": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "structured",
          "data": {
            "application_developer": "Waymo LLC"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Mapped from the existing case description without a new external source review.",
          "record_fields": [
            "developer"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "taxonomy_crosswalks[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "title": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "title": "Waymo rider-only miles show 100% fewer bodily-injury and 76% fewer property-damage liability claims than zip-code-matched human drivers in Swiss Re claims data",
            "headline": "Waymo has zero bodily-injury, 76% fewer property-damage claims"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "title",
            "headline"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "version": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "identifiers",
          "identifiers": [
            "cefe9a749184ed467040e09d31c277002d5dceeda37ac994eb88a6a3d9e37a6f"
          ],
          "role": "SHA-256 of normalized original case data"
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "curatorial",
          "basis": "Deterministic content version assigned by the local migration.",
          "record_fields": [],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "complete"
      },
      "workflow": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "account": "The peer-reviewed Heliyon paper (vol. 10, issue 14, e34379) was received 25 April 2024, accepted 9 July 2024 and published 14 July 2024. Luigi Di Lillo, Xilin Zhou and Margherita Atzei (Swiss Reinsurance Company) and Tilia Gode, Ruoshu Chen and Trent Victor (Waymo LLC) wrote it. They built a human-driver baseline from over 600,000 Swiss Re property-damage and bodily-injury liability claims and 125 billion miles of exposure (claims 2016–2021). It was calibrated to Waymo One's service-area zip codes in San Francisco and Phoenix. They compared it with Waymo claims from 1 January 2018 to 1 August 2023. Over 3,868,506 rider-only miles (no human behind the wheel) Waymo had zero bodily-injury claims against a baseline of 1.11 per million miles. Property-damage claims were 0.78 per million miles against 3.26, a 76% reduction. Both differences had non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals. A follow-up paper (Di Lillo, Gode, Zhou, Scanlon, Chen, Victor; not peer-reviewed) appeared on Waymo's site on 19 December 2024. It extended the data to 25.3 million fully autonomous miles (1 January 2018 to 31 July 2024) in San Francisco, Phoenix, Los Angeles and Austin. It reported 88% fewer property-damage and 92% fewer bodily-injury claims against the overall driving population (two bodily-injury claims observed against 26 expected). Against 2018–2021 model-year vehicles they were 86% and 90%. The authors note the baseline cannot exclude freeway miles and uses the insured's registered zip code rather than the collision location. The data cover the periods above.",
            "replication": {
              "produced_by": [
                "Geofenced, mostly non-freeway urban service areas in Phoenix and San Francisco",
                "Liability claims adjudicated under state negligence law and reported for any incident regardless of automation level",
                "A human baseline calibrated by zip code of the insured and by mileage exposure",
                "Rider-only operation with no human in the driver's seat"
              ],
              "must_hold": [
                "Access to an insurer's claims portfolio for the same zip codes and years",
                "Comparable claim-reporting thresholds for ADS and human drivers",
                "Sufficient autonomous mileage for non-overlapping confidence intervals",
                "Operational design domain similar to the baseline's road mix"
              ],
              "echoes": [
                {
                  "date": "2024-12-19",
                  "setting": "Same method extended to 25.3 million rider-only miles (1 January 2018 to 31 July 2024) in San Francisco, Phoenix, Los Angeles and Austin; 88%/92% reductions versus the overall driving population",
                  "outcome": "recurred",
                  "source": "https://storage.googleapis.com/waymo-uploads/files/documents/safety/Comparison%20of%20Waymo%20and%20Human-Driven%20Vehicles%20at%2025M%20miles.pdf"
                },
                {
                  "date": "2025-05-16",
                  "setting": "Police-reported crash benchmarks instead of claims: 56.7 million rider-only miles through January 2025; statistically lower any-injury, airbag-deployment and suspected-serious-injury crash rates (Waymo authors, peer-reviewed)",
                  "outcome": "recurred",
                  "source": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2025.2499887"
                },
                {
                  "date": "2026-08-28",
                  "setting": "127 million autonomous miles through September 2025 compared by time of day and day of week in Maricopa, San Francisco, Los Angeles and Travis counties; lower any-injury and airbag-deployment involvement rates in all periods (Waymo authors, peer-reviewed)",
                  "outcome": "recurred",
                  "source": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2026.2695421"
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "account",
            "replication"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      }
    },
    "summary": {
      "total": 91,
      "addressed": 91,
      "known": 28,
      "reviewed": 0,
      "record_mapped": 28,
      "not_assessed": 63,
      "complete": false,
      "by_state": {
        "value_present": 28,
        "not_reported": 0,
        "unresolved": 0,
        "not_assessed": 63,
        "not_applicable": 0,
        "withheld": 0,
        "source_unavailable": 0
      }
    }
  }
}