{ "id": "AIBD-0204", "title": "BrainGate participants T17 (ALS) and T18 (spinal cord injury) type on a two-handed QWERTY keyboard through an intracortical neuroprosthesis, reaching 22 words per minute at 1.6% word error", "summary": "Two BrainGate2 participants typed by attempted finger movement at up to 22 wpm, 1.6% word error, in at-home research sessions (Mar 2026).", "date_observed": "2026-03-16", "date_basis": "unassessed", "date_precision": "unassessed", "benefit_status": null, "source_collection": null, "source_entry": null, "account": "T17 and T18 took part in the BrainGate2 pilot trial (NCT00912041). T17 is a 33-year-old man with ALS, tetraplegia, anarthria and ventilator dependence. T18 is a 48-year-old man with a C4 ASIA A spinal cord injury about 18 months before enrollment. Each received six 64-electrode Utah arrays in precentral gyrus. A five-layer gated recurrent unit decoder with a 5-gram language model turned attempted finger movements into QWERTY keystrokes. It needed as few as 30 calibration sentences. Research sessions took place at each participant's place of residence, on trial days 44 to 144. T18 reached 110 characters (22 words) per minute with a 1.6% word error rate. T17 reached 47 characters per minute. Both typed sentences of their own choosing. The work was published in Nature Neuroscience, 16 March 2026.", "category": "benefit created", "unexpected": false, "purpose": "The typing neuroprosthesis was built to restore communication for people with paralysis. It decodes attempted finger movements into keystrokes. The typing the two participants achieved is exactly that purpose.", "system": "BrainGate2 intracortical typing neuroprosthesis: six 64-electrode Utah arrays (Blackrock Microsystems) per participant, a five-layer gated recurrent unit decoder trained with connectionist temporal classification loss, and a 5-gram language model implemented as a Kaldi weighted finite-state transducer", "model_version": null, "developer": "BrainGate consortium and Neurorecovery, Brown University and VA Providence Healthcare System, with Stanford University and UC Davis co-authors", "deployer": "BrainGate consortium (BrainGate2 pilot clinical trial; sponsor-investigator Leigh R. Hochberg; FDA Investigational Device Exemption G090003), with research sessions at the participants' residences", "location": null, "domain": "Neurotechnology / assistive communication", "segment": "People with tetraplegia from ALS or cervical spinal cord injury", "benefit_type": "Improved Accessibility", "taxonomy_note": null, "registry_ids": { "oecd_aim": "2026-03-16-f051" }, "ratings": [ { "group": "personal", "depth": 2, "reason": "Two identifiable participants typed sentences of their own choosing at up to 22 words per minute. One of them has anarthria and only eye movement left. The typing happened only in research sessions. The paper lists independent use as future work, so the gain is material rather than life-changing." }, { "group": "societal", "depth": 1, "reason": "The authors report higher throughput than current state-of-the-art hand-motor iBCI decoding. UCSF's Edward Chang, who is not on the paper, called it among the fastest motor-cortex typing BCIs yet. There were two participants and no population effect." } ], "ai_role": { "status": "assessed", "statement": "The decoder is the component that makes typing possible. It is a recurrent neural network of five gated recurrent unit layers with 512 units each. It was trained with CTC loss on 20 ms bins of threshold crossings and spike-band power. It maps attempted finger movements to characters, and a 5-gram language model corrects them. Without it the arrays only record. The error rate figures are word error rates after the language model. Performance figures come from the developers' own peer-reviewed paper. The paper declares that the MGH Translational Research Center has research support agreements with several BCI companies, for which L.R.H. provides consultative input." }, "evidence": [ { "kind": "peer-reviewed study", "citation": "Jude, J. J., Levi-Aharoni, H., Acosta, A. J., et al. (2026). Restoring rapid natural bimanual typing with a neuroprosthesis after paralysis. Nature Neuroscience 29, 2613–2622, online 16 March 2026.", "title": "Restoring rapid natural bimanual typing with a neuroprosthesis after paralysis", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-026-02218-y", "date": "2026-03-16", "written_by": "makers", "quote": "Typing speed is user-regulated, reaching 110 characters per minute, resulting in 22 words per minute with a word error rate of 1.6%." }, { "kind": "peer-reviewed study", "citation": "Jude, J. J., et al. (2026). Restoring rapid natural bimanual typing with a neuroprosthesis after paralysis. Open-access full text, Europe PMC PMC13633126 (PMID 41840138).", "title": "Restoring rapid natural bimanual typing with a neuroprosthesis after paralysis (Europe PMC full text)", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13633126", "date": "2026-03-16", "written_by": "makers", "quote": "All research sessions were performed at each participant's place of residence." }, { "kind": "press release", "citation": "Mass General Brigham (2026). Investigational Brain Implant Restores High-Speed Communication. Press release as reproduced by Neuroscience News, 16 March 2026.", "title": "Investigational Brain Implant Restores High-Speed Communication", "url": "https://neurosciencenews.com/brain-computer-interface-typing-paralysis-30325/", "date": "2026-03-16", "written_by": "makers", "quote": "Both participants used the device from the comfort of their own place of residence, demonstrating the potential for translation and at-home use in the future." }, { "kind": "press release", "citation": "Brown University (2026). Brain computer interface enables rapid communication for two people with paralysis. Release as reproduced by Medical Xpress, 16 March 2026.", "title": "Brain computer interface enables rapid communication for two people with paralysis", "url": "https://medicalxpress.com/news/2026-03-brain-interface-enables-rapid-communication.html", "date": "2026-03-16", "written_by": "makers", "quote": "BCIs are on track to become an important new alternative to what's currently offered." }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "Lewis, T. / Scientific American (2026). Brain implant allows people who are paralyzed to type using their thoughts at speed of texting. Scientific American, 16 March 2026.", "title": "Brain implant allows people who are paralyzed to type using their thoughts at speed of texting", "url": "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/brain-implant-allows-people-who-are-paralyzed-to-type-using-their-thoughts/", "date": "2026-03-16", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "At about 22 words per minute, this is among the fastest motor-cortex typing BCIs yet" }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "Horak, M. / ALS News Today (2026). Brain implant decodes finger moves so paralyzed patients can type. ALS News Today, 18 March 2026.", "title": "Brain implant decodes finger moves so paralyzed patients can type", "url": "https://alsnewstoday.com/news/brain-implant-decodes-finger-moves-paralyzed-patients-type/", "date": "2026-03-18", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "For many people with paralysis, when losing use of both the hands and the muscles of speech, communication can become difficult or impossible." }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "Europa Press / Infosalus (2026). Una neuroprótesis experimental permite a personas con parálisis escribir con la mente como si usaran un teclado. Infosalus, 17 March 2026.", "title": "Una neuroprótesis experimental permite a personas con parálisis escribir con la mente como si usaran un teclado", "url": "https://www.infosalus.com/salud-investigacion/noticia-neuroprotesis-experimental-permite-personas-paralisis-escribir-mente-si-usaran-teclado-20260317071649.html", "date": "2026-03-17", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "Para muchas personas con parálisis, al perder el uso de las manos y los músculos del habla, la comunicación puede volverse difícil o imposible." }, { "kind": "other", "citation": "ClinicalTrials.gov (n.d.). BrainGate2: Feasibility Study of an Intracortical Neural Interface System for Persons With Tetraplegia. NCT00912041, sponsor Leigh R. Hochberg, MD, PhD.", "title": "BrainGate2: Feasibility Study of an Intracortical Neural Interface System for Persons With Tetraplegia", "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00912041", "date": null, "written_by": "makers", "quote": "BrainGate2: Feasibility Study of an Intracortical Neural Interface System for Persons With Tetraplegia" } ], "replication": { "produced_by": [ "Six 64-electrode Utah arrays per participant placed in precentral gyrus after fMRI-guided parcellation, giving hand-motor electrodes for both hands.", "A recurrent neural network decoder trained with CTC loss on attempted finger movements, recalibrated from as few as 30 sentences, plus a 5-gram language model.", "A keyboard setup the participants already knew. Neither was a touch typist, and both learned the layout over sessions.", "A pilot-trial infrastructure that brings research staff and equipment to the participant's residence." ], "must_hold": [ "Use was confined to research sessions. The paper describes independent use through online decoder training as future work.", "Performance differed by participant. T18 reached 22 words per minute with word error below 7% across blocks. T17 reached 47 characters per minute with word error mostly below 15%.", "Invasive surgery is required. The device is investigational under an FDA investigational device exemption. The paper reports no clinical-trial safety outcomes." ], "echoes": [] }, "paired_incident": null, "headline": "BrainGate2 neuroprosthesis lets a paralyzed man type 22 wpm", "metric": "T18 reached 110 characters (22 words) per minute with a 1.6% word error rate", "comparator": { "against": "the previous state-of-the-art hand-motor iBCI (handwriting decoding) and able-bodied smartphone typing", "before": "the previous state-of-the-art method, 20 characters per minute slower (90 characters per minute, about 18 words per minute, per Scientific American); able-bodied smartphone typing of 27.3 words per minute for T18's age group", "after": "110 characters per minute (22 words per minute) at a 1.6% word error rate", "basis": "measured", "quote": "To our knowledge, this system provides the fastest iBCI communication method reported to date based on decoding from hand motor cortex; participant T18 used this system to communicate at 110 characters per minute, which is 20 characters per minute faster than the previous state-of-the-art method", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-026-02218-y" }, "later": { "status": "unknown", "date": null, "note": "No development after the 16 March 2026 publication was found in the cited sources.", "quote": null, "url": null }, "value": null, "developer_country": "United States", "deployer_country": "United States", "unrated_because": null, "brief_notes": null, "brief": null, "revisions": [ { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Record drafted from the OECD Monitor entry, the Nature Neuroscience paper (read in full through the Europe PMC open-access copy, PMC13633126), the Mass General Brigham release as reproduced by Neuroscience News, the Brown University release as reproduced by Medical Xpress, Scientific American, ALS News Today, Europa Press via Infosalus (one of the Monitor's seven Spanish-language sources) and the ClinicalTrials.gov entry via its API. Kept at benefit created or restored following AIBD-0005, AIBD-0051 and AIBD-0052, which file single- and two-participant BCI trial demonstrations as created benefits for identifiable people; the paper is not an aggregate study, but it reports research-session performance only and states that it “does not report any clinical trial-related outcomes”, which the the taxonomy note records. The paper dates sessions only as trial days relative to surgery (T17 days 56–144, T18 days 44–107), so the online publication date, which is also the Monitor's date, is used. Participant ages and diagnoses come from the paper's Methods; the Boston Globe's STAT republication was read but its extraction swapped the participants' diagnoses, so it is not cited. La Razón and LaSexta from the Monitor's list and nature.com without a cookie-bypass could not be read. The WebSearch budget was exhausted, so sources were found through Google and Bing news feeds and the Crossref and Europe PMC APIs.", "source": "https://oecd.ai/en/incidents/2026-03-16-f051", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against from the cited sources.", "source": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-026-02218-y", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrainGate; https://clinicaltrials.gov/api/v2/studies/NCT00912041", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, purpose, the replication conditions, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.", "source": null, "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-22", "change": "Organization name standardized to BrainGate consortium.", "source": null, "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-22", "change": "Organization name standardized to BrainGate consortium.", "source": null, "editor": "AIBD" } ], "confidence": "reported", "shade": "medium", "claim_status": "Independently reported", "claim_basis": "Sources: three independent news reports, two peer-reviewed studies from the makers, two press releases from the makers and the makers' other. The cited evidence includes no independent study or report and no finding by a regulator or court.", "profile": { "case_id": "AIBD-0204", "catalog_version": "1.0.0", "source_fingerprint": "b3c6dcf2900e727d7ae98e772a7e80bc7b7f9bcfb1b8192a37cd48bd309d9e56", "collection_refs": [ { "collection_id": "aibd", "version": "snapshot-8bf7cfec9cb185aa" }, { "collection_id": "aibd", "version": "2026-10-25" } ], "source_ids": [ "AIBD-0204-source-0001", "AIBD-0204-source-0002", "AIBD-0204-source-0003", "AIBD-0204-source-0004", "AIBD-0204-source-0005", "AIBD-0204-source-0006", "AIBD-0204-source-0007", "AIBD-0204-source-0008" ], "families": { "strategic assessments": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "record_ids": [] }, "evaluations": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "record_ids": [] }, "monetary observations": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "record_ids": [] }, "institutional decisions": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "record_ids": [] } }, "fields": { "actors[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "developer": "BrainGate consortium and Neurorecovery, Brown University and VA Providence Healthcare System, with Stanford University and UC Davis co-authors", "deployer": "BrainGate consortium (BrainGate2 pilot clinical trial; sponsor-investigator Leigh R. 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The error rate figures are word error rates after the language model. Performance figures come from the developers' own peer-reviewed paper. The paper declares that the MGH Translational Research Center has research support agreements with several BCI companies, for which L.R.H. provides consultative input." } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "ai_role" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "ai_relationship": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "category": "benefit created", "ai_role": { "status": "assessed", "statement": "The decoder is the component that makes typing possible. It is a recurrent neural network of five gated recurrent unit layers with 512 units each. It was trained with CTC loss on 20 ms bins of threshold crossings and spike-band power. It maps attempted finger movements to characters, and a 5-gram language model corrects them. Without it the arrays only record. The error rate figures are word error rates after the language model. Performance figures come from the developers' own peer-reviewed paper. The paper declares that the MGH Translational Research Center has research support agreements with several BCI companies, for which L.R.H. provides consultative input." } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "ai_role", "category" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].alternatives": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].assessor_date": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].depth": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "ratings": [ { "group": "personal", "depth": 2, "reason": "Two identifiable participants typed sentences of their own choosing at up to 22 words per minute. One of them has anarthria and only eye movement left. 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There were two participants and no population effect." } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "ratings" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].display_confidence": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "structured", "data": { "confidence": "medium", "evidence_word": "reported", "claim_status": "Independently reported", "basis": "Sources: three independent news reports, two peer-reviewed studies from the makers, two press releases from the makers and the makers' other. 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The paper lists independent use as future work, so the gain is material rather than life-changing." }, { "group": "societal", "depth": 1, "reason": "The authors report higher throughput than current state-of-the-art hand-motor iBCI decoding. UCSF's Edward Chang, who is not on the paper, called it among the fastest motor-cortex typing BCIs yet. There were two participants and no population effect." } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "ratings" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].rubric_version": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].status_basis": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].target": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "ratings": [ { "group": "personal", "depth": 2, "reason": "Two identifiable participants typed sentences of their own choosing at up to 22 words per minute. One of them has anarthria and only eye movement left. The typing happened only in research sessions. 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Scientific American, 16 March 2026.", "title": "Brain implant allows people who are paralyzed to type using their thoughts at speed of texting", "url": "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/brain-implant-allows-people-who-are-paralyzed-to-type-using-their-thoughts/", "date": "2026-03-16", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "At about 22 words per minute, this is among the fastest motor-cortex typing BCIs yet" }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "Horak, M. / ALS News Today (2026). Brain implant decodes finger moves so paralyzed patients can type. ALS News Today, 18 March 2026.", "title": "Brain implant decodes finger moves so paralyzed patients can type", "url": "https://alsnewstoday.com/news/brain-implant-decodes-finger-moves-paralyzed-patients-type/", "date": "2026-03-18", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "For many people with paralysis, when losing use of both the hands and the muscles of speech, communication can become difficult or impossible." }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "Europa Press / Infosalus (2026). Una neuroprótesis experimental permite a personas con parálisis escribir con la mente como si usaran un teclado. 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Release as reproduced by Medical Xpress, 16 March 2026.", "title": "Brain computer interface enables rapid communication for two people with paralysis", "url": "https://medicalxpress.com/news/2026-03-brain-interface-enables-rapid-communication.html", "date": "2026-03-16", "written_by": "makers", "quote": "BCIs are on track to become an important new alternative to what's currently offered." }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "Lewis, T. / Scientific American (2026). Brain implant allows people who are paralyzed to type using their thoughts at speed of texting. Scientific American, 16 March 2026.", "title": "Brain implant allows people who are paralyzed to type using their thoughts at speed of texting", "url": "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/brain-implant-allows-people-who-are-paralyzed-to-type-using-their-thoughts/", "date": "2026-03-16", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "At about 22 words per minute, this is among the fastest motor-cortex typing BCIs yet" }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "Horak, M. / ALS News Today (2026). Brain implant decodes finger moves so paralyzed patients can type. ALS News Today, 18 March 2026.", "title": "Brain implant decodes finger moves so paralyzed patients can type", "url": "https://alsnewstoday.com/news/brain-implant-decodes-finger-moves-paralyzed-patients-type/", "date": "2026-03-18", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "For many people with paralysis, when losing use of both the hands and the muscles of speech, communication can become difficult or impossible." }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "Europa Press / Infosalus (2026). Una neuroprótesis experimental permite a personas con parálisis escribir con la mente como si usaran un teclado. Infosalus, 17 March 2026.", "title": "Una neuroprótesis experimental permite a personas con parálisis escribir con la mente como si usaran un teclado", "url": "https://www.infosalus.com/salud-investigacion/noticia-neuroprotesis-experimental-permite-personas-paralisis-escribir-mente-si-usaran-teclado-20260317071649.html", "date": "2026-03-17", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "Para muchas personas con parálisis, al perder el uso de las manos y los músculos del habla, la comunicación puede volverse difícil o imposible." }, { "kind": "other", "citation": "ClinicalTrials.gov (n.d.). BrainGate2: Feasibility Study of an Intracortical Neural Interface System for Persons With Tetraplegia. NCT00912041, sponsor Leigh R. Hochberg, MD, PhD.", "title": "BrainGate2: Feasibility Study of an Intracortical Neural Interface System for Persons With Tetraplegia", "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00912041", "written_by": "makers", "quote": "BrainGate2: Feasibility Study of an Intracortical Neural Interface System for Persons With Tetraplegia" } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "evidence" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "sources[].upstream_sources": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "strategic_assessments[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "strategic assessments" }, "summary": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "summary": "Two BrainGate2 participants typed by attempted finger movement at up to 22 wpm, 1.6% word error, in at-home research sessions (Mar 2026).", "account": "T17 and T18 took part in the BrainGate2 pilot trial (NCT00912041). T17 is a 33-year-old man with ALS, tetraplegia, anarthria and ventilator dependence. T18 is a 48-year-old man with a C4 ASIA A spinal cord injury about 18 months before enrollment. Each received six 64-electrode Utah arrays in precentral gyrus. A five-layer gated recurrent unit decoder with a 5-gram language model turned attempted finger movements into QWERTY keystrokes. It needed as few as 30 calibration sentences. Research sessions took place at each participant's place of residence, on trial days 44 to 144. T18 reached 110 characters (22 words) per minute with a 1.6% word error rate. T17 reached 47 characters per minute. Both typed sentences of their own choosing. The work was published in Nature Neuroscience, 16 March 2026." } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "summary", "account" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].autonomy_permissions": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].component_role": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].deployment_configuration": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].inputs_outputs": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].model_name": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].model_version": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].product_name": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "system": "BrainGate2 intracortical typing neuroprosthesis: six 64-electrode Utah arrays (Blackrock Microsystems) per participant, a five-layer gated recurrent unit decoder trained with connectionist temporal classification loss, and a 5-gram language model implemented as a Kaldi weighted finite-state transducer" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "system" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].provider": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "structured", "data": { "application_developer": "BrainGate consortium and Neurorecovery, Brown University and VA Providence Healthcare System, with Stanford University and UC Davis co-authors" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Mapped from the existing case description without a new external source review.", "record_fields": [ "developer" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "taxonomy_crosswalks[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "title": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "title": "BrainGate participants T17 (ALS) and T18 (spinal cord injury) type on a two-handed QWERTY keyboard through an intracortical neuroprosthesis, reaching 22 words per minute at 1.6% word error", "headline": "BrainGate2 neuroprosthesis lets a paralyzed man type 22 wpm" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "title", "headline" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "version": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "identifiers", "identifiers": [ "b3c6dcf2900e727d7ae98e772a7e80bc7b7f9bcfb1b8192a37cd48bd309d9e56" ], "role": "SHA-256 of normalized original case data" }, "provenance": { "kind": "curatorial", "basis": "Deterministic content version assigned by the local migration.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "complete" }, "workflow": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "account": "T17 and T18 took part in the BrainGate2 pilot trial (NCT00912041). T17 is a 33-year-old man with ALS, tetraplegia, anarthria and ventilator dependence. T18 is a 48-year-old man with a C4 ASIA A spinal cord injury about 18 months before enrollment. Each received six 64-electrode Utah arrays in precentral gyrus. A five-layer gated recurrent unit decoder with a 5-gram language model turned attempted finger movements into QWERTY keystrokes. It needed as few as 30 calibration sentences. Research sessions took place at each participant's place of residence, on trial days 44 to 144. T18 reached 110 characters (22 words) per minute with a 1.6% word error rate. T17 reached 47 characters per minute. Both typed sentences of their own choosing. The work was published in Nature Neuroscience, 16 March 2026.", "replication": { "produced_by": [ "Six 64-electrode Utah arrays per participant placed in precentral gyrus after fMRI-guided parcellation, giving hand-motor electrodes for both hands.", "A recurrent neural network decoder trained with CTC loss on attempted finger movements, recalibrated from as few as 30 sentences, plus a 5-gram language model.", "A keyboard setup the participants already knew. Neither was a touch typist, and both learned the layout over sessions.", "A pilot-trial infrastructure that brings research staff and equipment to the participant's residence." ], "must_hold": [ "Use was confined to research sessions. The paper describes independent use through online decoder training as future work.", "Performance differed by participant. T18 reached 22 words per minute with word error below 7% across blocks. T17 reached 47 characters per minute with word error mostly below 15%.", "Invasive surgery is required. The device is investigational under an FDA investigational device exemption. The paper reports no clinical-trial safety outcomes." ], "echoes": [] } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "account", "replication" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" } }, "summary": { "total": 91, "addressed": 91, "known": 29, "reviewed": 0, "record_mapped": 29, "not_assessed": 62, "complete": false, "by_state": { "value_present": 29, "not_reported": 0, "unresolved": 0, "not_assessed": 62, "not_applicable": 0, "withheld": 0, "source_unavailable": 0 } } } }