{
  "id": "AIBD-0167",
  "title": "IdentiFlight automated curtailment at Top of the World cuts the eagle fatality rate by an estimated 50–82%, with wide uncertainty",
  "summary": "Peregrine Fund, WEST and USGS researchers estimated an 82% (75%–89%) relative cut in eagle deaths at a Wyoming wind farm after IdentiFlight curtailment; a 2023 reanalysis put it at 50% (−159%, 89%).",
  "date_observed": "2021-01-28",
  "date_basis": "unassessed",
  "date_precision": "unassessed",
  "benefit_status": null,
  "source_collection": null,
  "source_entry": null,
  "account": "McClure et al. (Journal of Applied Ecology, Crossref publication date 31 January 2021) tested an automated curtailment system. The site was Top of the World Windpower Facility, Wyoming, USA. Authors are from The Peregrine Fund, Western EcoSystems Technology and the U.S. Geological Survey. The cameras detect and classify flying objects and decide whether to curtail individual turbines. The design was before–after–control–impact, with a control site 15 km away. Correcting for carcass detection probability, they estimated fatalities fell 63% at the treatment site (95% confidence interval, CI, 59%–66%). They rose 113% at the control site, an 82% (75%–89%) relative reduction. They noted fatalities were not eliminated. Recharge reported the claim on 28 January 2021. Huso and Dalthorp (Journal of Applied Ecology, 30 August 2023) reanalyzed the data and reported four major errors. Corrected, these give 50% (−159%, 89%), consistent with no effect. McClure et al. replied the same day that their data support the efficacy of automated curtailment. Duerr et al. (PLoS One, 26 January 2023) assessed an IdentiFlight installation in California. It correctly identified 77% of eagles and 85% of non-eagles, with 5,439 curtailment orders for non-eagle targets against 850 for eagles. The OECD AI Incidents Monitor logged the 82% result as a positive record.",
  "category": "general benefit",
  "unexpected": false,
  "purpose": "IdentiFlight is built to detect and classify flying eagles and curtail individual turbines to avoid collisions; reduced eagle fatalities are the intended outcome.",
  "system": "IdentiFlight automated eagle detection and turbine curtailment (camera system with machine-learning classification)",
  "model_version": null,
  "developer": "IdentiFlight (Boulder Imaging)",
  "deployer": "Top of the World Windpower Facility, Wyoming",
  "location": "Wyoming, United States",
  "domain": "Energy",
  "segment": "Wind power wildlife mitigation",
  "benefit_type": "Improved Environmental Sustainability",
  "taxonomy_note": null,
  "registry_ids": {},
  "ratings": [
    {
      "group": "societal",
      "depth": null,
      "reason": "Reduced eagle fatalities are an aggregate estimate whose size is disputed; no individually attributable outcome is documented."
    },
    {
      "group": "organizational",
      "depth": null,
      "reason": "The operator's benefit (fewer protected-species fatalities) is not quantified independently of the disputed estimate."
    }
  ],
  "ai_role": {
    "status": "assessed",
    "statement": "The system's classification decisions trigger curtailment, so any fatality reduction runs through the AI. The peer-reviewed estimate is independent of the maker but is challenged by a peer-reviewed reanalysis (50%, interval including zero). The California assessment shows 23% of eagles missed and six times more non-eagle than eagle curtailments. The size of the benefit is therefore unsettled."
  },
  "evidence": [
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "McClure, C. J. W., Rolek, B. W., Dunn, L., McCabe, J. D., Martinson, L., Katzner, T., 'Eagle fatalities are reduced by automated curtailment of wind turbines', Journal of Applied Ecology (2021), doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13831",
      "title": "Eagle fatalities are reduced by automated curtailment of wind turbines",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13831",
      "date": "2021-01-31",
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": "In total, there was an 82% (75%–89%) reduction in the fatality rate at the treatment site relative to the control site."
    },
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "Huso, M., Dalthorp, D., 'Reanalysis indicates little evidence of reduction in eagle mortality rate by automated curtailment of wind turbines', Journal of Applied Ecology (2023), doi:10.1111/1365-2664.14196",
      "title": "Reanalysis indicates little evidence of reduction in eagle mortality rate by automated curtailment of wind turbines",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14196",
      "date": "2023-08-30",
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": "We show that reported results stem from four major errors, which, when corrected, give an unremarkable estimate of 50% (−159%, 89%) reduction (or possible increase) in the fatality rate."
    },
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "McClure, C. J. W. et al., 'Reanalysis ignores pertinent data, includes inappropriate observations, and disregards realities of applied ecology: Response to Huso and Dalthorp (2023)', Journal of Applied Ecology (2023), doi:10.1111/1365-2664.14490",
      "title": "Reanalysis ignores pertinent data, includes inappropriate observations, and disregards realities of applied ecology: Response to Huso and Dalthorp (2023)",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14490",
      "date": "2023-08-30",
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": "As we show here, our data do indeed provide support for the efficacy of automated curtailment."
    },
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "Duerr, A. E., Parsons, A. E., Nagy, L. R., Kuehn, M. J., Bloom, P. H., 'Effectiveness of an artificial intelligence-based system to curtail wind turbines to reduce eagle collisions', PLoS One (2023), doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0278754",
      "title": "Effectiveness of an artificial intelligence-based system to curtail wind turbines to reduce eagle collisions",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278754",
      "date": "2023-01-26",
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": "The system correctly identified 77% of eagles and 85% of non-eagles."
    },
    {
      "kind": "news report",
      "citation": "Andrew Lee, 'Wind farm eagle deaths cut by 82% as smart cameras spot birds then halt turbines', Recharge, 28 January 2021",
      "title": "Wind farm eagle deaths 'cut by 82%' as smart cameras spot birds then halt turbines",
      "url": "https://www.rechargenews.com/wind/wind-farm-eagle-deaths-cut-by-82-as-smart-cameras-spot-birds-then-halt-turbines/2-1-953479",
      "date": "2021-01-28",
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": "Optical and machine-learning system that prompts 'informed curtailment' reduces fatalities in Wyoming test, it is claimed"
    },
    {
      "kind": "registry label",
      "citation": "OECD AI Incidents Monitor, record 2021-01-28-085c",
      "title": "AI System IdentiFlight Reduces Eagle Deaths at Wind Farms by 82%",
      "url": "https://oecd.ai/en/incidents/2021-01-28-085c",
      "date": "2021-01-28",
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": "has reduced eagle fatalities by 82% at wind farms, according to multiple studies."
    },
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "McClure, C. J. W., Rolek, B. W., Dunn, L., McCabe, J. D., Martinson, L., Katzner, T. E. (2022). Confirmation that eagle fatalities can be reduced by automated curtailment of wind turbines. Ecological Solutions and Evidence, published online 26 Aug 2022. doi:10.1002/2688-8319.12173",
      "title": "Confirmation that eagle fatalities can be reduced by automated curtailment of wind turbines",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/2688-8319.12173",
      "date": "2022-08-26",
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": "We demonstrate that eagle fatalities were reduced by 85% (95% highest density interval = 12%, 100%) after implementation of automated curtailment."
    },
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "McClure, C. J. W., Rolek, B. W., Dunn, L., McCabe, J. D., Martinson, L., Katzner, T. (2021). Eagle fatalities are reduced by automated curtailment of wind turbines. Journal of Applied Ecology 58(3): 446-452, as recorded in the USGS Publications Warehouse.",
      "title": "Eagle fatalities are reduced by automated curtailment of wind turbines",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70219527",
      "date": "2021-01-28",
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": null
    },
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "Huso, M., Dalthorp, D. (2023). Reanalysis indicates little evidence of reduction in eagle mortality rate by automated curtailment of wind turbines. Journal of Applied Ecology, 30 August 2023, as recorded in the USGS Publications Warehouse.",
      "title": "Reanalysis indicates little evidence of reduction in eagle mortality rate by automated curtailment of wind turbines",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70248352",
      "date": "2023-08-30",
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": null
    }
  ],
  "replication": {
    "produced_by": [
      "Camera towers covering turbine airspace with per-turbine curtailment control",
      "Carcass searches corrected for detection probability at treatment and control sites",
      "A single post-treatment year at one site, which the reanalysis says limits causal inference"
    ],
    "must_hold": [
      "Eagle abundance and flight behavior comparable to the Wyoming site",
      "Operators willing to accept curtailment losses, including misidentified non-eagle targets",
      "Longer, replicated monitoring to resolve the disputed effect size"
    ],
    "echoes": [
      {
        "date": "2023-01-26",
        "setting": "IdentiFlight installation at a California wind project; identification accuracy and virtual curtailments measured, no fatality outcome",
        "model_version": null,
        "outcome": "unknown",
        "source": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278754"
      },
      {
        "date": "2022-09-20",
        "setting": "Germany, IdentiFlight cameras deployed for lesser spotted eagles",
        "model_version": null,
        "outcome": "unknown",
        "source": "https://oecd.ai/en/incidents/2022-09-20-caeb"
      },
      {
        "date": "2022-08-26",
        "setting": "Same site, same authors, additional data and revised analysis",
        "model_version": null,
        "outcome": "recurred",
        "source": "https://doi.org/10.1002/2688-8319.12173"
      }
    ]
  },
  "paired_incident": null,
  "headline": "IdentiFlight cuts eagle deaths by an estimated 50–82%",
  "metric": "82% (75%–89%) relative cut in eagle deaths at a Wyoming wind farm",
  "comparator": {
    "against": "a control wind facility 15 km away without automated curtailment, before and after the installation",
    "before": "increasing at the control site by 113% (51%–218%)",
    "after": "the number of fatalities at the treatment site declined by 63% (95% CI = 59%–66%)",
    "basis": "measured",
    "quote": "After correcting for carcass detection probability and scaling fatality estimates to turbine‐years, we estimate that the number of fatalities at the treatment site declined by 63% (95% CI = 59%–66%) between before and after periods while increasing at the control site by 113% (51%–218%). In total, there was an 82% (75%–89%) reduction in the fatality rate at the treatment site relative to the control site.",
    "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70219527"
  },
  "later": {
    "status": "reversed",
    "date": "2023-08-30",
    "note": "A USGS reanalysis by Huso and Dalthorp found the 82% claim unsupported, estimating a 50% reduction with an interval spanning an increase; the original authors published a rebuttal the same day.",
    "quote": "We show that reported results stem from four major errors, which, when corrected, give an unremarkable estimate of 50% (−159%, 89%) reduction (or possible increase) in the fatality rate.",
    "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70248352"
  },
  "value": null,
  "developer_country": "United States",
  "deployer_country": "United States",
  "unrated_because": null,
  "brief_notes": null,
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  "revisions": [
    {
      "date": "2026-10-20",
      "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.",
      "source": null,
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-20",
      "change": "Merged a second write-up of the same study: added the authors' 2022 confirmation paper as a source and a replication.",
      "source": null,
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Headline reworded to state the event without naming who claims it.",
      "source": null,
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Title reworded to state the event without naming who claims it.",
      "source": null,
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against, what happened since from the cited sources.",
      "source": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70219527; https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70248352",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
      "source": "https://www.identiflight.com/contact; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_World_Windpower_Project",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Prose pass: account, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.",
      "source": null,
      "editor": "AIBD"
    }
  ],
  "confidence": "studied",
  "shade": "high",
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              },
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                "citation": "McClure, C. J. W., Rolek, B. W., Dunn, L., McCabe, J. D., Martinson, L., Katzner, T., 'Eagle fatalities are reduced by automated curtailment of wind turbines', Journal of Applied Ecology (2021), doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13831",
                "title": "Eagle fatalities are reduced by automated curtailment of wind turbines",
                "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13831",
                "date": "2021-01-31",
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                "quote": "In total, there was an 82% (75%–89%) reduction in the fatality rate at the treatment site relative to the control site."
              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Huso, M., Dalthorp, D., 'Reanalysis indicates little evidence of reduction in eagle mortality rate by automated curtailment of wind turbines', Journal of Applied Ecology (2023), doi:10.1111/1365-2664.14196",
                "title": "Reanalysis indicates little evidence of reduction in eagle mortality rate by automated curtailment of wind turbines",
                "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14196",
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                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "McClure, C. J. W. et al., 'Reanalysis ignores pertinent data, includes inappropriate observations, and disregards realities of applied ecology: Response to Huso and Dalthorp (2023)', Journal of Applied Ecology (2023), doi:10.1111/1365-2664.14490",
                "title": "Reanalysis ignores pertinent data, includes inappropriate observations, and disregards realities of applied ecology: Response to Huso and Dalthorp (2023)",
                "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14490",
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                "title": "Effectiveness of an artificial intelligence-based system to curtail wind turbines to reduce eagle collisions",
                "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278754",
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                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "Andrew Lee, 'Wind farm eagle deaths cut by 82% as smart cameras spot birds then halt turbines', Recharge, 28 January 2021",
                "title": "Wind farm eagle deaths 'cut by 82%' as smart cameras spot birds then halt turbines",
                "url": "https://www.rechargenews.com/wind/wind-farm-eagle-deaths-cut-by-82-as-smart-cameras-spot-birds-then-halt-turbines/2-1-953479",
                "date": "2021-01-28",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "Optical and machine-learning system that prompts 'informed curtailment' reduces fatalities in Wyoming test, it is claimed"
              },
              {
                "kind": "registry label",
                "citation": "OECD AI Incidents Monitor, record 2021-01-28-085c",
                "title": "AI System IdentiFlight Reduces Eagle Deaths at Wind Farms by 82%",
                "url": "https://oecd.ai/en/incidents/2021-01-28-085c",
                "date": "2021-01-28",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "has reduced eagle fatalities by 82% at wind farms, according to multiple studies."
              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "McClure, C. J. W., Rolek, B. W., Dunn, L., McCabe, J. D., Martinson, L., Katzner, T. E. (2022). Confirmation that eagle fatalities can be reduced by automated curtailment of wind turbines. Ecological Solutions and Evidence, published online 26 Aug 2022. doi:10.1002/2688-8319.12173",
                "title": "Confirmation that eagle fatalities can be reduced by automated curtailment of wind turbines",
                "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/2688-8319.12173",
                "date": "2022-08-26",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "We demonstrate that eagle fatalities were reduced by 85% (95% highest density interval = 12%, 100%) after implementation of automated curtailment."
              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "McClure, C. J. W., Rolek, B. W., Dunn, L., McCabe, J. D., Martinson, L., Katzner, T. (2021). Eagle fatalities are reduced by automated curtailment of wind turbines. Journal of Applied Ecology 58(3): 446-452, as recorded in the USGS Publications Warehouse.",
                "title": "Eagle fatalities are reduced by automated curtailment of wind turbines",
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              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Huso, M., Dalthorp, D. (2023). Reanalysis indicates little evidence of reduction in eagle mortality rate by automated curtailment of wind turbines. Journal of Applied Ecology, 30 August 2023, as recorded in the USGS Publications Warehouse.",
                "title": "Reanalysis indicates little evidence of reduction in eagle mortality rate by automated curtailment of wind turbines",
                "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70248352",
                "date": "2023-08-30",
                "written_by": "independent"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
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          "role": "Existing evidence items, in their original order"
        },
        "provenance": {
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        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "evidence": [
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "McClure, C. J. W., Rolek, B. W., Dunn, L., McCabe, J. D., Martinson, L., Katzner, T., 'Eagle fatalities are reduced by automated curtailment of wind turbines', Journal of Applied Ecology (2021), doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13831",
                "title": "Eagle fatalities are reduced by automated curtailment of wind turbines",
                "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13831",
                "date": "2021-01-31",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "In total, there was an 82% (75%–89%) reduction in the fatality rate at the treatment site relative to the control site."
              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Huso, M., Dalthorp, D., 'Reanalysis indicates little evidence of reduction in eagle mortality rate by automated curtailment of wind turbines', Journal of Applied Ecology (2023), doi:10.1111/1365-2664.14196",
                "title": "Reanalysis indicates little evidence of reduction in eagle mortality rate by automated curtailment of wind turbines",
                "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14196",
                "date": "2023-08-30",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "We show that reported results stem from four major errors, which, when corrected, give an unremarkable estimate of 50% (−159%, 89%) reduction (or possible increase) in the fatality rate."
              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "McClure, C. J. W. et al., 'Reanalysis ignores pertinent data, includes inappropriate observations, and disregards realities of applied ecology: Response to Huso and Dalthorp (2023)', Journal of Applied Ecology (2023), doi:10.1111/1365-2664.14490",
                "title": "Reanalysis ignores pertinent data, includes inappropriate observations, and disregards realities of applied ecology: Response to Huso and Dalthorp (2023)",
                "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14490",
                "date": "2023-08-30",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "As we show here, our data do indeed provide support for the efficacy of automated curtailment."
              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Duerr, A. E., Parsons, A. E., Nagy, L. R., Kuehn, M. J., Bloom, P. H., 'Effectiveness of an artificial intelligence-based system to curtail wind turbines to reduce eagle collisions', PLoS One (2023), doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0278754",
                "title": "Effectiveness of an artificial intelligence-based system to curtail wind turbines to reduce eagle collisions",
                "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278754",
                "date": "2023-01-26",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "The system correctly identified 77% of eagles and 85% of non-eagles."
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "Andrew Lee, 'Wind farm eagle deaths cut by 82% as smart cameras spot birds then halt turbines', Recharge, 28 January 2021",
                "title": "Wind farm eagle deaths 'cut by 82%' as smart cameras spot birds then halt turbines",
                "url": "https://www.rechargenews.com/wind/wind-farm-eagle-deaths-cut-by-82-as-smart-cameras-spot-birds-then-halt-turbines/2-1-953479",
                "date": "2021-01-28",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "Optical and machine-learning system that prompts 'informed curtailment' reduces fatalities in Wyoming test, it is claimed"
              },
              {
                "kind": "registry label",
                "citation": "OECD AI Incidents Monitor, record 2021-01-28-085c",
                "title": "AI System IdentiFlight Reduces Eagle Deaths at Wind Farms by 82%",
                "url": "https://oecd.ai/en/incidents/2021-01-28-085c",
                "date": "2021-01-28",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "has reduced eagle fatalities by 82% at wind farms, according to multiple studies."
              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "McClure, C. J. W., Rolek, B. W., Dunn, L., McCabe, J. D., Martinson, L., Katzner, T. E. (2022). Confirmation that eagle fatalities can be reduced by automated curtailment of wind turbines. Ecological Solutions and Evidence, published online 26 Aug 2022. doi:10.1002/2688-8319.12173",
                "title": "Confirmation that eagle fatalities can be reduced by automated curtailment of wind turbines",
                "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/2688-8319.12173",
                "date": "2022-08-26",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "We demonstrate that eagle fatalities were reduced by 85% (95% highest density interval = 12%, 100%) after implementation of automated curtailment."
              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "McClure, C. J. W., Rolek, B. W., Dunn, L., McCabe, J. D., Martinson, L., Katzner, T. (2021). Eagle fatalities are reduced by automated curtailment of wind turbines. Journal of Applied Ecology 58(3): 446-452, as recorded in the USGS Publications Warehouse.",
                "title": "Eagle fatalities are reduced by automated curtailment of wind turbines",
                "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70219527",
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              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Huso, M., Dalthorp, D. (2023). Reanalysis indicates little evidence of reduction in eagle mortality rate by automated curtailment of wind turbines. Journal of Applied Ecology, 30 August 2023, as recorded in the USGS Publications Warehouse.",
                "title": "Reanalysis indicates little evidence of reduction in eagle mortality rate by automated curtailment of wind turbines",
                "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70248352",
                "date": "2023-08-30",
                "written_by": "independent"
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            ]
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            "summary": "Peregrine Fund, WEST and USGS researchers estimated an 82% (75%–89%) relative cut in eagle deaths at a Wyoming wind farm after IdentiFlight curtailment; a 2023 reanalysis put it at 50% (−159%, 89%).",
            "account": "McClure et al. (Journal of Applied Ecology, Crossref publication date 31 January 2021) tested an automated curtailment system. The site was Top of the World Windpower Facility, Wyoming, USA. Authors are from The Peregrine Fund, Western EcoSystems Technology and the U.S. Geological Survey. The cameras detect and classify flying objects and decide whether to curtail individual turbines. The design was before–after–control–impact, with a control site 15 km away. Correcting for carcass detection probability, they estimated fatalities fell 63% at the treatment site (95% confidence interval, CI, 59%–66%). They rose 113% at the control site, an 82% (75%–89%) relative reduction. They noted fatalities were not eliminated. Recharge reported the claim on 28 January 2021. Huso and Dalthorp (Journal of Applied Ecology, 30 August 2023) reanalyzed the data and reported four major errors. Corrected, these give 50% (−159%, 89%), consistent with no effect. McClure et al. replied the same day that their data support the efficacy of automated curtailment. Duerr et al. (PLoS One, 26 January 2023) assessed an IdentiFlight installation in California. It correctly identified 77% of eagles and 85% of non-eagles, with 5,439 curtailment orders for non-eagle targets against 850 for eagles. The OECD AI Incidents Monitor logged the 82% result as a positive record."
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            "application_developer": "IdentiFlight (Boulder Imaging)"
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        "state": "value_present",
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          "fields": {
            "title": "IdentiFlight automated curtailment at Top of the World cuts the eagle fatality rate by an estimated 50–82%, with wide uncertainty",
            "headline": "IdentiFlight cuts eagle deaths by an estimated 50–82%"
          }
        },
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          "fields": {
            "account": "McClure et al. (Journal of Applied Ecology, Crossref publication date 31 January 2021) tested an automated curtailment system. The site was Top of the World Windpower Facility, Wyoming, USA. Authors are from The Peregrine Fund, Western EcoSystems Technology and the U.S. Geological Survey. The cameras detect and classify flying objects and decide whether to curtail individual turbines. The design was before–after–control–impact, with a control site 15 km away. Correcting for carcass detection probability, they estimated fatalities fell 63% at the treatment site (95% confidence interval, CI, 59%–66%). They rose 113% at the control site, an 82% (75%–89%) relative reduction. They noted fatalities were not eliminated. Recharge reported the claim on 28 January 2021. Huso and Dalthorp (Journal of Applied Ecology, 30 August 2023) reanalyzed the data and reported four major errors. Corrected, these give 50% (−159%, 89%), consistent with no effect. McClure et al. replied the same day that their data support the efficacy of automated curtailment. Duerr et al. (PLoS One, 26 January 2023) assessed an IdentiFlight installation in California. It correctly identified 77% of eagles and 85% of non-eagles, with 5,439 curtailment orders for non-eagle targets against 850 for eagles. The OECD AI Incidents Monitor logged the 82% result as a positive record.",
            "replication": {
              "produced_by": [
                "Camera towers covering turbine airspace with per-turbine curtailment control",
                "Carcass searches corrected for detection probability at treatment and control sites",
                "A single post-treatment year at one site, which the reanalysis says limits causal inference"
              ],
              "must_hold": [
                "Eagle abundance and flight behavior comparable to the Wyoming site",
                "Operators willing to accept curtailment losses, including misidentified non-eagle targets",
                "Longer, replicated monitoring to resolve the disputed effect size"
              ],
              "echoes": [
                {
                  "date": "2023-01-26",
                  "setting": "IdentiFlight installation at a California wind project; identification accuracy and virtual curtailments measured, no fatality outcome",
                  "outcome": "unknown",
                  "source": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278754"
                },
                {
                  "date": "2022-09-20",
                  "setting": "Germany, IdentiFlight cameras deployed for lesser spotted eagles",
                  "outcome": "unknown",
                  "source": "https://oecd.ai/en/incidents/2022-09-20-caeb"
                },
                {
                  "date": "2022-08-26",
                  "setting": "Same site, same authors, additional data and revised analysis",
                  "outcome": "recurred",
                  "source": "https://doi.org/10.1002/2688-8319.12173"
                }
              ]
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        "not_reported": 0,
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}