{
  "id": "AIBD-0222",
  "title": "Karolinska eye-tracking classifier flags 9–10-year-olds at risk of persistent reading difficulty with 95.6% cross-validated accuracy (PLoS ONE 2016)",
  "summary": "Nilsson Benfatto et al. trained an SVM on under-one-minute eye-tracking records from 97 high-risk and 88 low-risk Swedish children; 95.6% accuracy; two authors own equity in Optolexia.",
  "date_observed": "2016-12-09",
  "date_basis": "unassessed",
  "date_precision": "unassessed",
  "benefit_status": null,
  "source_collection": null,
  "source_entry": null,
  "account": "Mattias Nilsson Benfatto, Gustaf Öqvist Seimyr, Jan Ygge, Tony Pansell and Agneta Rydberg of Karolinska Institutet worked with Christer Jacobson of Linnaeus University. Their PLoS ONE study (9 December 2016) showed eye-movement recordings of under one minute of reading can identify 9–10-year-olds at risk of persistent reading difficulties. With cross-validation on 97 high-risk and 88 low-risk control subjects, a support-vector machine with recursive feature elimination selected 48 of 168 features. It reached 95.6% (± 4.5%) accuracy with balanced sensitivity and specificity. The competing-interests statement says that Benfatto and Seimyr own equity in Optolexia, a company aiming to offer technologies for assessing reading deficits in school-age children. The venture is funded by Sweden's innovation agency VINNOVA. The work was also supported by the Ulla and Ingemar Dahlberg Foundation and the Promobilia Foundation, and data are on Figshare. This study was examined as the research basis of the Lexplore school screener. That name does not appear in the source text and no deployment source was found.",
  "category": "general benefit",
  "unexpected": false,
  "purpose": "The method was developed to screen for dyslexia risk from eye movements. The classification accuracy is that purpose.",
  "system": "Eye-tracking during reading with a support-vector-machine classifier (SVM-RFE, 48 features)",
  "model_version": null,
  "developer": "Karolinska Institutet (Nilsson Benfatto, Öqvist Seimyr and colleagues); two authors hold equity in Optolexia",
  "deployer": "None in the sources (research study)",
  "location": null,
  "domain": "Education / learning-disability screening",
  "segment": "Dyslexia risk screening of 9-10-year-olds",
  "benefit_type": "Improved Task Accuracy",
  "taxonomy_note": null,
  "registry_ids": {},
  "ratings": [
    {
      "group": "personal",
      "depth": null,
      "reason": "No individually attributable outcome: the source reports cross-validated classification accuracy (95.6%) on 185 children, not what followed for any child."
    }
  ],
  "ai_role": {
    "status": "assessed",
    "statement": "The classifier is the whole result. The authors describe it as a first step toward making eye tracking a viable screening method. No cited source shows it used in schools or affecting a child's support."
  },
  "evidence": [
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "Nilsson Benfatto M, Öqvist Seimyr G, Ygge J, Pansell T, Rydberg A, Jacobson C (2016). Screening for Dyslexia Using Eye Tracking during Reading. PLoS ONE 11(12): e0165508 (PMC5147795).",
      "title": "Screening for Dyslexia Using Eye Tracking during Reading",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC5147795",
      "date": "2016-12-09",
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": "Using statistical cross-validation techniques on a sample of 97 high-risk and 88 low-risk control subjects, we achieve a classification accuracy of 96% with balanced levels of sensitivity and specificity."
    },
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "Nilsson Benfatto M, Öqvist Seimyr G, Ygge J, Pansell T, Rydberg A, Jacobson C (2016). Screening for Dyslexia Using Eye Tracking during Reading. PLoS ONE 11(12): e0165508 (publisher page).",
      "title": "Screening for Dyslexia Using Eye Tracking during Reading",
      "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0165508",
      "date": "2016-12-09",
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": null
    }
  ],
  "replication": {
    "produced_by": [
      "Eye-tracking records of under one minute of reading",
      "A labeled sample of 97 high-risk and 88 low-risk 9–10-year-olds",
      "Feature selection (SVM-RFE) within repeated cross-validation"
    ],
    "must_hold": [
      "Eye-tracking hardware in the screening setting",
      "Reading material and norms for the child's language",
      "Validation on an independent sample, which the cited source does not report"
    ],
    "echoes": []
  },
  "paired_incident": null,
  "headline": "Karolinska eye-tracking SVM flags reading risk at 95.6% accuracy",
  "metric": "reached 95.6% (± 4.5%) accuracy with balanced sensitivity and specificity",
  "comparator": {
    "against": "chance-level classification on the same cross-validation (and random feature selection)",
    "before": "Chance: 49.1% ± 13%",
    "after": "95.6% ± 4.5%",
    "basis": "measured",
    "quote": "the best classification accuracy observed was 95.6% ± 4.5%, obtained by using SVM-RFE to select 48 features from the original feature space (Chance: 49.1% ± 13%, corrected resample t-test, p < 0.01; Random feature selection: 91.1% ± 6.1%, corrected resample t-test, p < 0.05)",
    "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0165508"
  },
  "later": {
    "status": "unknown",
    "date": null,
    "note": "No later development was found; the Optolexia equity and VINNOVA funding are disclosed in the paper itself.",
    "quote": null,
    "url": null
  },
  "value": null,
  "developer_country": "Sweden",
  "deployer_country": null,
  "unrated_because": null,
  "brief_notes": null,
  "brief": null,
  "revisions": [
    {
      "date": "2026-10-20",
      "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.",
      "source": null,
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against from the cited sources.",
      "source": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0165508",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Benefit type set to Improved Task Accuracy under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Accessibility among the six first used.",
      "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Country of the developer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
      "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolinska_Institute",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Prose pass: account, purpose, the replication conditions, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.",
      "source": null,
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-22",
      "change": "Organization name standardized to Karolinska Institutet.",
      "source": null,
      "editor": "AIBD"
    }
  ],
  "confidence": "claimed",
  "shade": "low",
  "claim_status": "The makers' claim",
  "claim_basis": "Sources: two peer-reviewed studies from the makers. The cited evidence includes no independent source and no finding by a regulator or court.",
  "profile": {
    "case_id": "AIBD-0222",
    "catalog_version": "1.0.0",
    "source_fingerprint": "1a2a7defa892a72247f1cfae46c6e40be9d715cf84ac135129203946d4be5bcb",
    "collection_refs": [
      {
        "collection_id": "aibd",
        "version": "snapshot-8bf7cfec9cb185aa"
      },
      {
        "collection_id": "aibd",
        "version": "2026-10-25"
      }
    ],
    "source_ids": [
      "AIBD-0222-source-0001",
      "AIBD-0222-source-0002"
    ],
    "families": {
      "strategic assessments": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "record_ids": []
      },
      "evaluations": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "record_ids": []
      },
      "monetary observations": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "record_ids": []
      },
      "institutional decisions": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "record_ids": []
      }
    },
    "fields": {
      "actors[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "developer": "Karolinska Institutet (Nilsson Benfatto, Öqvist Seimyr and colleagues); two authors hold equity in Optolexia",
            "deployer": "None in the sources (research study)"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "developer",
            "deployer"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "actors[].ownership_control": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "ai_contribution": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "ai_role": {
              "status": "assessed",
              "statement": "The classifier is the whole result. The authors describe it as a first step toward making eye tracking a viable screening method. No cited source shows it used in schools or affecting a child's support."
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "ai_role"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "ai_relationship": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "category": "general benefit",
            "ai_role": {
              "status": "assessed",
              "statement": "The classifier is the whole result. The authors describe it as a first step toward making eye tracking a viable screening method. No cited source shows it used in schools or affecting a child's support."
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "ai_role",
            "category"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "assessments[].alternatives": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "assessments[].assessor_date": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "assessments[].depth": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "assessments[].display_confidence": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "structured",
          "data": {
            "confidence": "low",
            "evidence_word": "claimed",
            "claim_status": "The makers' claim",
            "basis": "Sources: two peer-reviewed studies from the makers. The cited evidence includes no independent source and no finding by a regulator or court.",
            "interpretation": "Existing display rule preserved; the richer outcome-specific confidence question still needs review."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "curatorial",
          "basis": "Derived from the existing case display properties; not a new evidentiary judgment.",
          "record_fields": [],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "assessments[].rationale": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "ratings": [
              {
                "group": "personal",
                "reason": "No individually attributable outcome: the source reports cross-validated classification accuracy (95.6%) on 185 children, not what followed for any child."
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "ratings"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "assessments[].rubric_version": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "assessments[].status_basis": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "assessments[].target": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "ratings": [
              {
                "group": "personal",
                "reason": "No individually attributable outcome: the source reports cross-validated classification accuracy (95.6%) on 185 children, not what followed for any child."
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "ratings"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "availability": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "brief": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "case_kind": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "case_links[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "claims[].evidence_links": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "claims[].evidence_strength": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "claims[].missingness": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "claims[].proposition": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "cross_border_flows[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "decisions[].action_outcome": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "institutional decisions"
      },
      "decisions[].grounds": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "institutional decisions"
      },
      "decisions[].institution_task": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "institutional decisions"
      },
      "decisions[].success_criterion": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "institutional decisions"
      },
      "deployment_stage": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "economics[].amount": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].costs[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].counterfactual": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].currency_price_basis": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].gross_net": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].measure_type": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].period_unit": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].realization": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].recipient_payer": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].return_payback": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].valuation_method": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "evaluations[].ai_uplift": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].comparator": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].design": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].effect": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].exposure": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].id": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].measurement_method": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].metric": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Mapped from the existing case description without a new external source review.",
          "record_fields": [
            "metric"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations",
        "display": {
          "answer": "reached 95.6% (± 4.5%) accuracy with balanced sensitivity and specificity",
          "editor_note": ""
        }
      },
      "evaluations[].reproduction_materials": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].setting_sample": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].uncertainty_limitations": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "external_references[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "follow_up[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "later": {
              "status": "unknown",
              "note": "No later development was found; the Optolexia equity and VINNOVA funding are disclosed in the paper itself."
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "later"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "human_oversight": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "id": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "id": "AIBD-0222"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "id"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "infrastructure_dependencies[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].beneficiaries": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].beneficiary_count": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].benefit_type": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "benefit_type": "Improved Task Accuracy"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "benefit_type"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].claim": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "account": "Mattias Nilsson Benfatto, Gustaf Öqvist Seimyr, Jan Ygge, Tony Pansell and Agneta Rydberg of Karolinska Institutet worked with Christer Jacobson of Linnaeus University. Their PLoS ONE study (9 December 2016) showed eye-movement recordings of under one minute of reading can identify 9–10-year-olds at risk of persistent reading difficulties. With cross-validation on 97 high-risk and 88 low-risk control subjects, a support-vector machine with recursive feature elimination selected 48 of 168 features. It reached 95.6% (± 4.5%) accuracy with balanced sensitivity and specificity. The competing-interests statement says that Benfatto and Seimyr own equity in Optolexia, a company aiming to offer technologies for assessing reading deficits in school-age children. The venture is funded by Sweden's innovation agency VINNOVA. The work was also supported by the Ulla and Ingemar Dahlberg Foundation and the Promobilia Foundation, and data are on Figshare. This study was examined as the research basis of the Lexplore school screener. That name does not appear in the source text and no deployment source was found.",
            "benefit_type": "Improved Task Accuracy"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "account",
            "benefit_type"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].distribution": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].duration": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].id": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].stakeholder_group": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "ratings": [
              {
                "group": "personal",
                "reason": "No individually attributable outcome: the source reports cross-validated classification accuracy (95.6%) on 185 children, not what followed for any child."
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "ratings"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].status": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].tradeoffs": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].unexpected": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "unexpected": false,
            "purpose": "The method was developed to screen for dyslexia risk from eye movements. The classification accuracy is that purpose."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "unexpected",
            "purpose"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "places[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "developer_country": "Sweden"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "developer_country"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "purpose": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "purpose": "The method was developed to screen for dyslexia risk from eye movements. The classification accuracy is that purpose."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "purpose"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "record_dates": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "date_observed": "2016-12-09",
            "revisions": [
              {
                "date": "2026-10-20",
                "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against from the cited sources.",
                "source": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0165508",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Benefit type set to Improved Task Accuracy under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Accessibility among the six first used.",
                "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Country of the developer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
                "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolinska_Institute",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Prose pass: account, purpose, the replication conditions, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-22",
                "change": "Organization name standardized to Karolinska Institutet.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "date_observed",
            "revisions"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "replication.attempts[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "replication.conditions": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "replication": {
              "produced_by": [
                "Eye-tracking records of under one minute of reading",
                "A labeled sample of 97 high-risk and 88 low-risk 9–10-year-olds",
                "Feature selection (SVM-RFE) within repeated cross-validation"
              ],
              "must_hold": [
                "Eye-tracking hardware in the screening setting",
                "Reading material and norms for the child's language",
                "Validation on an independent sample, which the cited source does not report"
              ],
              "echoes": []
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "replication"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "revision_history[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "revisions": [
              {
                "date": "2026-10-20",
                "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against from the cited sources.",
                "source": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0165508",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Benefit type set to Improved Task Accuracy under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Accessibility among the six first used.",
                "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Country of the developer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
                "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolinska_Institute",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Prose pass: account, purpose, the replication conditions, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-22",
                "change": "Organization name standardized to Karolinska Institutet.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "revisions"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sector": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "domain": "Education / learning-disability screening",
            "segment": "Dyslexia risk screening of 9-10-year-olds"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "domain",
            "segment"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].access_version": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].citation_locator": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "evidence": [
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Nilsson Benfatto M, Öqvist Seimyr G, Ygge J, Pansell T, Rydberg A, Jacobson C (2016). Screening for Dyslexia Using Eye Tracking during Reading. PLoS ONE 11(12): e0165508 (PMC5147795).",
                "title": "Screening for Dyslexia Using Eye Tracking during Reading",
                "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC5147795",
                "date": "2016-12-09",
                "written_by": "makers",
                "quote": "Using statistical cross-validation techniques on a sample of 97 high-risk and 88 low-risk control subjects, we achieve a classification accuracy of 96% with balanced levels of sensitivity and specificity."
              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Nilsson Benfatto M, Öqvist Seimyr G, Ygge J, Pansell T, Rydberg A, Jacobson C (2016). Screening for Dyslexia Using Eye Tracking during Reading. PLoS ONE 11(12): e0165508 (publisher page).",
                "title": "Screening for Dyslexia Using Eye Tracking during Reading",
                "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0165508",
                "date": "2016-12-09",
                "written_by": "makers"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "evidence"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].id": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "identifiers",
          "identifiers": [
            "AIBD-0222-source-0001",
            "AIBD-0222-source-0002"
          ],
          "role": "Existing evidence items, in their original order"
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "curatorial",
          "basis": "Stable within the fingerprinted record version; no source content or source review has been added.",
          "record_fields": [],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "complete"
      },
      "sources[].language": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].relationship": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "evidence": [
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Nilsson Benfatto M, Öqvist Seimyr G, Ygge J, Pansell T, Rydberg A, Jacobson C (2016). Screening for Dyslexia Using Eye Tracking during Reading. PLoS ONE 11(12): e0165508 (PMC5147795).",
                "title": "Screening for Dyslexia Using Eye Tracking during Reading",
                "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC5147795",
                "date": "2016-12-09",
                "written_by": "makers",
                "quote": "Using statistical cross-validation techniques on a sample of 97 high-risk and 88 low-risk control subjects, we achieve a classification accuracy of 96% with balanced levels of sensitivity and specificity."
              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Nilsson Benfatto M, Öqvist Seimyr G, Ygge J, Pansell T, Rydberg A, Jacobson C (2016). Screening for Dyslexia Using Eye Tracking during Reading. PLoS ONE 11(12): e0165508 (publisher page).",
                "title": "Screening for Dyslexia Using Eye Tracking during Reading",
                "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0165508",
                "date": "2016-12-09",
                "written_by": "makers"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "evidence"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].upstream_sources": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "strategic_assessments[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "strategic assessments"
      },
      "summary": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "summary": "Nilsson Benfatto et al. trained an SVM on under-one-minute eye-tracking records from 97 high-risk and 88 low-risk Swedish children; 95.6% accuracy; two authors own equity in Optolexia.",
            "account": "Mattias Nilsson Benfatto, Gustaf Öqvist Seimyr, Jan Ygge, Tony Pansell and Agneta Rydberg of Karolinska Institutet worked with Christer Jacobson of Linnaeus University. Their PLoS ONE study (9 December 2016) showed eye-movement recordings of under one minute of reading can identify 9–10-year-olds at risk of persistent reading difficulties. With cross-validation on 97 high-risk and 88 low-risk control subjects, a support-vector machine with recursive feature elimination selected 48 of 168 features. It reached 95.6% (± 4.5%) accuracy with balanced sensitivity and specificity. The competing-interests statement says that Benfatto and Seimyr own equity in Optolexia, a company aiming to offer technologies for assessing reading deficits in school-age children. The venture is funded by Sweden's innovation agency VINNOVA. The work was also supported by the Ulla and Ingemar Dahlberg Foundation and the Promobilia Foundation, and data are on Figshare. This study was examined as the research basis of the Lexplore school screener. That name does not appear in the source text and no deployment source was found."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "summary",
            "account"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].autonomy_permissions": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].component_role": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].deployment_configuration": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].inputs_outputs": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].model_name": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].model_version": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].product_name": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "system": "Eye-tracking during reading with a support-vector-machine classifier (SVM-RFE, 48 features)"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "system"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].provider": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "structured",
          "data": {
            "application_developer": "Karolinska Institutet (Nilsson Benfatto, Öqvist Seimyr and colleagues); two authors hold equity in Optolexia"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Mapped from the existing case description without a new external source review.",
          "record_fields": [
            "developer"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "taxonomy_crosswalks[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "title": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "title": "Karolinska eye-tracking classifier flags 9–10-year-olds at risk of persistent reading difficulty with 95.6% cross-validated accuracy (PLoS ONE 2016)",
            "headline": "Karolinska eye-tracking SVM flags reading risk at 95.6% accuracy"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "title",
            "headline"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "version": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "identifiers",
          "identifiers": [
            "1a2a7defa892a72247f1cfae46c6e40be9d715cf84ac135129203946d4be5bcb"
          ],
          "role": "SHA-256 of normalized original case data"
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "curatorial",
          "basis": "Deterministic content version assigned by the local migration.",
          "record_fields": [],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "complete"
      },
      "workflow": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "account": "Mattias Nilsson Benfatto, Gustaf Öqvist Seimyr, Jan Ygge, Tony Pansell and Agneta Rydberg of Karolinska Institutet worked with Christer Jacobson of Linnaeus University. Their PLoS ONE study (9 December 2016) showed eye-movement recordings of under one minute of reading can identify 9–10-year-olds at risk of persistent reading difficulties. With cross-validation on 97 high-risk and 88 low-risk control subjects, a support-vector machine with recursive feature elimination selected 48 of 168 features. It reached 95.6% (± 4.5%) accuracy with balanced sensitivity and specificity. The competing-interests statement says that Benfatto and Seimyr own equity in Optolexia, a company aiming to offer technologies for assessing reading deficits in school-age children. The venture is funded by Sweden's innovation agency VINNOVA. The work was also supported by the Ulla and Ingemar Dahlberg Foundation and the Promobilia Foundation, and data are on Figshare. This study was examined as the research basis of the Lexplore school screener. That name does not appear in the source text and no deployment source was found.",
            "replication": {
              "produced_by": [
                "Eye-tracking records of under one minute of reading",
                "A labeled sample of 97 high-risk and 88 low-risk 9–10-year-olds",
                "Feature selection (SVM-RFE) within repeated cross-validation"
              ],
              "must_hold": [
                "Eye-tracking hardware in the screening setting",
                "Reading material and norms for the child's language",
                "Validation on an independent sample, which the cited source does not report"
              ],
              "echoes": []
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "account",
            "replication"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      }
    },
    "summary": {
      "total": 91,
      "addressed": 91,
      "known": 27,
      "reviewed": 0,
      "record_mapped": 27,
      "not_assessed": 64,
      "complete": false,
      "by_state": {
        "value_present": 27,
        "not_reported": 0,
        "unresolved": 0,
        "not_assessed": 64,
        "not_applicable": 0,
        "withheld": 0,
        "source_unavailable": 0
      }
    }
  }
}