{
  "id": "AIBD-0199",
  "title": "See & Spray targeted applications save 28.4–62.4% of postemergence herbicide with weed control of 93% or more in Arkansas and Mississippi trials",
  "summary": "Arkansas-Mississippi trials (2021–2022) with Blue River co-authors: targeted sprays matched broadcast weed control within 1% while saving 28.4% to 62.4% of postemergence herbicide.",
  "date_observed": "2024-11-15",
  "date_basis": "unassessed",
  "date_precision": "unassessed",
  "benefit_status": null,
  "source_collection": null,
  "source_entry": null,
  "account": "University of Arkansas weed scientists and Blue River Technology agronomists ran four site-years of randomized complete block trials in 2021 and 2022. Sites were the Northeast Research and Extension Center in Keiser, Arkansas, and Stoneville R&D in Greenville, Mississippi. They compared John Deere See & Spray machine-vision targeted applications with traditional broadcast programs in glyphosate/glufosinate/dicamba-resistant soybean. They used a preemergence residual followed by early-postemergence dicamba and mid-postemergence glufosinate. Targeted applications gave control comparable to broadcast, with at most 1% less efficacy. Overall control was 93% or more for Palmer amaranth, broadleaf signalgrass, morningglory and purslane species. Soybean injury fell by at most 5 percentage points without a yield increase. On average they saved 28.4% to 62.4% of postemergence herbicide, with narrower nozzle angles spraying less area. The paper appeared online on 15 November 2024. It is a research trial, not a commercial farm deployment.",
  "category": "general benefit",
  "unexpected": false,
  "purpose": "Detect weeds with machine vision and apply herbicide only where weeds are present, reducing herbicide use while maintaining control.",
  "system": "John Deere See & Spray (machine-vision targeted sprayer)",
  "model_version": "See & Spray model year 2022 (level 3 detection sensitivity, small coverage buffer)",
  "developer": "Blue River Technology / John Deere",
  "deployer": "University of Arkansas and Stoneville R&D field trials (Keiser, AR and Greenville, MS)",
  "location": "Keiser (Arkansas) and Greenville (Mississippi), United States",
  "domain": "Agriculture / crop protection",
  "segment": "Soybean weed control",
  "benefit_type": "Improved Environmental Sustainability",
  "taxonomy_note": "Herbicide saved is read as reduced waste; it is also a cost saving for the grower.",
  "registry_ids": {},
  "ratings": [
    {
      "group": "organizational",
      "depth": null,
      "reason": "Savings of 28.4–62.4% on postemergence herbicide were measured in trial plots. No grower's costs or outcomes are documented."
    },
    {
      "group": "societal",
      "depth": null,
      "reason": "Reduced herbicide volume is a trial result. No environmental outcome off-plot is measured."
    }
  ],
  "ai_role": {
    "status": "assessed",
    "statement": "The machine-vision sprayer decided where to spray. The comparison with broadcast programs is a randomized trial with consistent herbicides and rates. Savings depended on nozzle angle and machine settings. Co-authored by the maker's agronomists with university weed scientists."
  },
  "evidence": [
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "Avent TH, Norsworthy JK, Patzoldt WL, Schwartz-Lazaro LM, Houston MM, Butts TR, Vazquez AR. Comparing herbicide application methods with See & Spray technology in soybean. Weed Technology 38:e74 (2024). doi:10.1017/wet.2024.70",
      "title": "Comparing herbicide application methods with See & Spray technology in soybean",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2024.70",
      "date": "2024-11-15",
      "written_by": "deployer",
      "quote": "On average, targeted sprays saved a range of 28.4% to 62.4% on postemergence herbicides."
    },
    {
      "kind": "press release",
      "citation": "Deere & Co. John Deere Customers Use See & Spray Technology Across Five Million Acres in 2025. Company release as published by Global Ag Tech Initiative, 4 November 2025.",
      "title": "John Deere Customers Use See & Spray Technology Across Five Million Acres in 2025",
      "url": "https://www.globalagtechinitiative.com/in-field-technologies/robotics-automation/john-deere-customers-use-see-spray-technology-across-five-million-acres-in-2025/",
      "date": "2025-11-04",
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": null
    }
  ],
  "replication": {
    "produced_by": [
      "Herbicide-resistant soybean with a PRE residual, EPOST dicamba and MPOST glufosinate",
      "Four site-years (2021–2022) in a randomized complete block design"
    ],
    "must_hold": [
      "The specific machine settings and nozzle angles used",
      "Weed species and pressure comparable to the trial sites"
    ],
    "echoes": []
  },
  "paired_incident": null,
  "headline": "See & Spray saves 28.4–62.4% of postemergence herbicide",
  "metric": "on average saved 28.4% to 62.4% of postemergence herbicide",
  "comparator": {
    "against": "traditional broadcast herbicide applications in the same randomized trials",
    "before": "full broadcast applications of the postemergence herbicides (traditional broadcast program)",
    "after": "targeted sprays saving 28.4% to 62.4% of postemergence herbicides, with a ≤1% decrease in efficacy and overall control ≥93%",
    "basis": "measured",
    "quote": "On average, targeted sprays saved a range of 28.4% to 62.4% on postemergence herbicides. On the basis of these results, with specific machine settings, targeted application programs could reduce the amount of herbicide applied while providing weed control comparable to that of traditional broadcast applications.",
    "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/weed-technology/article/comparing-herbicide-application-methods-with-see-spray-technology-in-soybean/05967C11D1BF0B174A13BE687B865AF2"
  },
  "later": {
    "status": "scaled",
    "date": "2025-11-04",
    "note": "John Deere reported that customers ran See & Spray on more than five million acres in the 2025 season, cutting non-residual herbicide use by nearly half.",
    "quote": "John Deere’s See & Spray technology was used across more than five million acres of farmland during the 2025 growing season – a land area larger than the state of New Jersey. In 2025, John Deere customers reduced non-residual herbicide use by an average of nearly 50% — saving nearly 31 million gallons of herbicide mix—demonstrating the power of targeted application, even in a season marked by elevated weed pressure and frequent rains.",
    "url": "https://www.globalagtechinitiative.com/in-field-technologies/robotics-automation/john-deere-customers-use-see-spray-technology-across-five-million-acres-in-2025/"
  },
  "value": null,
  "developer_country": "United States",
  "deployer_country": "United States",
  "unrated_because": null,
  "brief_notes": null,
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  "revisions": [
    {
      "date": "2026-10-20",
      "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.",
      "source": null,
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against, what happened since, the model version from the cited sources.",
      "source": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/weed-technology/article/comparing-herbicide-application-methods-with-see-spray-technology-in-soybean/05967C11D1BF0B174A13BE687B865AF2; https://www.globalagtechinitiative.com/in-field-technologies/robotics-automation/john-deere-customers-use-see-spray-technology-across-five-million-acres-in-2025/; https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/weed-technology/article/comparing-herbicide-application-methods-with-see-spray-technology-in-soybean/05967C11D1BF0B174A13BE687B865AF2",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
      "source": "https://bluerivertechnology.com/; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arkansas",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, the replication conditions, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.",
      "source": null,
      "editor": "AIBD"
    }
  ],
  "confidence": "claimed",
  "shade": "low",
  "claim_status": "The deployer's account",
  "claim_basis": "Sources: the makers' press release and the deployer's peer-reviewed study. The cited evidence includes no independent source and no finding by a regulator or court.",
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              "url": "https://www.globalagtechinitiative.com/in-field-technologies/robotics-automation/john-deere-customers-use-see-spray-technology-across-five-million-acres-in-2025/"
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          "record_fields": [
            "benefit_type",
            "taxonomy_note"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].claim": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
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            "benefit_type": "Improved Environmental Sustainability"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "account",
            "benefit_type"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].distribution": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].duration": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].id": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].stakeholder_group": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "ratings": [
              {
                "group": "organizational",
                "reason": "Savings of 28.4–62.4% on postemergence herbicide were measured in trial plots. No grower's costs or outcomes are documented."
              },
              {
                "group": "societal",
                "reason": "Reduced herbicide volume is a trial result. No environmental outcome off-plot is measured."
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "ratings"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].status": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].tradeoffs": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].unexpected": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "unexpected": false,
            "purpose": "Detect weeds with machine vision and apply herbicide only where weeds are present, reducing herbicide use while maintaining control."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "unexpected",
            "purpose"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "places[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "location": "Keiser (Arkansas) and Greenville (Mississippi), United States",
            "developer_country": "United States",
            "deployer_country": "United States"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "location",
            "developer_country",
            "deployer_country"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
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      },
      "purpose": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "purpose": "Detect weeds with machine vision and apply herbicide only where weeds are present, reducing herbicide use while maintaining control."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "purpose"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "record_dates": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "date_observed": "2024-11-15",
            "revisions": [
              {
                "date": "2026-10-20",
                "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against, what happened since, the model version from the cited sources.",
                "source": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/weed-technology/article/comparing-herbicide-application-methods-with-see-spray-technology-in-soybean/05967C11D1BF0B174A13BE687B865AF2; https://www.globalagtechinitiative.com/in-field-technologies/robotics-automation/john-deere-customers-use-see-spray-technology-across-five-million-acres-in-2025/; https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/weed-technology/article/comparing-herbicide-application-methods-with-see-spray-technology-in-soybean/05967C11D1BF0B174A13BE687B865AF2",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
                "source": "https://bluerivertechnology.com/; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arkansas",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, the replication conditions, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "date_observed",
            "revisions"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "replication.attempts[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "replication.conditions": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "replication": {
              "produced_by": [
                "Herbicide-resistant soybean with a PRE residual, EPOST dicamba and MPOST glufosinate",
                "Four site-years (2021–2022) in a randomized complete block design"
              ],
              "must_hold": [
                "The specific machine settings and nozzle angles used",
                "Weed species and pressure comparable to the trial sites"
              ],
              "echoes": []
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "replication"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "revision_history[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "revisions": [
              {
                "date": "2026-10-20",
                "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against, what happened since, the model version from the cited sources.",
                "source": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/weed-technology/article/comparing-herbicide-application-methods-with-see-spray-technology-in-soybean/05967C11D1BF0B174A13BE687B865AF2; https://www.globalagtechinitiative.com/in-field-technologies/robotics-automation/john-deere-customers-use-see-spray-technology-across-five-million-acres-in-2025/; https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/weed-technology/article/comparing-herbicide-application-methods-with-see-spray-technology-in-soybean/05967C11D1BF0B174A13BE687B865AF2",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
                "source": "https://bluerivertechnology.com/; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arkansas",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, the replication conditions, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "revisions"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sector": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "domain": "Agriculture / crop protection",
            "segment": "Soybean weed control"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "domain",
            "segment"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].access_version": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].citation_locator": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "evidence": [
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Avent TH, Norsworthy JK, Patzoldt WL, Schwartz-Lazaro LM, Houston MM, Butts TR, Vazquez AR. Comparing herbicide application methods with See & Spray technology in soybean. Weed Technology 38:e74 (2024). doi:10.1017/wet.2024.70",
                "title": "Comparing herbicide application methods with See & Spray technology in soybean",
                "url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2024.70",
                "date": "2024-11-15",
                "written_by": "deployer",
                "quote": "On average, targeted sprays saved a range of 28.4% to 62.4% on postemergence herbicides."
              },
              {
                "kind": "press release",
                "citation": "Deere & Co. John Deere Customers Use See & Spray Technology Across Five Million Acres in 2025. Company release as published by Global Ag Tech Initiative, 4 November 2025.",
                "title": "John Deere Customers Use See & Spray Technology Across Five Million Acres in 2025",
                "url": "https://www.globalagtechinitiative.com/in-field-technologies/robotics-automation/john-deere-customers-use-see-spray-technology-across-five-million-acres-in-2025/",
                "date": "2025-11-04",
                "written_by": "makers"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
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          "record_fields": [
            "evidence"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].id": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "identifiers",
          "identifiers": [
            "AIBD-0199-source-0001",
            "AIBD-0199-source-0002"
          ],
          "role": "Existing evidence items, in their original order"
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "curatorial",
          "basis": "Stable within the fingerprinted record version; no source content or source review has been added.",
          "record_fields": [],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "complete"
      },
      "sources[].language": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].relationship": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "evidence": [
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Avent TH, Norsworthy JK, Patzoldt WL, Schwartz-Lazaro LM, Houston MM, Butts TR, Vazquez AR. Comparing herbicide application methods with See & Spray technology in soybean. Weed Technology 38:e74 (2024). doi:10.1017/wet.2024.70",
                "title": "Comparing herbicide application methods with See & Spray technology in soybean",
                "url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2024.70",
                "date": "2024-11-15",
                "written_by": "deployer",
                "quote": "On average, targeted sprays saved a range of 28.4% to 62.4% on postemergence herbicides."
              },
              {
                "kind": "press release",
                "citation": "Deere & Co. John Deere Customers Use See & Spray Technology Across Five Million Acres in 2025. Company release as published by Global Ag Tech Initiative, 4 November 2025.",
                "title": "John Deere Customers Use See & Spray Technology Across Five Million Acres in 2025",
                "url": "https://www.globalagtechinitiative.com/in-field-technologies/robotics-automation/john-deere-customers-use-see-spray-technology-across-five-million-acres-in-2025/",
                "date": "2025-11-04",
                "written_by": "makers"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "evidence"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].upstream_sources": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "strategic_assessments[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "strategic assessments"
      },
      "summary": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "summary": "Arkansas-Mississippi trials (2021–2022) with Blue River co-authors: targeted sprays matched broadcast weed control within 1% while saving 28.4% to 62.4% of postemergence herbicide.",
            "account": "University of Arkansas weed scientists and Blue River Technology agronomists ran four site-years of randomized complete block trials in 2021 and 2022. Sites were the Northeast Research and Extension Center in Keiser, Arkansas, and Stoneville R&D in Greenville, Mississippi. They compared John Deere See & Spray machine-vision targeted applications with traditional broadcast programs in glyphosate/glufosinate/dicamba-resistant soybean. They used a preemergence residual followed by early-postemergence dicamba and mid-postemergence glufosinate. Targeted applications gave control comparable to broadcast, with at most 1% less efficacy. Overall control was 93% or more for Palmer amaranth, broadleaf signalgrass, morningglory and purslane species. Soybean injury fell by at most 5 percentage points without a yield increase. On average they saved 28.4% to 62.4% of postemergence herbicide, with narrower nozzle angles spraying less area. The paper appeared online on 15 November 2024. It is a research trial, not a commercial farm deployment."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "summary",
            "account"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].autonomy_permissions": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].component_role": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "text",
          "text": "The system identified weeds and directed herbicide spraying to those locations."
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Restated the mechanical task already described in the existing system and AI-role fields. No new source review is claimed.",
          "record_fields": [
            "system",
            "ai_role"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].deployment_configuration": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "text",
          "text": "The deployment used the 2022 See & Spray system at detection sensitivity level 3 with a small coverage buffer."
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Separated the model, software, hardware, or operation already described in the existing record. No new source review is claimed.",
          "record_fields": [
            "model_version",
            "system",
            "ai_role"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].inputs_outputs": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].model_name": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].model_version": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "model_version": "See & Spray model year 2022 (level 3 detection sensitivity, small coverage buffer)"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "model_version"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "display": {
          "answer": "Exact release not established.",
          "editor_note": ""
        }
      },
      "systems[].product_name": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "system": "John Deere See & Spray (machine-vision targeted sprayer)"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "system"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].provider": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "structured",
          "data": {
            "application_developer": "Blue River Technology / John Deere"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Mapped from the existing case description without a new external source review.",
          "record_fields": [
            "developer"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "taxonomy_crosswalks[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "title": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "title": "See & Spray targeted applications save 28.4–62.4% of postemergence herbicide with weed control of 93% or more in Arkansas and Mississippi trials",
            "headline": "See & Spray saves 28.4–62.4% of postemergence herbicide"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "title",
            "headline"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "version": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "identifiers",
          "identifiers": [
            "c99ca56d49ec1d6e0decf84389c8b646bf1c042b871050f4900cf43ca608a93c"
          ],
          "role": "SHA-256 of normalized original case data"
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "curatorial",
          "basis": "Deterministic content version assigned by the local migration.",
          "record_fields": [],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "complete"
      },
      "workflow": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "account": "University of Arkansas weed scientists and Blue River Technology agronomists ran four site-years of randomized complete block trials in 2021 and 2022. Sites were the Northeast Research and Extension Center in Keiser, Arkansas, and Stoneville R&D in Greenville, Mississippi. They compared John Deere See & Spray machine-vision targeted applications with traditional broadcast programs in glyphosate/glufosinate/dicamba-resistant soybean. They used a preemergence residual followed by early-postemergence dicamba and mid-postemergence glufosinate. Targeted applications gave control comparable to broadcast, with at most 1% less efficacy. Overall control was 93% or more for Palmer amaranth, broadleaf signalgrass, morningglory and purslane species. Soybean injury fell by at most 5 percentage points without a yield increase. On average they saved 28.4% to 62.4% of postemergence herbicide, with narrower nozzle angles spraying less area. The paper appeared online on 15 November 2024. It is a research trial, not a commercial farm deployment.",
            "replication": {
              "produced_by": [
                "Herbicide-resistant soybean with a PRE residual, EPOST dicamba and MPOST glufosinate",
                "Four site-years (2021–2022) in a randomized complete block design"
              ],
              "must_hold": [
                "The specific machine settings and nozzle angles used",
                "Weed species and pressure comparable to the trial sites"
              ],
              "echoes": []
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "account",
            "replication"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      }
    },
    "summary": {
      "total": 91,
      "addressed": 91,
      "known": 30,
      "reviewed": 0,
      "record_mapped": 30,
      "not_assessed": 61,
      "complete": false,
      "by_state": {
        "value_present": 30,
        "not_reported": 0,
        "unresolved": 0,
        "not_assessed": 61,
        "not_applicable": 0,
        "withheld": 0,
        "source_unavailable": 0
      }
    }
  }
}