{ "id": "AIBD-0218", "title": "Supreme Court of India starts AI live transcription of Constitution Bench hearings with TERES; lawyer-verified transcripts published on the court's website", "summary": "From 21 Feb 2023 the Supreme Court of India transcribed Constitution Bench hearings live with an AI service from TERES; 9 of 25 hearings had published transcripts by May 2023, and almost 10 matters...", "date_observed": "2023-02-21", "date_basis": "unassessed", "date_precision": "unassessed", "benefit_status": null, "source_collection": null, "source_entry": null, "account": "On 21 February 2023 Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud's Constitution Bench heard the Maharashtra political crisis matter in Court Room 1. It used AI live transcription supplied by TERES, with screens facing the lawyers showing the text. The Chief Justice called it an experiment. He said transcripts would go to lawyers for verification and then onto the Supreme Court website (LiveLaw, 21 February 2023). The Supreme Court Observer reported on 18 May 2023 that 25 Constitution Bench hearings had been held across four cases. Only nine transcripts had been published: six for the marriage-equality case, three for the Maharashtra case, none for the other two. None was published in March 2023. NDTV reported on 8 December 2023 a written reply in the Lok Sabha by Law Minister Arjun Ram Meghwal. He said AI transcription had been deployed for Constitution Bench matters since February. Transcripts in almost ten main matters had been generated and published on the court's website. The use was on a trial basis. A Press Information Bureau feature of 11 February 2026 states that the system is being extended to regular hearing days. That follows successful use in Constitution Bench proceedings.", "category": "benefit created", "unexpected": false, "purpose": "The transcription was introduced to give judges, lawyers and law colleges a record of arguments and to make the court a court of record. Published transcripts are that purpose.", "system": "TERES AI live transcription (speech-to-text) of Constitution Bench hearings", "model_version": null, "developer": "TERES (named by LiveLaw as the company supplying the transcription service)", "deployer": "Supreme Court of India", "location": null, "domain": "Courts / language technology", "segment": "Court transcription", "benefit_type": "Improved Knowledge Discovery", "taxonomy_note": "The transcripts are a new record of hearings for lawyers and the public, published only partially.", "registry_ids": {}, "ratings": [ { "group": "organizational", "depth": 1, "reason": "The court gained lawyer-verified transcripts for some Constitution Bench hearings on a trial basis. That was 9 of 25 by May 2023, almost ten matters by December 2023." }, { "group": "societal", "depth": 1, "reason": "Transcripts were published on the court's website for public and academic use, but only for a minority of hearings in the first months." } ], "ai_role": { "status": "assessed", "statement": "The AI produced the live draft. Lawyers proofread before publication and, per the Chief Justice, people oversee overlapping speech. The published-transcript rate (36% of hearings by May 2023) shows the benefit depended as much on human vetting as on the recognizer." }, "evidence": [ { "kind": "news report", "citation": "Sharma P (21 Feb 2023). Breaking: Supreme Court Utilises AI To Make Live Transcriptions Of Its Hearings. LiveLaw (quotes CJI DY Chandrachud; names TERES).", "title": "Breaking: Supreme Court Utilises AI To Make Live Transcriptions Of Its Hearings", "url": "https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-ai-live-transcriptions-of-its-hearings-222108", "date": "2023-02-21", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "We're just trying to explore the possibilities of live transcript. It is an experiment." }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "Spandana RS (18 May 2023). SC's Live Transcription Project: A Failed Experiment? Supreme Court Observer.", "title": "SC's Live Transcription Project: A Failed Experiment?", "url": "https://www.scobserver.in/journal/scs-live-transcription-project-a-failed-experiment/", "date": "2023-05-18", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "25 Constitution Bench hearings have been conducted across 4 cases. However, only 9 transcripts have been published so far." }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "NDTV (8 Dec 2023). Supreme Court Using AI To Transcribe Arguments By Constitution Benches (Law Minister Arjun Ram Meghwal's written reply in the Lok Sabha).", "title": "Supreme Court Using AI To Transcribe Arguments By Constitution Benches", "url": "https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/supreme-court-using-ai-to-transcribe-arguments-by-constitution-benches-4647186", "date": "2023-12-08", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "In almost 10 (main) constitution bench matters, transcripts of arguments by use of artificial intelligence have been generated and these are published through the official website of the Supreme Court." }, { "kind": "press release", "citation": "Press Information Bureau, Government of India (11 Feb 2026). From Digitisation to Intelligence: How AI is Enhancing Access to Justice in India.", "title": "From Digitisation to Intelligence: How AI is Enhancing Access to Justice in India", "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2226283%C2%AE=48&lang=2", "date": "2026-02-11", "written_by": "deployer", "quote": "The system is being gradually extended to regular hearing days after successful use in Constitution Bench proceedings." } ], "replication": { "produced_by": [ "A speech-to-text service installed in one courtroom with screens for counsel", "A verification step in which lawyers proofread transcripts before publication", "Court leadership willing to run it as an experiment on Constitution Bench matters" ], "must_hold": [ "Human vetting capacity, since unpublished transcripts accumulated in March 2023", "Handling of overlapping speech in the courtroom", "Continued institutional backing (the Law Ministry described it as trial use)" ], "echoes": [ { "date": "2023-12-08", "setting": "Lok Sabha written reply: AI transcripts generated in almost ten main Constitution Bench matters and published on the Supreme Court website", "model_version": null, "outcome": "recurred", "source": "NDTV, 8 Dec 2023, https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/supreme-court-using-ai-to-transcribe-arguments-by-constitution-benches-4647186" }, { "date": "2026-02-11", "setting": "Government feature states the transcription system is being extended to regular hearing days", "model_version": null, "outcome": "recurred", "source": "PIB, 11 Feb 2026, https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2226283®=48&lang=2" } ] }, "paired_incident": null, "headline": "Supreme Court of India publishes TERES AI hearing transcripts", "metric": "9 of 25 hearings had published transcripts by May 2023", "comparator": null, "later": null, "value": null, "developer_country": "Singapore", "deployer_country": "India", "unrated_because": null, "brief_notes": null, "brief": null, "revisions": [ { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.", "source": null, "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Benefit type set to Improved Knowledge Discovery under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Accessibility among the six first used.", "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.", "source": "https://teres.ai/; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, purpose, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.", "source": null, "editor": "AIBD" } ], "confidence": "reported", "shade": "medium", "claim_status": "Independently reported", "claim_basis": "Sources: three independent news reports and the deployer's press release. 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However, only 9 transcripts have been published so far." }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "NDTV (8 Dec 2023). Supreme Court Using AI To Transcribe Arguments By Constitution Benches (Law Minister Arjun Ram Meghwal's written reply in the Lok Sabha).", "title": "Supreme Court Using AI To Transcribe Arguments By Constitution Benches", "url": "https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/supreme-court-using-ai-to-transcribe-arguments-by-constitution-benches-4647186", "date": "2023-12-08", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "In almost 10 (main) constitution bench matters, transcripts of arguments by use of artificial intelligence have been generated and these are published through the official website of the Supreme Court." }, { "kind": "press release", "citation": "Press Information Bureau, Government of India (11 Feb 2026). From Digitisation to Intelligence: How AI is Enhancing Access to Justice in India.", "title": "From Digitisation to Intelligence: How AI is Enhancing Access to Justice in India", "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2226283%C2%AE=48&lang=2", "date": "2026-02-11", "written_by": "deployer", "quote": "The system is being gradually extended to regular hearing days after successful use in Constitution Bench proceedings." } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "evidence" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "sources[].id": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "identifiers", "identifiers": [ "AIBD-0218-source-0001", "AIBD-0218-source-0002", "AIBD-0218-source-0003", "AIBD-0218-source-0004" ], "role": "Existing evidence items, in their original order" }, "provenance": { "kind": "curatorial", "basis": "Stable within the fingerprinted record version; no source content or source review has been added.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "complete" }, "sources[].language": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "sources[].relationship": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "evidence": [ { "kind": "news report", "citation": "Sharma P (21 Feb 2023). 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However, only 9 transcripts have been published so far." }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "NDTV (8 Dec 2023). Supreme Court Using AI To Transcribe Arguments By Constitution Benches (Law Minister Arjun Ram Meghwal's written reply in the Lok Sabha).", "title": "Supreme Court Using AI To Transcribe Arguments By Constitution Benches", "url": "https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/supreme-court-using-ai-to-transcribe-arguments-by-constitution-benches-4647186", "date": "2023-12-08", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "In almost 10 (main) constitution bench matters, transcripts of arguments by use of artificial intelligence have been generated and these are published through the official website of the Supreme Court." }, { "kind": "press release", "citation": "Press Information Bureau, Government of India (11 Feb 2026). From Digitisation to Intelligence: How AI is Enhancing Access to Justice in India.", "title": "From Digitisation to Intelligence: How AI is Enhancing Access to Justice in India", "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2226283%C2%AE=48&lang=2", "date": "2026-02-11", "written_by": "deployer", "quote": "The system is being gradually extended to regular hearing days after successful use in Constitution Bench proceedings." } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "evidence" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "sources[].upstream_sources": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "strategic_assessments[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "strategic assessments" }, "summary": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "summary": "From 21 Feb 2023 the Supreme Court of India transcribed Constitution Bench hearings live with an AI service from TERES; 9 of 25 hearings had published transcripts by May 2023, and almost 10 matters...", "account": "On 21 February 2023 Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud's Constitution Bench heard the Maharashtra political crisis matter in Court Room 1. It used AI live transcription supplied by TERES, with screens facing the lawyers showing the text. The Chief Justice called it an experiment. He said transcripts would go to lawyers for verification and then onto the Supreme Court website (LiveLaw, 21 February 2023). The Supreme Court Observer reported on 18 May 2023 that 25 Constitution Bench hearings had been held across four cases. Only nine transcripts had been published: six for the marriage-equality case, three for the Maharashtra case, none for the other two. None was published in March 2023. NDTV reported on 8 December 2023 a written reply in the Lok Sabha by Law Minister Arjun Ram Meghwal. He said AI transcription had been deployed for Constitution Bench matters since February. Transcripts in almost ten main matters had been generated and published on the court's website. The use was on a trial basis. 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Chandrachud's Constitution Bench heard the Maharashtra political crisis matter in Court Room 1. It used AI live transcription supplied by TERES, with screens facing the lawyers showing the text. The Chief Justice called it an experiment. He said transcripts would go to lawyers for verification and then onto the Supreme Court website (LiveLaw, 21 February 2023). The Supreme Court Observer reported on 18 May 2023 that 25 Constitution Bench hearings had been held across four cases. Only nine transcripts had been published: six for the marriage-equality case, three for the Maharashtra case, none for the other two. None was published in March 2023. NDTV reported on 8 December 2023 a written reply in the Lok Sabha by Law Minister Arjun Ram Meghwal. He said AI transcription had been deployed for Constitution Bench matters since February. Transcripts in almost ten main matters had been generated and published on the court's website. The use was on a trial basis. A Press Information Bureau feature of 11 February 2026 states that the system is being extended to regular hearing days. That follows successful use in Constitution Bench proceedings.", "replication": { "produced_by": [ "A speech-to-text service installed in one courtroom with screens for counsel", "A verification step in which lawyers proofread transcripts before publication", "Court leadership willing to run it as an experiment on Constitution Bench matters" ], "must_hold": [ "Human vetting capacity, since unpublished transcripts accumulated in March 2023", "Handling of overlapping speech in the courtroom", "Continued institutional backing (the Law Ministry described it as trial use)" ], "echoes": [ { "date": "2023-12-08", "setting": "Lok Sabha written reply: AI transcripts generated in almost ten main Constitution Bench matters and published on the Supreme Court website", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "NDTV, 8 Dec 2023, https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/supreme-court-using-ai-to-transcribe-arguments-by-constitution-benches-4647186" }, { "date": "2026-02-11", "setting": "Government feature states the transcription system is being extended to regular hearing days", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "PIB, 11 Feb 2026, https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2226283®=48&lang=2" } ] } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "account", "replication" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" } }, "summary": { "total": 91, "addressed": 91, "known": 28, "reviewed": 0, "record_mapped": 28, "not_assessed": 63, "complete": false, "by_state": { "value_present": 28, "not_reported": 0, "unresolved": 0, "not_assessed": 63, "not_applicable": 0, "withheld": 0, "source_unavailable": 0 } } } }