{ "id": "AIBD-0100", "title": "PROMPTS improves pregnant women’s knowledge and reported care in Kenya", "summary": "Women invited to PROMPTS improved several measures of knowledge, preparation for childbirth, and reported care by 0.06–0.09 standard deviations.", "date_observed": "2022-08-24", "date_basis": "event", "date_precision": "day", "benefit_status": "reported", "source_collection": null, "source_entry": null, "account": "Researchers studied PROMPTS at 40 Kenyan health facilities. The platform combined health information, reminders, and a helpdesk that classified questions for automated replies or clinical review. The trial enrolled 6,139 pregnant women between November and December 2021 and followed them through August 2022. Women at facilities assigned to introduce PROMPTS had improvements of 0.06–0.09 standard deviations across five measures of knowledge, preparation, and reported care. Care-seeking for danger signs did not improve significantly. The trial evaluated the whole platform and was not powered for clinical outcomes. The NLP system changed during this period: the technical paper dates TRIM-AI deployment to June 2022.", "category": "general benefit", "unexpected": false, "purpose": "Deliver pregnancy and postpartum information by SMS and triage incoming questions to a clinical helpdesk by intent and priority.", "system": "PROMPTS, an SMS health platform with automated message classification and a clinical helpdesk; TRIM-AI was introduced in June 2022", "model_version": null, "developer": "Jacaranda Health", "deployer": "Jacaranda Health with Kenyan county health facilities", "location": "Eight counties (Kajiado, Kilifi, Kirinyaga, Kisii, Meru, Narok, Nyeri, Siaya), Kenya", "domain": "Maternal and newborn health", "segment": "Non-profit digital health", "benefit_type": "Improved Physical Health", "taxonomy_note": "The trial measured health knowledge and reported care practices, not clinical outcomes.", "registry_ids": {}, "ratings": [ { "group": "personal", "depth": 2, "reason": "Women had measurable improvements in knowledge and reported care practices." } ], "ai_role": { "status": "assessed", "statement": "The helpdesk classified questions and directed messages to automated responses or clinicians. The trial evaluated the whole platform, so the NLP system’s separate effect was not measured." }, "evidence": [ { "kind": "peer-reviewed study", "citation": "Vatsa, Rajet, et al. PLOS Medicine 22, no. 2 (2025): e1004527. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004527.", "title": "Impact Evaluation of a Digital Health Platform Empowering Kenyan Women across the Pregnancy-Postpartum Care Continuum: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1004527", "date": "2025-02-03", "written_by": "evaluator", "quote": null }, { "kind": "peer-reviewed study", "citation": "Zhang, Wenbo, et al. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, no. 12 (2023): 14620–27. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i12.26709.", "title": "A Continual Pre-Training Approach to Tele-Triaging Pregnant Women in Kenya", "url": "https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/26709", "date": "2023-06-26", "written_by": "makers", "quote": null }, { "kind": "report", "citation": "Jacaranda Health. PROMPTS. Program brochure, n.d.", "title": "PROMPTS", "url": "https://jacarandahealth.org/ypoagriw/2023/11/PROMPTS-BROCHURE-V4.pdf", "date": null, "written_by": "deployer", "quote": null }, { "kind": "report", "citation": "Jacaranda Health. Q3 Impact Report: July–September 2025.", "title": "Q3 Impact Report 2025", "url": "https://jacarandahealth.org/ypoagriw/2025/11/Q3-2025-Impact-Report-1.pdf", "date": null, "written_by": "deployer", "quote": null } ], "replication": { "produced_by": [ "Scheduled information and reminders", "An NLP helpdesk that sorted questions for replies or clinical review", "Facility enrollment and county partnerships" ], "must_hold": [ "Access to a phone that can receive text messages", "Clinical staff for escalated questions", "Facilities that support enrollment" ], "echoes": [] }, "paired_incident": { "database": "AI Incident Database", "identifier": "545", "title": "Chatbot Tessa gives unauthorized diet advice to users seeking help for eating disorders", "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/545", "severity": null, "group": "personal", "basis": "Both programs used automated health-message support. This is an editorial comparison of a shared function, not evidence that their systems or clinical safeguards were equivalent." }, "headline": "Pregnant women gain knowledge and receive more recommended care", "metric": "raised knowledge and care-seeking indices by 0.06–0.09 SD", "comparator": { "against": "Women at facilities that did not systematically introduce PROMPTS", "before": "Usual care, with independent enrollment in PROMPTS still possible", "after": "Five indices improved by 0.06–0.09 standard deviations; danger-sign care-seeking did not differ significantly", "basis": "measured", "quote": "No significant effect on the danger sign care seeking index was found", "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1004527" }, "later": { "status": "scaled", "date": null, "note": "Jacaranda reported cumulative reach of 3,580,095 mothers across 23 Kenyan counties and 1,500 facilities during July–September 2025. It also reported an agreement for expansion in Ghana.", "quote": null, "url": "https://jacarandahealth.org/ypoagriw/2025/11/Q3-2025-Impact-Report-1.pdf" }, "value": null, "developer_country": "Kenya", "deployer_country": "Kenya", "unrated_because": null, "brief_notes": null, "brief": null, "revisions": [ { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.", "source": null, "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Paired with AI Incident Database incident 545 (medium confidence); severity not given by the source.", "source": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/545", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Reworded the helpdesk description so that roughly 86% of messages receive automated guidance and only escalations reach clinical agents, and restated authorship so that Harvard holds the first and joint senior authorships, the IPA authors did data curation, investigation and supervision, five authors are Jacaranda Health employees, and the USAID DIV and Gates grants were awarded to the Jacaranda Health team.", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11835334/", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Benefit type set to Improved Physical Health under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Learning among the six first used.", "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against, what happened since from the cited sources.", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11835334/; https://jacarandahealth.org/ypoagriw/2025/11/Q3-2025-Impact-Report-1.pdf", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.", "source": "https://www.jacarandahealth.org/; https://www.jacarandahealth.org/", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.", "source": null, "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-25", "change": "Reviewed the original evidence and supporting material; updated system details, methods, outcomes, limitations, costs, and source lineage.", "source": "https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1004527", "editor": "AIBD" } ], "confidence": "claimed", "shade": "low", "claim_status": "The deployer's account", "claim_basis": "Sources: the makers' peer-reviewed study, two reports from the deployer and the evaluators' peer-reviewed study. 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The technical paper also gives about KES 24,000 for its rounded monthly saving of about US$200." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "R3 p. 2; R2 p. 14626.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0003", "AIBD-0100-source-0002" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "The sources report U.S. dollars. The technical paper also gives about KES 24,000 for its rounded monthly saving of about US$200." } }, "economics[].gross_net": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "The enrollment figure is a cost. 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The technical saving covers model and translation services, not the full health program." } }, "economics[].measure_type": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "A provider estimate of enrollment cost and a separate estimate of NLP operating costs." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "R3 p. 2; R2 p. 14626.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0003", "AIBD-0100-source-0002" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "A provider estimate of enrollment cost and a separate estimate of NLP operating costs." } }, "economics[].period_unit": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Per enrollee over their time on the platform, and per month for the separate NLP estimate." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "R3 p. 2; R2 p. 14626.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0003", "AIBD-0100-source-0002" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Per enrollee over their time on the platform, and per month for the separate NLP estimate." } }, "economics[].realization": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Both figures are provider estimates. The trial did not audit them or measure a net monetary benefit." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "R3 p. 2; R2 p. 14626.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0003", "AIBD-0100-source-0002" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Both figures are provider estimates. The trial did not audit them or measure a net monetary benefit." } }, "economics[].recipient_payer": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Jacaranda and its partners fund delivery. Participants use PROMPTS free of charge." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "R1 intervention; R3 p. 2.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0003", "AIBD-0100-source-0002" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Jacaranda and its partners fund delivery. Participants use PROMPTS free of charge." } }, "economics[].return_payback": { "state": "not_reported", "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Cost discussion and provider estimates.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001", "AIBD-0100-source-0002", "AIBD-0100-source-0003" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "reason": "No full financial return or payback period is reported.", "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "No full financial return or payback period is reported." } }, "economics[].valuation_method": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Jacaranda supplied the operating estimates. Subtracting US$632 from US$819 gives US$187 per month." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "R2 p. 14626.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0003", "AIBD-0100-source-0002" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Jacaranda supplied the operating estimates. Subtracting US$632 from US$819 gives US$187 per month." } }, "evaluations[].ai_uplift": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "The evaluation did not separate automated triage from information, reminders, or clinician support." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Design and limitations.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "The evaluation did not separate automated triage from information, reminders, or clinician support." } }, "evaluations[].comparator": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Women at control facilities were not systematically introduced to PROMPTS, although they could join independently." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Intervention and design.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Women at control facilities were not systematically introduced to PROMPTS, although they could join independently." } }, "evaluations[].design": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Twenty facilities introduced PROMPTS and twenty continued usual care. Assignment was stratified within counties." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Methods and S1 Text.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Twenty facilities introduced PROMPTS and twenty continued usual care. Assignment was stratified within counties." } }, "evaluations[].effect": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Five indices improved by 0.06–0.09 standard deviations. Care-seeking for danger signs did not differ significantly." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Abstract and Tables 2–6.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Five indices improved by 0.06–0.09 standard deviations. Care-seeking for danger signs did not differ significantly." } }, "evaluations[].exposure": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Among treatment participants surveyed during pregnancy, 1,453 of 1,700 reported joining PROMPTS." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Results, uptake.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Among treatment participants surveyed during pregnancy, 1,453 of 1,700 reported joining PROMPTS." } }, "evaluations[].id": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "identifiers", "identifiers": [ "AIBD-0100-E01", "AIBD-0100-E02" ], "role": "evaluations" }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Identifiers assigned to the evaluations described here.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001", "AIBD-0100-source-0002" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "AIBD-0100-E01, AIBD-0100-E02" } }, "evaluations[].measurement_method": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Telephone surveys measured knowledge and reported care. Analysis compared assigned groups and accounted for clustering by facility." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Methods.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Telephone surveys measured knowledge and reported care. Analysis compared assigned groups and accounted for clustering by facility." } }, "evaluations[].metric": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Knowledge, birth preparation, routine and danger-sign care, newborn care, and postpartum care content." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Outcome definitions; Tables 2–6.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Knowledge, birth preparation, routine and danger-sign care, newborn care, and postpartum care content." } }, "evaluations[].reproduction_materials": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "The public repository contains analysis code and documentation. Participant data remain restricted under the study’s approvals." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Data availability; repository README at https://github.com/RVatsa96/prompts-evaluation.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "The public repository contains analysis code and documentation. Participant data remain restricted under the study’s approvals." } }, "evaluations[].setting_sample": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "There were 6,139 participants at 40 facilities. Researchers completed 5,509 of 6,128 eligible postpartum interviews." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Flow diagram; pp. 12–13.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "There were 6,139 participants at 40 facilities. Researchers completed 5,509 of 6,128 eligible postpartum interviews." } }, "evaluations[].uncertainty_limitations": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Outcomes were self-reported. The study was not powered for clinical outcomes, and a parallel nurse-training program could have influenced care." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Strengths and limitations.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Outcomes were self-reported. The study was not powered for clinical outcomes, and a parallel nurse-training program could have influenced care." } }, "external_references[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "paired_incident": { "database": "AI Incident Database", "identifier": "545", "title": "Chatbot Tessa gives unauthorized diet advice to users seeking help for eating disorders", "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/545", "group": "personal", "basis": "Both programs used automated health-message support. This is an editorial comparison of a shared function, not evidence that their systems or clinical safeguards were equivalent." } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "paired_incident" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "follow_up[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "For July–September 2025, Jacaranda reported cumulative reach of 3,580,095 mothers across 23 Kenyan counties and 1,500 facilities." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Opening scale figures.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0004" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "For July–September 2025, Jacaranda reported cumulative reach of 3,580,095 mothers across 23 Kenyan counties and 1,500 facilities." } }, "human_oversight": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Clinical staff prepared responses and handled escalated messages. The technical evaluation asked users whether automated answers were helpful." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Deployment section and online appendix.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0002" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Clinical staff prepared responses and handled escalated messages. The technical evaluation asked users whether automated answers were helpful." } }, "id": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "id": "AIBD-0100" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "id" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "infrastructure_dependencies[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Women needed access to a phone that could receive texts. The service also needed mobile networks, facility enrollment, and clinical helpdesk staff." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Eligibility and intervention.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Women needed access to a phone that could receive texts. The service also needed mobile networks, facility enrollment, and clinical helpdesk staff." } }, "outcomes[].beneficiaries": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Women attending participating facilities who had access to a mobile phone." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Eligibility.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Women attending participating facilities who had access to a mobile phone." } }, "outcomes[].beneficiary_count": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "The trial enrolled 6,139 women: 3,140 at treatment facilities and 2,999 at control facilities." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Results and flow diagram.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "The trial enrolled 6,139 women: 3,140 at treatment facilities and 2,999 at control facilities." } }, "outcomes[].benefit_type": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Improved health knowledge and use of recommended maternal and newborn care." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Tables 2–6.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Improved health knowledge and use of recommended maternal and newborn care." } }, "outcomes[].claim": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "The invitation to use PROMPTS improved several measures of knowledge, preparation, and care." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Tables 2–6.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "The invitation to use PROMPTS improved several measures of knowledge, preparation, and care." } }, "outcomes[].distribution": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "The trial covered public and faith-based facilities in eight counties. It excluded women without phone access." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Setting and eligibility.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "The trial covered public and faith-based facilities in eight counties. It excluded women without phone access." } }, "outcomes[].duration": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Researchers followed participants from pregnancy into the early postpartum period." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Follow-up methods.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Researchers followed participants from pregnancy into the early postpartum period." } }, "outcomes[].id": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].stakeholder_group": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Pregnant and postpartum women and their newborns." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Study population.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Pregnant and postpartum women and their newborns." } }, "outcomes[].status": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Observed in a randomized evaluation." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Methods and results.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Observed in a randomized evaluation." } }, "outcomes[].tradeoffs": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "The service depended on phone access and did not replace clinical care. The trial did not establish effects on deaths or serious illness." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Eligibility and limitations.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "The service depended on phone access and did not replace clinical care. The trial did not establish effects on deaths or serious illness." } }, "outcomes[].unexpected": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Better knowledge and care were the intended benefits." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Study objectives.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Better knowledge and care were the intended benefits." } }, "places[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Forty facilities participated across Kajiado, Kilifi, Kirinyaga, Kisii, Meru, Narok, Nyeri, and Siaya counties in Kenya." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Study setting and Table 1.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Forty facilities participated across Kajiado, Kilifi, Kirinyaga, Kisii, Meru, Narok, Nyeri, and Siaya counties in Kenya." } }, "purpose": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "PROMPTS provided pregnancy information, reminders, and help with questions through text messages." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Intervention description, pp. 5–6.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "PROMPTS provided pregnancy information, reminders, and help with questions through text messages." } }, "record_dates": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "structured", "data": { "start": "2021-11-08", "end": "2022-08-24", "precision": "day", "display": "8 November 2021–24 August 2022", "refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "current_date_observed": "2021-11-08", "instruction": "Use the observed result period for the case date. Keep the full study period separately; the normalized sort date does not imply a more precise observation.", "observed_result_period": "2022-08-24", "observed_result_precision": "day", "observed_result_basis": "Last day of trial follow-up." } }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Original study timing.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Recruitment ran from 8 November to 10 December 2021. Follow-up continued through 24 August 2022." } }, "replication.attempts[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "The later report documents expansion, rather than a new randomized test of the Kenyan trial result." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Scale and expansion sections.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0004" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "The later report documents expansion, rather than a new randomized test of the Kenyan trial result." } }, "replication.conditions": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Women need access to SMS, facilities must support enrollment, and clinicians must be available for escalated questions." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Intervention and eligibility.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Women need access to SMS, facilities must support enrollment, and clinicians must be available for escalated questions." } }, "revision_history[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "revisions": [ { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Paired with AI Incident Database incident 545 (medium confidence); severity not given by the source.", "source": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/545", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Reworded the helpdesk description so that roughly 86% of messages receive automated guidance and only escalations reach clinical agents, and restated authorship so that Harvard holds the first and joint senior authorships, the IPA authors did data curation, investigation and supervision, five authors are Jacaranda Health employees, and the USAID DIV and Gates grants were awarded to the Jacaranda Health team.", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11835334/", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Benefit type set to Improved Physical Health under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Learning among the six first used.", "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against, what happened since from the cited sources.", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11835334/; https://jacarandahealth.org/ypoagriw/2025/11/Q3-2025-Impact-Report-1.pdf", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.", "source": "https://www.jacarandahealth.org/; https://www.jacarandahealth.org/", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-25", "change": "Reviewed the original evidence and supporting material; updated system details, methods, outcomes, limitations, costs, and source lineage.", "source": "https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1004527", "editor": "AIBD" } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "revisions" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "sector": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Maternal and newborn health." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Introduction.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Maternal and newborn health." } }, "sources[].access_version": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Original papers, relevant supplements, technical appendix, and provider reports were inspected. Model exposure by trial participant remains unresolved." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Methods, Tables 1–6, discussion, and S1–S2 Text.; pp. 14621–26 and online appendix.; p. 2, costs; p. 3, helpdesk and AI.; Opening scale figures and Ghana expansion section.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001", "AIBD-0100-source-0002", "AIBD-0100-source-0003", "AIBD-0100-source-0004" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Original papers, relevant supplements, technical appendix, and provider reports were inspected. Model exposure by trial participant remains unresolved." } }, "sources[].citation_locator": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "The trial provides the benefit findings. Its references lead to the original NLP paper and provider cost estimate. A later provider report covers expansion." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Methods, Tables 1–6, discussion, and S1–S2 Text.; pp. 14621–26 and online appendix.; p. 2, costs; p. 3, helpdesk and AI.; Opening scale figures and Ghana expansion section.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001", "AIBD-0100-source-0002", "AIBD-0100-source-0003", "AIBD-0100-source-0004" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "The trial provides the benefit findings. Its references lead to the original NLP paper and provider cost estimate. A later provider report covers expansion." } }, "sources[].id": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "identifiers", "identifiers": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001", "AIBD-0100-source-0002", "AIBD-0100-source-0003", "AIBD-0100-source-0004" ], "role": "retained evidence" }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Retained evidence in the reviewed order.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001", "AIBD-0100-source-0002", "AIBD-0100-source-0003", "AIBD-0100-source-0004" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "AIBD-0100-source-0001, AIBD-0100-source-0002, AIBD-0100-source-0003, AIBD-0100-source-0004" } }, "sources[].language": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "English." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Methods, Tables 1–6, discussion, and S1–S2 Text.; pp. 14621–26 and online appendix.; p. 2, costs; p. 3, helpdesk and AI.; Opening scale figures and Ghana expansion section.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001", "AIBD-0100-source-0002", "AIBD-0100-source-0003", "AIBD-0100-source-0004" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "English." } }, "sources[].relationship": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "The benefit study includes both outside researchers and Jacaranda. The technical and cost claims come from the developer partnership and provider." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Methods, Tables 1–6, discussion, and S1–S2 Text.; pp. 14621–26 and online appendix.; p. 2, costs; p. 3, helpdesk and AI.; Opening scale figures and Ghana expansion section.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001", "AIBD-0100-source-0002", "AIBD-0100-source-0003", "AIBD-0100-source-0004" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "The benefit study includes both outside researchers and Jacaranda. The technical and cost claims come from the developer partnership and provider." } }, "sources[].upstream_sources": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "structured", "data": { "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25", "lead_source_ref": "AIBD-0100-source-0001", "retained_source_order": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001", "AIBD-0100-source-0002", "AIBD-0100-source-0003", "AIBD-0100-source-0004" ], "origins": [ { "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1004527", "title": "Impact Evaluation of a Digital Health Platform Empowering Kenyan Women across the Pregnancy-Postpartum Care Continuum: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial", "locator": "Methods, Tables 1–6, discussion, and S1–S2 Text.", "contribution": "Original trial of the complete platform, with sample, methods, outcomes, and limitations.", "relationship": "Primary study by researchers from Harvard, the World Bank, Innovations for Poverty Action, and Jacaranda Health. Five authors were Jacaranda employees.", "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "access": "Original publisher PDF downloaded. Methods, results, discussion, references, and the complete randomization and exclusions supplements were read. The protocol was downloaded and searched, not fully reviewed.", "publication_date": "2025-02-03" }, { "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1004527&type=printable", "locator": "Published article.", "contribution": "Published article.", "relationship": "Access copy, supplement, or earlier version of the same work.", "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ] }, { "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1004527.s004&type=supplementary", "locator": "S1 Text, randomization.", "contribution": "S1 Text, randomization.", "relationship": "Access copy, supplement, or earlier version of the same work.", "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ] }, { "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1004527.s005&type=supplementary", "locator": "S2 Text, outcomes omitted or changed from preregistration.", "contribution": "S2 Text, outcomes omitted or changed from preregistration.", "relationship": "Access copy, supplement, or earlier version of the same work.", "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ] }, { "url": "https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/26709", "title": "A Continual Pre-Training Approach to Tele-Triaging Pregnant Women in Kenya", "locator": "pp. 14621–26 and online appendix.", "contribution": "Original technical account of the earlier classifier, TRIM-AI, deployment date, response workflow, and estimated operating costs.", "relationship": "Primary technical study by the developers and Jacaranda Health.", "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0002" ], "access": "Original publisher PDF and complete two-page online appendix were read in the cited sections.", "publication_date": "2023-06-26" }, { "url": "https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/26709/26481", "locator": "Published technical paper.", "contribution": "Published technical paper.", "relationship": "Access copy, supplement, or earlier version of the same work.", "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0002" ] }, { "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wenbozhangjs/AAAI2023-paper-appendix/main/AAAI23_paper_appendix.pdf", "locator": "Original online appendix.", "contribution": "Original online appendix.", "relationship": "Access copy, supplement, or earlier version of the same work.", "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0002" ] }, { "url": "https://jacarandahealth.org/ypoagriw/2023/11/PROMPTS-BROCHURE-V4.pdf", "title": "PROMPTS", "locator": "p. 2, costs; p. 3, helpdesk and AI.", "contribution": "Original provider estimate of lifetime cost per enrollee and description of the clinical helpdesk.", "relationship": "Provider’s own operational account. This is the source that R1 cites for cost and some platform details.", "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0003" ], "access": "Original PDF downloaded. Cost, helpdesk, and expansion sections were read. The publication day and price-base year are not established by the URL." }, { "url": "https://jacarandahealth.org/ypoagriw/2025/11/Q3-2025-Impact-Report-1.pdf", "title": "Q3 Impact Report 2025", "locator": "Opening scale figures and Ghana expansion section.", "contribution": "Later cumulative enrollment and service expansion, distinct from the trial’s measured effects.", "relationship": "Original provider report. Enrollment totals are reach, not counts of people with a measured benefit.", "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0004" ], "access": "Original PDF downloaded. The title, scale figures, and Ghana expansion section were read. The reporting quarter is known; the upload path does not establish publication on November 1." } ], "excluded_or_consolidated_sources": [ { "old_source_ref": "AIBD-0100-source-0001", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11835334/", "retained_source_ref": "AIBD-0100-source-0001", "reason": "Mirror or version consolidated into the original work." } ], "review_scope": "Original evidence, systems, evaluation methods and results, costs, chronology, human roles, limitations, and follow-up.", "chronology_source": { "source_ref": "AIBD-0100-source-0001", "role": "The methods establish recruitment on 8 November–10 December 2021 and follow-up through 24 August 2022." }, "source_relationship_note": "Versions, supplements, reanalyses, and repeated developer statements are not independent replications." } }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "The original evidence and exact locators are preserved in this assessment.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001", "AIBD-0100-source-0002", "AIBD-0100-source-0003", "AIBD-0100-source-0004" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "The trial cites the technical paper for NLP and the provider’s brochure for costs. Those original sources are retained." } }, "strategic_assessments[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "strategic assessments" }, "summary": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Women invited to PROMPTS improved several measures of knowledge, preparation for childbirth, and reported care by 0.06–0.09 standard deviations." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Methods, Tables 1–6, discussion, and S1–S2 Text.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Women invited to PROMPTS improved several measures of knowledge, preparation for childbirth, and reported care by 0.06–0.09 standard deviations." } }, "systems[].autonomy_permissions": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "In the documented TRIM-AI workflow, sufficiently confident classifications triggered vetted replies. Failed or uncertain exchanges went to staff." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Deployment section and online appendix.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0002" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "In the documented TRIM-AI workflow, sufficiently confident classifications triggered vetted replies. Failed or uncertain exchanges went to staff." } }, "systems[].component_role": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Natural language processing classified messages for routine replies or clinical helpdesk review." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Intervention description, p. 6.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Natural language processing classified messages for routine replies or clinical helpdesk review." } }, "systems[].deployment_configuration": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "The later TRIM-AI classifier adapted a multilingual model using 939,819 messages, then trained for 58 intents on 107,714 labeled messages." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "pp. 14623–24.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0002" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "The later TRIM-AI classifier adapted a multilingual model using 939,819 messages, then trained for 58 intents on 107,714 labeled messages." } }, "systems[].inputs_outputs": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Women sent questions by SMS. The platform classified their intent and urgency, then provided guidance or routed the message to clinicians." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Intervention description, p. 6.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Women sent questions by SMS. The platform classified their intent and urgency, then provided guidance or routed the message to clinicians." } }, "systems[].model_name": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "An earlier Google Cloud classifier preceded TRIM-AI. The later system adapted XLM-RoBERTa-large as XLM-RoBERTa-JH." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "pp. 14621–24, 14626.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0002" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "An earlier Google Cloud classifier preceded TRIM-AI. The later system adapted XLM-RoBERTa-large as XLM-RoBERTa-JH." } }, "systems[].model_version": { "state": "unresolved", "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "R1 study dates; R2 pp. 14623–24 and deployment date on p. 14626.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001", "AIBD-0100-source-0002" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "reason": "The exact deployment release and each trial participant’s exposure to it are not reported.", "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "The exact deployment release and each trial participant’s exposure to it are not reported.", "editor_note": "The trial ran from November 2021 through August 2022, while the technical paper dates TRIM-AI deployment to June 2022. Its use during the latter part of follow-up is plausible, but the trial does not report participants’ exposure by model." } }, "systems[].product_name": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "PROMPTS." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Intervention description.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "PROMPTS." } }, "systems[].provider": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Jacaranda Health." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Intervention description.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Jacaranda Health." } }, "taxonomy_crosswalks[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "title": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "PROMPTS improves pregnant women’s knowledge and reported care in Kenya" }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Methods, Tables 1–6, discussion, and S1–S2 Text.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "PROMPTS improves pregnant women’s knowledge and reported care in Kenya" } }, "version": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "identifiers", "identifiers": [ "aa41a37d6114e406c7a3592aa2a249aae44081f7b10e950be64d19da67f2f189" ], "role": "SHA-256 of normalized original case data" }, "provenance": { "kind": "curatorial", "basis": "Deterministic content version assigned by the local migration.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "complete" }, "workflow": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Women received scheduled messages and reminders and could text the helpdesk. Clinicians handled questions that required human review." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Intervention description.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0100-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Women received scheduled messages and reminders and could text the helpdesk. Clinicians handled questions that required human review." } } }, "summary": { "total": 91, "addressed": 91, "known": 76, "reviewed": 74, "record_mapped": 5, "not_assessed": 12, "complete": false, "by_state": { "value_present": 76, "not_reported": 2, "unresolved": 1, "not_assessed": 12, "not_applicable": 0, "withheld": 0, "source_unavailable": 0 } } } }