{
  "id": "AIBD-0196",
  "title": "Global Fishing Watch data lets Kiribati fine a vessel US$1 million for fishing in the Phoenix Islands Protected Area",
  "summary": "Kiribati used the Google-Oceana-SkyTruth platform to document Marshalls 203 fishing illegally in PIPA; a US$1 million fine plus a US$1 million goodwill grant followed (reported September 2016).",
  "date_observed": "2016-09-15",
  "date_basis": "unassessed",
  "date_precision": "unassessed",
  "benefit_status": null,
  "source_collection": null,
  "source_entry": null,
  "account": "Global Fishing Watch, developed by Oceana, SkyTruth and Google, launched publicly at the Our Ocean conference on 15 September 2016. It processes AIS tracks of tens of thousands of vessels. In Oceana's description, it uses machine learning and cloud computing to identify when they are fishing. Before launch, the Washington Post reported, the government of Kiribati used it to document how a tuna-fishing vessel had operated illegally. That was inside the Phoenix Islands Protected Area, declared off-limits to commercial fishing in early 2015, resulting in a US$1 million fine. Oceana board member Ted Danson wrote in Grist that the vessel was the Marshall Islands-flagged Marshalls 203. The fine was against its owner, Central Pacific Fishing Company. A goodwill arrangement to pay a further US$1 million as a grant came with it. Oceana's Jacqueline Savitz wrote in BBC Future in 2018 that the technology helped Kiribati extract a US$2 million fine, about 1% of GDP. The cited sources do not date the fine.",
  "category": "benefit created",
  "unexpected": false,
  "purpose": "Make commercial fishing activity visible in near real time by processing AIS vessel tracks to identify when vessels are fishing.",
  "system": "Global Fishing Watch (AIS-based fishing detection using machine learning)",
  "model_version": null,
  "developer": "Oceana, SkyTruth and Google",
  "deployer": "Government of Kiribati",
  "location": "Phoenix Islands Protected Area, Kiribati",
  "domain": "Fisheries enforcement",
  "segment": "Marine protected area enforcement",
  "benefit_type": "Reduced Violence",
  "taxonomy_note": "The criminal activity penalized is illegal fishing in a protected area, and the fine is the only documented outcome.",
  "registry_ids": {},
  "ratings": [
    {
      "group": "organizational",
      "depth": 3,
      "reason": "Kiribati secured a US$1 million fine against Central Pacific Fishing Company plus a US$1 million goodwill grant (Grist). The BBC piece puts the total at US$2 million, about 1% of the country's GDP."
    },
    {
      "group": "societal",
      "depth": null,
      "reason": "No source documents subsequent fishing pressure or deterrence inside the protected area."
    }
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    "statement": "An independent newspaper confirms that Kiribati used the platform to document the illegal operation. Oceana describes the platform's fishing detection as machine learning over AIS data. No cited source says whether the classifier's output, as opposed to the vessel's track, carried the case. Developer (Oceana, SkyTruth, Google) and deployer (Kiribati) are distinct."
  },
  "evidence": [
    {
      "kind": "news report",
      "citation": "Dennis B. How Google is helping to crack down on illegal fishing - from space. The Washington Post, 15 September 2016.",
      "title": "How Google is helping to crack down on illegal fishing - from space",
      "url": "https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/09/15/from-space-a-new-effort-to-crack-down-on-illegal-fishing-across-the-globe/",
      "date": "2016-09-15",
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": "The government of the Pacific island nation of Kiribati used it to document how a tuna-fishing vessel had operated illegally inside the Phoenix Islands Protected Area"
    },
    {
      "kind": "news report",
      "citation": "Danson T. This new digital tool can help fight overfishing around the world. Grist, 15 September 2016 (author is an Oceana board member).",
      "title": "This new digital tool can help fight overfishing around the world",
      "url": "https://grist.org/science/this-new-digital-tool-could-help-fight-overfishing-around-the-world/",
      "date": "2016-09-15",
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": "This helped the country secure a $1 million fine against the Central Pacific Fishing Company, the owner of Marshalls 203."
    },
    {
      "kind": "news report",
      "citation": "Savitz J. How to spot the secretive activities of rogue fishing boats. BBC Future, 7 June 2018 (author is Oceana's chief policy officer for North America).",
      "title": "How to spot the secretive activities of rogue fishing boats",
      "url": "https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20180607-how-to-spot-the-secretive-activities-of-rogue-fishing-boats",
      "date": "2018-06-07",
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": "Then we run them all through the Global Fishing Watch algorithm, and use machine learning and cloud computing to identify when they are fishing."
    },
    {
      "kind": "press release",
      "citation": "Cutlip K. Indonesia Makes its Fishing Fleet Visible to the World. Global Fishing Watch, 7 June 2017.",
      "title": "Indonesia Makes its Fishing Fleet Visible to the World",
      "url": "https://globalfishingwatch.org/transparency/indonesia-shares-vms-with-global-fishing-watch/",
      "date": "2017-06-07",
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": null
    }
  ],
  "replication": {
    "produced_by": [
      "A vessel broadcasting AIS inside a no-take area that Kiribati closed to commercial fishing from 1 January 2015",
      "A government willing to prosecute on third-party satellite-derived evidence"
    ],
    "must_hold": [
      "AIS transmitters left on (the BBC piece notes vessels can switch them off)",
      "Admissibility of AIS-derived evidence under the coastal state's law"
    ],
    "echoes": [
      {
        "date": "2024-01-03",
        "setting": "Global coastal waters 2017–2021: Global Fishing Watch deep-learning mapping of untracked industrial vessels",
        "model_version": "SAR imagery with deep-learning models",
        "outcome": "unknown",
        "source": "Paolo FS, Kroodsma D et al. 2024, Nature, doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06825-8"
      }
    ]
  },
  "paired_incident": null,
  "headline": "Global Fishing Watch helps Kiribati fine a vessel US$1 million",
  "metric": "a US$1 million fine plus a US$1 million goodwill grant followed",
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  "later": {
    "status": "scaled",
    "date": "2017-06-07",
    "note": "In June 2017 Indonesia became the first country to publish its proprietary vessel monitoring system data through Global Fishing Watch, adding nearly 5,000 vessels to the platform, with Peru announcing it would follow.",
    "quote": "This week, at the United Nation’s Ocean Conference, the Republic of Indonesia becomes the first nation ever to publish Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) data revealing the location and activity of its commercial fishing fleet.",
    "url": "https://globalfishingwatch.org/transparency/indonesia-shares-vms-with-global-fishing-watch/"
  },
  "value": {
    "amount": "$1 million",
    "what": "fine secured by Kiribati against the owner of Marshalls 203 for fishing illegally in the Phoenix Islands Protected Area, plus an additional $1 million paid as a grant under a goodwill arrangement",
    "who": "Government of Kiribati",
    "estimate": false,
    "quote": "This helped the country secure a $1 million fine against the Central Pacific Fishing Company, the owner of Marshalls 203. The company also made a special “goodwill arrangement” with the government, agreeing to pay an additional $1 million in the form of a grant.",
    "url": "https://grist.org/science/this-new-digital-tool-could-help-fight-overfishing-around-the-world/"
  },
  "developer_country": "United States",
  "deployer_country": "Kiribati",
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      "change": "Benefit type set to Reduced Violence under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Environmental Sustainability among the six first used.",
      "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/",
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      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Added what happened since, the value as stated from the cited sources.",
      "source": "https://globalfishingwatch.org/transparency/indonesia-shares-vms-with-global-fishing-watch/; https://grist.org/science/this-new-digital-tool-could-help-fight-overfishing-around-the-world/",
      "editor": "AIBD"
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      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
      "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceana_(non-profit_group); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati",
      "editor": "AIBD"
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  "confidence": "reported",
  "shade": "medium",
  "claim_status": "Independently reported",
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        "review_state": "not_assessed",
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      },
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        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
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      },
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        "family": "evaluations"
      },
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        "state": "not_assessed",
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      "evaluations[].measurement_method": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
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      "evaluations[].metric": {
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          "record_fields": [
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          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations",
        "display": {
          "answer": "a US$1 million fine plus a US$1 million goodwill grant followed",
          "editor_note": ""
        }
      },
      "evaluations[].reproduction_materials": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].setting_sample": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].uncertainty_limitations": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "external_references[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "follow_up[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
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              "status": "scaled",
              "date": "2017-06-07",
              "note": "In June 2017 Indonesia became the first country to publish its proprietary vessel monitoring system data through Global Fishing Watch, adding nearly 5,000 vessels to the platform, with Peru announcing it would follow.",
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              "url": "https://globalfishingwatch.org/transparency/indonesia-shares-vms-with-global-fishing-watch/"
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
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          ],
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        },
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      },
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          "kind": "record_fields",
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          }
        },
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          "kind": "legacy_record",
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        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "infrastructure_dependencies[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].beneficiaries": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].beneficiary_count": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].benefit_type": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "benefit_type": "Reduced Violence",
            "taxonomy_note": "The criminal activity penalized is illegal fishing in a protected area, and the fine is the only documented outcome."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "benefit_type",
            "taxonomy_note"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].claim": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
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        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
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          "record_fields": [
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            "benefit_type"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].distribution": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].duration": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].id": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].stakeholder_group": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "ratings": [
              {
                "group": "organizational",
                "depth": 3,
                "reason": "Kiribati secured a US$1 million fine against Central Pacific Fishing Company plus a US$1 million goodwill grant (Grist). The BBC piece puts the total at US$2 million, about 1% of the country's GDP."
              },
              {
                "group": "societal",
                "reason": "No source documents subsequent fishing pressure or deterrence inside the protected area."
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
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          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].status": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].tradeoffs": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].unexpected": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "unexpected": false,
            "purpose": "Make commercial fishing activity visible in near real time by processing AIS vessel tracks to identify when vessels are fishing."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "unexpected",
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          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "places[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "location": "Phoenix Islands Protected Area, Kiribati",
            "developer_country": "United States",
            "deployer_country": "Kiribati"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "location",
            "developer_country",
            "deployer_country"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "purpose": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "purpose": "Make commercial fishing activity visible in near real time by processing AIS vessel tracks to identify when vessels are fishing."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "purpose"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "record_dates": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "date_observed": "2016-09-15",
            "revisions": [
              {
                "date": "2026-10-20",
                "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Benefit type set to Reduced Violence under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Environmental Sustainability among the six first used.",
                "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Added what happened since, the value as stated from the cited sources.",
                "source": "https://globalfishingwatch.org/transparency/indonesia-shares-vms-with-global-fishing-watch/; https://grist.org/science/this-new-digital-tool-could-help-fight-overfishing-around-the-world/",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
                "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceana_(non-profit_group); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
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          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
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        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
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              "produced_by": [
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                "A government willing to prosecute on third-party satellite-derived evidence"
              ],
              "must_hold": [
                "AIS transmitters left on (the BBC piece notes vessels can switch them off)",
                "Admissibility of AIS-derived evidence under the coastal state's law"
              ],
              "echoes": [
                {
                  "date": "2024-01-03",
                  "setting": "Global coastal waters 2017–2021: Global Fishing Watch deep-learning mapping of untracked industrial vessels",
                  "model_version": "SAR imagery with deep-learning models",
                  "outcome": "unknown",
                  "source": "Paolo FS, Kroodsma D et al. 2024, Nature, doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06825-8"
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        },
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          "kind": "legacy_record",
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              ],
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                "Admissibility of AIS-derived evidence under the coastal state's law"
              ],
              "echoes": [
                {
                  "date": "2024-01-03",
                  "setting": "Global coastal waters 2017–2021: Global Fishing Watch deep-learning mapping of untracked industrial vessels",
                  "model_version": "SAR imagery with deep-learning models",
                  "outcome": "unknown",
                  "source": "Paolo FS, Kroodsma D et al. 2024, Nature, doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06825-8"
                }
              ]
            }
          }
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              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Benefit type set to Reduced Violence under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Environmental Sustainability among the six first used.",
                "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Added what happened since, the value as stated from the cited sources.",
                "source": "https://globalfishingwatch.org/transparency/indonesia-shares-vms-with-global-fishing-watch/; https://grist.org/science/this-new-digital-tool-could-help-fight-overfishing-around-the-world/",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
                "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceana_(non-profit_group); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
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                "editor": "AIBD"
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        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
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            "domain": "Fisheries enforcement",
            "segment": "Marine protected area enforcement"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
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          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
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        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
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          "kind": "record_fields",
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                "citation": "Dennis B. How Google is helping to crack down on illegal fishing - from space. The Washington Post, 15 September 2016.",
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                "date": "2016-09-15",
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              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
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                "title": "This new digital tool can help fight overfishing around the world",
                "url": "https://grist.org/science/this-new-digital-tool-could-help-fight-overfishing-around-the-world/",
                "date": "2016-09-15",
                "written_by": "makers",
                "quote": "This helped the country secure a $1 million fine against the Central Pacific Fishing Company, the owner of Marshalls 203."
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "Savitz J. How to spot the secretive activities of rogue fishing boats. BBC Future, 7 June 2018 (author is Oceana's chief policy officer for North America).",
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                "url": "https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20180607-how-to-spot-the-secretive-activities-of-rogue-fishing-boats",
                "date": "2018-06-07",
                "written_by": "makers",
                "quote": "Then we run them all through the Global Fishing Watch algorithm, and use machine learning and cloud computing to identify when they are fishing."
              },
              {
                "kind": "press release",
                "citation": "Cutlip K. Indonesia Makes its Fishing Fleet Visible to the World. Global Fishing Watch, 7 June 2017.",
                "title": "Indonesia Makes its Fishing Fleet Visible to the World",
                "url": "https://globalfishingwatch.org/transparency/indonesia-shares-vms-with-global-fishing-watch/",
                "date": "2017-06-07",
                "written_by": "makers"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
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          "record_fields": [
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          "source_refs": []
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        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
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        "value": {
          "kind": "identifiers",
          "identifiers": [
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            "AIBD-0196-source-0002",
            "AIBD-0196-source-0003",
            "AIBD-0196-source-0004"
          ],
          "role": "Existing evidence items, in their original order"
        },
        "provenance": {
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        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "complete"
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          "kind": "record_fields",
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              },
              {
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              {
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            ]
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          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].upstream_sources": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "strategic_assessments[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "strategic assessments"
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      "summary": {
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        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
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            "summary": "Kiribati used the Google-Oceana-SkyTruth platform to document Marshalls 203 fishing illegally in PIPA; a US$1 million fine plus a US$1 million goodwill grant followed (reported September 2016).",
            "account": "Global Fishing Watch, developed by Oceana, SkyTruth and Google, launched publicly at the Our Ocean conference on 15 September 2016. It processes AIS tracks of tens of thousands of vessels. In Oceana's description, it uses machine learning and cloud computing to identify when they are fishing. Before launch, the Washington Post reported, the government of Kiribati used it to document how a tuna-fishing vessel had operated illegally. That was inside the Phoenix Islands Protected Area, declared off-limits to commercial fishing in early 2015, resulting in a US$1 million fine. Oceana board member Ted Danson wrote in Grist that the vessel was the Marshall Islands-flagged Marshalls 203. The fine was against its owner, Central Pacific Fishing Company. A goodwill arrangement to pay a further US$1 million as a grant came with it. Oceana's Jacqueline Savitz wrote in BBC Future in 2018 that the technology helped Kiribati extract a US$2 million fine, about 1% of GDP. The cited sources do not date the fine."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
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          "record_fields": [
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          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].autonomy_permissions": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].component_role": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].deployment_configuration": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].inputs_outputs": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].model_name": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].model_version": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].product_name": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "system": "Global Fishing Watch (AIS-based fishing detection using machine learning)"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "system"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].provider": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "structured",
          "data": {
            "application_developer": "Oceana, SkyTruth and Google"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Mapped from the existing case description without a new external source review.",
          "record_fields": [
            "developer"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "taxonomy_crosswalks[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "title": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "title": "Global Fishing Watch data lets Kiribati fine a vessel US$1 million for fishing in the Phoenix Islands Protected Area",
            "headline": "Global Fishing Watch helps Kiribati fine a vessel US$1 million"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "title",
            "headline"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "version": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "identifiers",
          "identifiers": [
            "d51c291149dabfc21514acaa1e3cb88a3cec30bb0c61bb885ded2889f9236ed8"
          ],
          "role": "SHA-256 of normalized original case data"
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "curatorial",
          "basis": "Deterministic content version assigned by the local migration.",
          "record_fields": [],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "complete"
      },
      "workflow": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "account": "Global Fishing Watch, developed by Oceana, SkyTruth and Google, launched publicly at the Our Ocean conference on 15 September 2016. It processes AIS tracks of tens of thousands of vessels. In Oceana's description, it uses machine learning and cloud computing to identify when they are fishing. Before launch, the Washington Post reported, the government of Kiribati used it to document how a tuna-fishing vessel had operated illegally. That was inside the Phoenix Islands Protected Area, declared off-limits to commercial fishing in early 2015, resulting in a US$1 million fine. Oceana board member Ted Danson wrote in Grist that the vessel was the Marshall Islands-flagged Marshalls 203. The fine was against its owner, Central Pacific Fishing Company. A goodwill arrangement to pay a further US$1 million as a grant came with it. Oceana's Jacqueline Savitz wrote in BBC Future in 2018 that the technology helped Kiribati extract a US$2 million fine, about 1% of GDP. The cited sources do not date the fine.",
            "replication": {
              "produced_by": [
                "A vessel broadcasting AIS inside a no-take area that Kiribati closed to commercial fishing from 1 January 2015",
                "A government willing to prosecute on third-party satellite-derived evidence"
              ],
              "must_hold": [
                "AIS transmitters left on (the BBC piece notes vessels can switch them off)",
                "Admissibility of AIS-derived evidence under the coastal state's law"
              ],
              "echoes": [
                {
                  "date": "2024-01-03",
                  "setting": "Global coastal waters 2017–2021: Global Fishing Watch deep-learning mapping of untracked industrial vessels",
                  "model_version": "SAR imagery with deep-learning models",
                  "outcome": "unknown",
                  "source": "Paolo FS, Kroodsma D et al. 2024, Nature, doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06825-8"
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "account",
            "replication"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      }
    },
    "summary": {
      "total": 91,
      "addressed": 91,
      "known": 32,
      "reviewed": 0,
      "record_mapped": 32,
      "not_assessed": 59,
      "complete": false,
      "by_state": {
        "value_present": 32,
        "not_reported": 0,
        "unresolved": 0,
        "not_assessed": 59,
        "not_applicable": 0,
        "withheld": 0,
        "source_unavailable": 0
      }
    }
  }
}