{
  "id": "AIBD-0208",
  "title": "IMIE intelligent retina restores partial vision to a blind woman at Xiangya Hospital",
  "summary": "Blind over a decade, a 61-year-old woman read E optotypes and walked indoors unaided after a 256-channel IMIE retinal implant in Changsha.",
  "date_observed": "2026-06-05",
  "date_basis": "unassessed",
  "date_precision": "unassessed",
  "benefit_status": null,
  "source_collection": null,
  "source_entry": null,
  "account": "On 23 April 2026 Prof. Xu Huizhuo's team implanted the IMIE intelligent retina in a 61-year-old woman known as Auntie Chen. The team is at Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha. The implant is a 256-channel epiretinal array driven by camera glasses and an external video processor. She was diagnosed with retinitis pigmentosa at 40 and had been blind for over ten years. Mark Humayun advised in theater, and no serious complications occurred. On 5 June 2026 the hospital announced that after over a month of rehabilitation she could identify E optotypes (acuity 0.03, peak 0.1). She could also walk indoors and through doorways without an escort. She is the first subject of a Phase I trial. The team says she lacks full self-care ability and will be observed for a year.",
  "category": "benefit created",
  "unexpected": false,
  "purpose": "Built to restore partial sight to people blinded by photoreceptor degeneration by converting camera images into electrical stimulation of surviving retinal ganglion cells. The benefit recorded here is exactly that intended function.",
  "system": "IMIE intelligent retina (IMIE智能视网膜): 256-channel flexible epiretinal electrode array fixed on the macula, with camera glasses and an external video processing unit transmitting wirelessly to the implant",
  "model_version": "256-channel array; the device lineage is the IMIE 256 (Intelligent Micro Implant Eye, also called Theia α) reported in TVST 2021",
  "developer": "Xiangya Hospital (Prof. Xu Huizhuo's team, per 2026 reports, which name no company); the IMIE 256 was co-developed by Golden Eye Bionics LLC (Pasadena) and IntelliMicro Medical Co., Ltd. (Changsha) and manufactured by IntelliMicro, per Xu et al. 2021",
  "deployer": "Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (Ophthalmology Center), in a Phase I clinical trial led by Prof. Xu Huizhuo",
  "location": "Changsha, China",
  "domain": "Healthcare",
  "segment": "Ophthalmology; retinal neuroprosthetics (invasive brain-computer interface)",
  "benefit_type": "Improved Physical Health",
  "taxonomy_note": null,
  "registry_ids": {
    "oecd_aim": "2026-06-06-09a2"
  },
  "ratings": [
    {
      "group": "personal",
      "depth": 3,
      "reason": "One identifiable person, totally blind for more than ten years, regained enough vision to identify E optotypes (0.03, peak 0.1). She can walk indoors and through doorways without an escort. The hospital cautions that she does not yet have full self-care ability and needs long-term rehabilitation."
    }
  ],
  "ai_role": {
    "status": "assessed",
    "statement": "The system is the whole substitute visual pathway. Camera glasses capture the scene. An external processor converts each frame in real time into stimulation patterns across 256 electrodes. The implant stimulates surviving ganglion cells whose signals reach the visual cortex. The patient had no vision before, so the benefit is attributable to the system together with structured rehabilitation. The 2026 reports describe the conversion only as an algorithm inside an “intelligent” retina. The 2021 IMIE 256 paper describes a video processing unit with a per-electrode threshold map and 15 gray levels and no learned model. How much of that processing is AI in a machine-learning sense is not established by these sources."
  },
  "evidence": [
    {
      "kind": "news report",
      "citation": "Wang Haohao and Tan Lianlian, China Science Daily (2026). 全国首例！脑机接口智能视网膜让盲人看见字符 [China's first: brain-computer interface smart retina lets a blind person see characters]. ScienceNet, 8 June 2026.",
      "title": "全国首例！脑机接口智能视网膜让盲人看见字符",
      "url": "https://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2026/6/566108.shtm",
      "date": "2026-06-08",
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": "4月23日，陈阿姨在湘雅医院完成IMIE智能视网膜植入手术"
    },
    {
      "kind": "news report",
      "citation": "Tang Lu, Zhou Shun and Xiang Ying, Huasheng Online / Hunan Daily (2026). 国产IMIE智能视网膜临床试验取得重大突破 全盲患者术后重获光明 [Domestic IMIE intelligent retina trial achieves major breakthrough; totally blind patient regains light]. hunan.voc.com.cn, 7 June 2026.",
      "title": "国产IMIE智能视网膜临床试验取得重大突破 全盲患者术后重获光明",
      "url": "https://hunan.voc.com.cn/news/202606/32846000.html",
      "date": "2026-06-07",
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": "目前该患者已可识别E字视力表字符，无需他人陪护即可独自在室内走动、穿门而行"
    },
    {
      "kind": "news report",
      "citation": "Yangcheng Evening News (2026). 中国首例！盲人凭脑机接口复明成功，实现自主行走 [China's first: blind person regains sight via brain-computer interface and walks independently]. Xinkuaibao (xkb.com.cn), 6 June 2026.",
      "title": "中国首例！盲人凭脑机接口复明成功，实现自主行走",
      "url": "https://www.xkb.com.cn/articleDetail/499962",
      "date": "2026-06-06",
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": "6月5日，湖南湘雅医院宣布完成全国首例侵入式脑机接口视觉重建临床试验"
    },
    {
      "kind": "news report",
      "citation": "Yan Shuo, 21st Century Business Herald (2026). 失明患者重见光明：脑机接口加速落地，行业迎来量产前夜 [Blind patient regains sight: brain-computer interfaces accelerate, industry on the eve of mass production]. 21jingji.com, 8 June 2026.",
      "title": "失明患者重见光明：脑机接口加速落地，行业迎来量产前夜",
      "url": "https://www.21jingji.com/article/20260608/herald/908d9a3949ada35c98e6b666d4b41bc0.html",
      "date": "2026-06-08",
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": "目前患者尚不具备完全生活自理能力，后续仍需接受长期康复训练"
    },
    {
      "kind": "news report",
      "citation": "Kuai Technology (2026). 国内首例盲人凭脑机接口复明成功 实测视力峰值可达0.1 [China's first blind person regains sight via brain-computer interface; measured peak acuity reaches 0.1]. 3DMGame, 6 June 2026.",
      "title": "国内首例盲人凭脑机接口复明成功 实测视力峰值可达0.1",
      "url": "https://www.3dmgame.com/news/202606/3945762.html",
      "date": "2026-06-06",
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": "国内首例盲人凭脑机接口复明成功 实测视力峰值可达0.1"
    },
    {
      "kind": "news report",
      "citation": "Red Net (2026). 盲人患者使用侵入式脑机接口复明 视觉功能初步重建 [Blind patient regains sight with invasive brain-computer interface; visual function preliminarily rebuilt]. China.com, 6 June 2026.",
      "title": "盲人患者使用侵入式脑机接口复明 视觉功能初步重建",
      "url": "https://news.china.com/socialgd/10000169/20260606/49533586.html",
      "date": "2026-06-06",
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": "科研团队自主研发的IMIE智能视网膜系统"
    },
    {
      "kind": "news report",
      "citation": "Securities Times (2026). 脑机接口重塑失明治疗格局 美好医疗携手攻坚新赛道 [Brain-computer interfaces reshape blindness treatment; Meihao Medical joins the new track]. Phoenix Finance (ifeng.com), 8 June 2026.",
      "title": "脑机接口重塑失明治疗格局 美好医疗携手攻坚新赛道",
      "url": "https://finance.ifeng.com/c/8tmrCoDSlTF",
      "date": "2026-06-08",
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": "国产256通道柔性电极阵列"
    },
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "Xu H, Zhong X, Pang C, Zou J, Chen W, Wang X, Li S, Hu Y, Sagan DS, Weiss PT, Yao Y, Xiang J, Dayan MS, Humayun MS, Tai YC (2021). First Human Results With the 256 Channel Intelligent Micro Implant Eye (IMIE 256). Translational Vision Science & Technology 10(10):14. doi:10.1167/tvst.10.10.14; PMID 34705041.",
      "title": "First Human Results With the 256 Channel Intelligent Micro Implant Eye (IMIE 256)",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.10.10.14",
      "date": "2021-08-01",
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": "The IMIE 256 implants were implanted in the right eyes of five subjects with end-stage retinitis pigmentosa."
    }
  ],
  "replication": {
    "produced_by": [
      "Surviving retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve in end-stage retinitis pigmentosa, so that epiretinal stimulation can reach the visual cortex",
      "A 256-channel flexible array fixed on the macula with 250-micrometer tacks and per-patient fitting of stimulation currents",
      "Camera glasses and an external processor converting live video into stimulation patterns in real time",
      "More than a month of structured visual rehabilitation after implantation",
      "A surgical team with prior IMIE 256 experience (five implants reported in TVST 2021) and on-site guidance from Mark Humayun"
    ],
    "must_hold": [
      "The implant stays positioned on the macula without serious complications. The 2021 series saw one array movement and one hypotony",
      "Rehabilitation continues; the hospital's one-year observation period is still running",
      "The reported acuity (0.03, peak 0.1) is phosphene vision, not natural sight. The hospital says the patient lacks full self-care ability"
    ],
    "echoes": []
  },
  "paired_incident": null,
  "headline": "IMIE intelligent retina restores partial vision to a blind woman",
  "metric": "she could identify E optotypes (acuity 0.03, peak 0.1)",
  "comparator": {
    "against": "international retinal prostheses of the same type with 60 channels",
    "before": "60 channels (international products of the same kind)",
    "after": "256-channel flexible electrode array, with channel count and visual resolution reported as significantly superior",
    "basis": "assumed",
    "quote": "该系统搭载了我国首创的256通道柔性电极阵列，其通道数及视觉分辨能力均显著优于国际同类60通道产品",
    "url": "https://news.china.com/socialgd/10000169/20260606/49533586.html"
  },
  "later": {
    "status": "unknown",
    "date": null,
    "note": "The June 2026 reports mention plans to expand the subject range and move toward registration review, but no later development was found.",
    "quote": null,
    "url": null
  },
  "value": null,
  "developer_country": "China",
  "deployer_country": "China",
  "unrated_because": null,
  "brief_notes": null,
  "brief": null,
  "revisions": [
    {
      "date": "2026-10-20",
      "change": "Record drafted from the OECD Monitor entry and the cited sources.",
      "source": "https://oecd.ai/en/incidents/2026-06-06-09a2",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Benefit type set to Improved Physical Health under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Accessibility among the six first used.",
      "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against from the cited sources.",
      "source": "https://news.china.com/socialgd/10000169/20260606/49533586.html",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
      "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangya_Hospital; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangya_Hospital",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, purpose, the replication conditions, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.",
      "source": null,
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-22",
      "change": "Organization name standardized to Xiangya Hospital.",
      "source": null,
      "editor": "AIBD"
    }
  ],
  "confidence": "reported",
  "shade": "medium",
  "claim_status": "Independently reported",
  "claim_basis": "Sources: seven independent news reports and the makers' peer-reviewed study. The cited evidence includes no independent study or report and no finding by a regulator or court.",
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            "developer": "Xiangya Hospital (Prof. Xu Huizhuo's team, per 2026 reports, which name no company); the IMIE 256 was co-developed by Golden Eye Bionics LLC (Pasadena) and IntelliMicro Medical Co., Ltd. (Changsha) and manufactured by IntelliMicro, per Xu et al. 2021",
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              "statement": "The system is the whole substitute visual pathway. Camera glasses capture the scene. An external processor converts each frame in real time into stimulation patterns across 256 electrodes. The implant stimulates surviving ganglion cells whose signals reach the visual cortex. The patient had no vision before, so the benefit is attributable to the system together with structured rehabilitation. The 2026 reports describe the conversion only as an algorithm inside an “intelligent” retina. The 2021 IMIE 256 paper describes a video processing unit with a per-electrode threshold map and 15 gray levels and no learned model. How much of that processing is AI in a machine-learning sense is not established by these sources."
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      "economics[].currency_price_basis": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].gross_net": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].measure_type": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].period_unit": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].realization": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].recipient_payer": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].return_payback": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "economics[].valuation_method": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "monetary observations"
      },
      "evaluations[].ai_uplift": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].comparator": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].design": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].effect": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].exposure": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
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      "evaluations[].id": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
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      "evaluations[].measurement_method": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
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        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].metric": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
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          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Mapped from the existing case description without a new external source review.",
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            "metric"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations",
        "display": {
          "answer": "she could identify E optotypes (acuity 0.03, peak 0.1)",
          "editor_note": ""
        }
      },
      "evaluations[].reproduction_materials": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].setting_sample": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].uncertainty_limitations": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "provenance": {
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            "account"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations",
        "display": {
          "answer": "The cited technical paper describes processing that uses electrode thresholds and gray levels, without identifying a learned model. The later reports do not establish which part of the processing constitutes AI.",
          "editor_note": ""
        }
      },
      "external_references[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
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            "registry_ids": {
              "oecd_aim": "2026-06-06-09a2"
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          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
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            "registry_ids"
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        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
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        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "later": {
              "status": "unknown",
              "note": "The June 2026 reports mention plans to expand the subject range and move toward registration review, but no later development was found."
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "later"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "human_oversight": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "id": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "id": "AIBD-0208"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "id"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "infrastructure_dependencies[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].beneficiaries": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].beneficiary_count": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].benefit_type": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "benefit_type": "Improved Physical Health"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "benefit_type"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].claim": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "account": "On 23 April 2026 Prof. Xu Huizhuo's team implanted the IMIE intelligent retina in a 61-year-old woman known as Auntie Chen. The team is at Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha. The implant is a 256-channel epiretinal array driven by camera glasses and an external video processor. She was diagnosed with retinitis pigmentosa at 40 and had been blind for over ten years. Mark Humayun advised in theater, and no serious complications occurred. On 5 June 2026 the hospital announced that after over a month of rehabilitation she could identify E optotypes (acuity 0.03, peak 0.1). She could also walk indoors and through doorways without an escort. She is the first subject of a Phase I trial. The team says she lacks full self-care ability and will be observed for a year.",
            "benefit_type": "Improved Physical Health"
          }
        },
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        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
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        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].duration": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].id": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].stakeholder_group": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "ratings": [
              {
                "group": "personal",
                "depth": 3,
                "reason": "One identifiable person, totally blind for more than ten years, regained enough vision to identify E optotypes (0.03, peak 0.1). She can walk indoors and through doorways without an escort. The hospital cautions that she does not yet have full self-care ability and needs long-term rehabilitation."
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
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          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].status": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].tradeoffs": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].unexpected": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "unexpected": false,
            "purpose": "Built to restore partial sight to people blinded by photoreceptor degeneration by converting camera images into electrical stimulation of surviving retinal ganglion cells. The benefit recorded here is exactly that intended function."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "unexpected",
            "purpose"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "places[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "location": "Changsha, China",
            "developer_country": "China",
            "deployer_country": "China"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "location",
            "developer_country",
            "deployer_country"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "purpose": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "purpose": "Built to restore partial sight to people blinded by photoreceptor degeneration by converting camera images into electrical stimulation of surviving retinal ganglion cells. The benefit recorded here is exactly that intended function."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "purpose"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "record_dates": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "date_observed": "2026-06-05",
            "revisions": [
              {
                "date": "2026-10-20",
                "change": "Record drafted from the OECD Monitor entry and the cited sources.",
                "source": "https://oecd.ai/en/incidents/2026-06-06-09a2",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Benefit type set to Improved Physical Health under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Accessibility among the six first used.",
                "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against from the cited sources.",
                "source": "https://news.china.com/socialgd/10000169/20260606/49533586.html",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
                "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangya_Hospital; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangya_Hospital",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, purpose, the replication conditions, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-22",
                "change": "Organization name standardized to Xiangya Hospital.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
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            "date_observed",
            "revisions"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "replication.attempts[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "replication.conditions": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "replication": {
              "produced_by": [
                "Surviving retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve in end-stage retinitis pigmentosa, so that epiretinal stimulation can reach the visual cortex",
                "A 256-channel flexible array fixed on the macula with 250-micrometer tacks and per-patient fitting of stimulation currents",
                "Camera glasses and an external processor converting live video into stimulation patterns in real time",
                "More than a month of structured visual rehabilitation after implantation",
                "A surgical team with prior IMIE 256 experience (five implants reported in TVST 2021) and on-site guidance from Mark Humayun"
              ],
              "must_hold": [
                "The implant stays positioned on the macula without serious complications. The 2021 series saw one array movement and one hypotony",
                "Rehabilitation continues; the hospital's one-year observation period is still running",
                "The reported acuity (0.03, peak 0.1) is phosphene vision, not natural sight. The hospital says the patient lacks full self-care ability"
              ],
              "echoes": []
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "replication"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "revision_history[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "revisions": [
              {
                "date": "2026-10-20",
                "change": "Record drafted from the OECD Monitor entry and the cited sources.",
                "source": "https://oecd.ai/en/incidents/2026-06-06-09a2",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Benefit type set to Improved Physical Health under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Accessibility among the six first used.",
                "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against from the cited sources.",
                "source": "https://news.china.com/socialgd/10000169/20260606/49533586.html",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
                "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangya_Hospital; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangya_Hospital",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, purpose, the replication conditions, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-22",
                "change": "Organization name standardized to Xiangya Hospital.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "revisions"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sector": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "domain": "Healthcare",
            "segment": "Ophthalmology; retinal neuroprosthetics (invasive brain-computer interface)"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "domain",
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          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].access_version": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].citation_locator": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "evidence": [
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "Wang Haohao and Tan Lianlian, China Science Daily (2026). 全国首例！脑机接口智能视网膜让盲人看见字符 [China's first: brain-computer interface smart retina lets a blind person see characters]. ScienceNet, 8 June 2026.",
                "title": "全国首例！脑机接口智能视网膜让盲人看见字符",
                "url": "https://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2026/6/566108.shtm",
                "date": "2026-06-08",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "4月23日，陈阿姨在湘雅医院完成IMIE智能视网膜植入手术"
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "Tang Lu, Zhou Shun and Xiang Ying, Huasheng Online / Hunan Daily (2026). 国产IMIE智能视网膜临床试验取得重大突破 全盲患者术后重获光明 [Domestic IMIE intelligent retina trial achieves major breakthrough; totally blind patient regains light]. hunan.voc.com.cn, 7 June 2026.",
                "title": "国产IMIE智能视网膜临床试验取得重大突破 全盲患者术后重获光明",
                "url": "https://hunan.voc.com.cn/news/202606/32846000.html",
                "date": "2026-06-07",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "目前该患者已可识别E字视力表字符，无需他人陪护即可独自在室内走动、穿门而行"
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "Yangcheng Evening News (2026). 中国首例！盲人凭脑机接口复明成功，实现自主行走 [China's first: blind person regains sight via brain-computer interface and walks independently]. Xinkuaibao (xkb.com.cn), 6 June 2026.",
                "title": "中国首例！盲人凭脑机接口复明成功，实现自主行走",
                "url": "https://www.xkb.com.cn/articleDetail/499962",
                "date": "2026-06-06",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "6月5日，湖南湘雅医院宣布完成全国首例侵入式脑机接口视觉重建临床试验"
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "Yan Shuo, 21st Century Business Herald (2026). 失明患者重见光明：脑机接口加速落地，行业迎来量产前夜 [Blind patient regains sight: brain-computer interfaces accelerate, industry on the eve of mass production]. 21jingji.com, 8 June 2026.",
                "title": "失明患者重见光明：脑机接口加速落地，行业迎来量产前夜",
                "url": "https://www.21jingji.com/article/20260608/herald/908d9a3949ada35c98e6b666d4b41bc0.html",
                "date": "2026-06-08",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "目前患者尚不具备完全生活自理能力，后续仍需接受长期康复训练"
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "Kuai Technology (2026). 国内首例盲人凭脑机接口复明成功 实测视力峰值可达0.1 [China's first blind person regains sight via brain-computer interface; measured peak acuity reaches 0.1]. 3DMGame, 6 June 2026.",
                "title": "国内首例盲人凭脑机接口复明成功 实测视力峰值可达0.1",
                "url": "https://www.3dmgame.com/news/202606/3945762.html",
                "date": "2026-06-06",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "国内首例盲人凭脑机接口复明成功 实测视力峰值可达0.1"
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "Red Net (2026). 盲人患者使用侵入式脑机接口复明 视觉功能初步重建 [Blind patient regains sight with invasive brain-computer interface; visual function preliminarily rebuilt]. China.com, 6 June 2026.",
                "title": "盲人患者使用侵入式脑机接口复明 视觉功能初步重建",
                "url": "https://news.china.com/socialgd/10000169/20260606/49533586.html",
                "date": "2026-06-06",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "科研团队自主研发的IMIE智能视网膜系统"
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "Securities Times (2026). 脑机接口重塑失明治疗格局 美好医疗携手攻坚新赛道 [Brain-computer interfaces reshape blindness treatment; Meihao Medical joins the new track]. Phoenix Finance (ifeng.com), 8 June 2026.",
                "title": "脑机接口重塑失明治疗格局 美好医疗携手攻坚新赛道",
                "url": "https://finance.ifeng.com/c/8tmrCoDSlTF",
                "date": "2026-06-08",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "国产256通道柔性电极阵列"
              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Xu H, Zhong X, Pang C, Zou J, Chen W, Wang X, Li S, Hu Y, Sagan DS, Weiss PT, Yao Y, Xiang J, Dayan MS, Humayun MS, Tai YC (2021). First Human Results With the 256 Channel Intelligent Micro Implant Eye (IMIE 256). Translational Vision Science & Technology 10(10):14. doi:10.1167/tvst.10.10.14; PMID 34705041.",
                "title": "First Human Results With the 256 Channel Intelligent Micro Implant Eye (IMIE 256)",
                "url": "https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.10.10.14",
                "date": "2021-08-01",
                "written_by": "makers",
                "quote": "The IMIE 256 implants were implanted in the right eyes of five subjects with end-stage retinitis pigmentosa."
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "evidence"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].id": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "identifiers",
          "identifiers": [
            "AIBD-0208-source-0001",
            "AIBD-0208-source-0002",
            "AIBD-0208-source-0003",
            "AIBD-0208-source-0004",
            "AIBD-0208-source-0005",
            "AIBD-0208-source-0006",
            "AIBD-0208-source-0007",
            "AIBD-0208-source-0008"
          ],
          "role": "Existing evidence items, in their original order"
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "curatorial",
          "basis": "Stable within the fingerprinted record version; no source content or source review has been added.",
          "record_fields": [],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "complete"
      },
      "sources[].language": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].relationship": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "evidence": [
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "Wang Haohao and Tan Lianlian, China Science Daily (2026). 全国首例！脑机接口智能视网膜让盲人看见字符 [China's first: brain-computer interface smart retina lets a blind person see characters]. ScienceNet, 8 June 2026.",
                "title": "全国首例！脑机接口智能视网膜让盲人看见字符",
                "url": "https://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2026/6/566108.shtm",
                "date": "2026-06-08",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "4月23日，陈阿姨在湘雅医院完成IMIE智能视网膜植入手术"
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "Tang Lu, Zhou Shun and Xiang Ying, Huasheng Online / Hunan Daily (2026). 国产IMIE智能视网膜临床试验取得重大突破 全盲患者术后重获光明 [Domestic IMIE intelligent retina trial achieves major breakthrough; totally blind patient regains light]. hunan.voc.com.cn, 7 June 2026.",
                "title": "国产IMIE智能视网膜临床试验取得重大突破 全盲患者术后重获光明",
                "url": "https://hunan.voc.com.cn/news/202606/32846000.html",
                "date": "2026-06-07",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "目前该患者已可识别E字视力表字符，无需他人陪护即可独自在室内走动、穿门而行"
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "Yangcheng Evening News (2026). 中国首例！盲人凭脑机接口复明成功，实现自主行走 [China's first: blind person regains sight via brain-computer interface and walks independently]. Xinkuaibao (xkb.com.cn), 6 June 2026.",
                "title": "中国首例！盲人凭脑机接口复明成功，实现自主行走",
                "url": "https://www.xkb.com.cn/articleDetail/499962",
                "date": "2026-06-06",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "6月5日，湖南湘雅医院宣布完成全国首例侵入式脑机接口视觉重建临床试验"
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "Yan Shuo, 21st Century Business Herald (2026). 失明患者重见光明：脑机接口加速落地，行业迎来量产前夜 [Blind patient regains sight: brain-computer interfaces accelerate, industry on the eve of mass production]. 21jingji.com, 8 June 2026.",
                "title": "失明患者重见光明：脑机接口加速落地，行业迎来量产前夜",
                "url": "https://www.21jingji.com/article/20260608/herald/908d9a3949ada35c98e6b666d4b41bc0.html",
                "date": "2026-06-08",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "目前患者尚不具备完全生活自理能力，后续仍需接受长期康复训练"
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "Kuai Technology (2026). 国内首例盲人凭脑机接口复明成功 实测视力峰值可达0.1 [China's first blind person regains sight via brain-computer interface; measured peak acuity reaches 0.1]. 3DMGame, 6 June 2026.",
                "title": "国内首例盲人凭脑机接口复明成功 实测视力峰值可达0.1",
                "url": "https://www.3dmgame.com/news/202606/3945762.html",
                "date": "2026-06-06",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "国内首例盲人凭脑机接口复明成功 实测视力峰值可达0.1"
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "Red Net (2026). 盲人患者使用侵入式脑机接口复明 视觉功能初步重建 [Blind patient regains sight with invasive brain-computer interface; visual function preliminarily rebuilt]. China.com, 6 June 2026.",
                "title": "盲人患者使用侵入式脑机接口复明 视觉功能初步重建",
                "url": "https://news.china.com/socialgd/10000169/20260606/49533586.html",
                "date": "2026-06-06",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "科研团队自主研发的IMIE智能视网膜系统"
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "Securities Times (2026). 脑机接口重塑失明治疗格局 美好医疗携手攻坚新赛道 [Brain-computer interfaces reshape blindness treatment; Meihao Medical joins the new track]. Phoenix Finance (ifeng.com), 8 June 2026.",
                "title": "脑机接口重塑失明治疗格局 美好医疗携手攻坚新赛道",
                "url": "https://finance.ifeng.com/c/8tmrCoDSlTF",
                "date": "2026-06-08",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "国产256通道柔性电极阵列"
              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Xu H, Zhong X, Pang C, Zou J, Chen W, Wang X, Li S, Hu Y, Sagan DS, Weiss PT, Yao Y, Xiang J, Dayan MS, Humayun MS, Tai YC (2021). First Human Results With the 256 Channel Intelligent Micro Implant Eye (IMIE 256). Translational Vision Science & Technology 10(10):14. doi:10.1167/tvst.10.10.14; PMID 34705041.",
                "title": "First Human Results With the 256 Channel Intelligent Micro Implant Eye (IMIE 256)",
                "url": "https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.10.10.14",
                "date": "2021-08-01",
                "written_by": "makers",
                "quote": "The IMIE 256 implants were implanted in the right eyes of five subjects with end-stage retinitis pigmentosa."
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "evidence"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].upstream_sources": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "strategic_assessments[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "strategic assessments"
      },
      "summary": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "summary": "Blind over a decade, a 61-year-old woman read E optotypes and walked indoors unaided after a 256-channel IMIE retinal implant in Changsha.",
            "account": "On 23 April 2026 Prof. Xu Huizhuo's team implanted the IMIE intelligent retina in a 61-year-old woman known as Auntie Chen. The team is at Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha. The implant is a 256-channel epiretinal array driven by camera glasses and an external video processor. She was diagnosed with retinitis pigmentosa at 40 and had been blind for over ten years. Mark Humayun advised in theater, and no serious complications occurred. On 5 June 2026 the hospital announced that after over a month of rehabilitation she could identify E optotypes (acuity 0.03, peak 0.1). She could also walk indoors and through doorways without an escort. She is the first subject of a Phase I trial. The team says she lacks full self-care ability and will be observed for a year."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "summary",
            "account"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].autonomy_permissions": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].component_role": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].deployment_configuration": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "text",
          "text": "The participant’s retinal implant had 256 channels and followed the IMIE 256 device described in 2021."
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Separated the model, software, hardware, or operation already described in the existing record. No new source review is claimed.",
          "record_fields": [
            "model_version",
            "system",
            "ai_role"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].inputs_outputs": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].model_name": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].model_version": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "model_version": "256-channel array; the device lineage is the IMIE 256 (Intelligent Micro Implant Eye, also called Theia α) reported in TVST 2021"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "model_version"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "display": {
          "answer": "Exact release not established.",
          "editor_note": ""
        }
      },
      "systems[].product_name": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "system": "IMIE intelligent retina (IMIE智能视网膜): 256-channel flexible epiretinal electrode array fixed on the macula, with camera glasses and an external video processing unit transmitting wirelessly to the implant"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "system"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].provider": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "structured",
          "data": {
            "application_developer": "Xiangya Hospital (Prof. Xu Huizhuo's team, per 2026 reports, which name no company); the IMIE 256 was co-developed by Golden Eye Bionics LLC (Pasadena) and IntelliMicro Medical Co., Ltd. (Changsha) and manufactured by IntelliMicro, per Xu et al. 2021"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Mapped from the existing case description without a new external source review.",
          "record_fields": [
            "developer"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "taxonomy_crosswalks[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "title": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "title": "IMIE intelligent retina restores partial vision to a blind woman at Xiangya Hospital",
            "headline": "IMIE intelligent retina restores partial vision to a blind woman"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "title",
            "headline"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "version": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "identifiers",
          "identifiers": [
            "59623807fb3992995825f6894b38d1ae0abf9b9a88377f9a9c6d6986fb81b420"
          ],
          "role": "SHA-256 of normalized original case data"
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "curatorial",
          "basis": "Deterministic content version assigned by the local migration.",
          "record_fields": [],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "complete"
      },
      "workflow": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "account": "On 23 April 2026 Prof. Xu Huizhuo's team implanted the IMIE intelligent retina in a 61-year-old woman known as Auntie Chen. The team is at Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha. The implant is a 256-channel epiretinal array driven by camera glasses and an external video processor. She was diagnosed with retinitis pigmentosa at 40 and had been blind for over ten years. Mark Humayun advised in theater, and no serious complications occurred. On 5 June 2026 the hospital announced that after over a month of rehabilitation she could identify E optotypes (acuity 0.03, peak 0.1). She could also walk indoors and through doorways without an escort. She is the first subject of a Phase I trial. The team says she lacks full self-care ability and will be observed for a year.",
            "replication": {
              "produced_by": [
                "Surviving retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve in end-stage retinitis pigmentosa, so that epiretinal stimulation can reach the visual cortex",
                "A 256-channel flexible array fixed on the macula with 250-micrometer tacks and per-patient fitting of stimulation currents",
                "Camera glasses and an external processor converting live video into stimulation patterns in real time",
                "More than a month of structured visual rehabilitation after implantation",
                "A surgical team with prior IMIE 256 experience (five implants reported in TVST 2021) and on-site guidance from Mark Humayun"
              ],
              "must_hold": [
                "The implant stays positioned on the macula without serious complications. The 2021 series saw one array movement and one hypotony",
                "Rehabilitation continues; the hospital's one-year observation period is still running",
                "The reported acuity (0.03, peak 0.1) is phosphene vision, not natural sight. The hospital says the patient lacks full self-care ability"
              ],
              "echoes": []
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "account",
            "replication"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      }
    },
    "summary": {
      "total": 91,
      "addressed": 91,
      "known": 31,
      "reviewed": 0,
      "record_mapped": 31,
      "not_assessed": 60,
      "complete": false,
      "by_state": {
        "value_present": 31,
        "not_reported": 0,
        "unresolved": 0,
        "not_assessed": 60,
        "not_applicable": 0,
        "withheld": 0,
        "source_unavailable": 0
      }
    }
  }
}