{ "id": "AIBD-0096", "title": "CAD4TB on ultra-portable X-rays screened 94,694 people in eight Nigerian states and diagnosed 2,337 TB cases (2022)", "summary": "KNCV/USAID deployment Jan–Sep 2022: CAD4TB v7 screened 94,694 people in eight Nigerian states; 2,337 TB cases diagnosed, 97% treated", "date_observed": "2022-01-01", "date_basis": "unassessed", "date_precision": "unassessed", "benefit_status": null, "source_collection": null, "source_entry": null, "account": "KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation Nigeria and the Institute of Human Virology Nigeria (IHVN), funded by USAID, deployed ten ultra-portable digital X-ray units. This was under the Stop TB Partnership's Introducing New Tools Project. They ran CAD4TB version 7 (threshold 50) for community active case finding in eight states (Katsina, Kano, Nasarawa, Benue, Delta, Cross River, Osun, Oyo). The period was January to September 2022 (day not given; first day of month used). Under a parallel algorithm, every client had both symptom and chest X-ray screening. Anyone positive on either (a CAD4TB score of 50 or above) was classified as presumptive TB and sent for Xpert testing and/or clinical assessment. Of those diagnosed, 1,614 (69.1%) scored 50 or above and 723 (30.9%) scored below 50. The program screened 94,694 people aged four and over and identified 10,236 presumptive cases. It diagnosed 2,337 TB cases (920 bacteriologically confirmed, 1,386 clinically diagnosed, 31 rifampicin-resistant). 97.3% started treatment, and the average number needed to screen (NNS) was 38. The paper's tables tally 2,481 diagnoses (986 bacteriologically confirmed, 1,466 clinically diagnosed, 29 rifampicin-resistant) with 2,414 (97.3%) started on treatment. They derive the NNS of 38 from that tally; its text gives 2,337 diagnoses. A companion six-state analysis reported 85,910 screened, 1,915 diagnosed and 1,869 treated.", "category": "general benefit", "unexpected": false, "purpose": "Triage chest X-rays to select presumptive TB cases for molecular testing during community active case finding.", "system": "CAD4TB computer-aided detection on ultra-portable digital chest X-ray", "model_version": "CAD4TB version 7, threshold score 50 or above", "developer": "Delft Imaging", "deployer": "KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation Nigeria and Institute of Human Virology Nigeria with the National TB and Leprosy Control Program, funded by USAID", "location": "Eight states, Nigeria", "domain": "Global health: tuberculosis case finding", "segment": "Public health program", "benefit_type": "Improved Physical Health", "taxonomy_note": null, "registry_ids": {}, "ratings": [ { "group": "personal", "depth": null, "reason": "Aggregate screening yield; the sources do not document any individual's outcome attributable to the software." }, { "group": "organizational", "depth": null, "reason": "Efficiency figures (NNS 38, NNT 4) are program aggregates without a discrete attributable event." }, { "group": "societal", "depth": null, "reason": "2,337 diagnoses are an aggregate program result." } ], "ai_role": { "status": "assessed", "statement": "A parallel algorithm classified anyone positive on symptom screening or with a CAD4TB score of 50 or above as presumptive TB. They went for Xpert testing and/or clinical assessment, so the AI score was one of two gates to testing, not the sole gate. Of the 2,337 diagnosed, 1,614 (69.1%) scored 50 or above and 723 (30.9%) scored below 50. The TB yield also depends on X-ray reach, Xpert availability and treatment linkage. Both papers are authored by implementing organizations (KNCV Nigeria, IHVN, USAID, NTBLCP), not the vendor." }, "evidence": [ { "kind": "peer-reviewed study", "citation": "Alege, A., Useni, S., Ihesie, A., Eneogu, R., Agbaje, A., et al. (2025). Impact of the use of the ultra-portable digital x-ray with CAD4TB for active case finding for tuberculosis in Nigeria. Frontiers in Digital Health.", "title": "Impact of the use of the ultra-portable digital x-ray with CAD4TB for active case finding for tuberculosis in Nigeria", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12257310/", "date": "2025-06-30", "written_by": "deployer", "quote": "A total of 94,694 subjects aged 4 years and above were screened for TB" }, { "kind": "peer-reviewed study", "citation": "Useni, S., Odume, B., Tukur, M., et al. (2025). Comparative analysis of the impact of portable digital X-ray on TB screening in hard-to-reach areas in Nigeria. Public Health Action 15(1), 17–20.", "title": "Comparative analysis of the impact of portable digital X-ray on TB screening in hard-to-reach areas in Nigeria", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11841120/", "date": "2025-03-01", "written_by": "deployer", "quote": "Screened 85,910 persons and identified 8,416 presumptive TB cases. Among these, 1,915 TB cases were diagnosed, and 1,869 patients were put on treatment." }, { "kind": "report", "citation": "KNCV Nigeria (2026). 2025 Annual Report. Knowledge Network for disease Control and Vigilance, Abuja (PDF posted March 2026; day not given, first day of month used).", "title": "Knowledge Network for disease Control and Vigilance 2025 Annual Report", "url": "https://kncvnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/2026-KNCV-Nigeria-Annual-Report.pdf", "date": "2026-03-01", "written_by": "deployer", "quote": null } ], "replication": { "produced_by": [ "Ultra-portable X-ray units with CAD4TB v7 at threshold 50", "Community mobilization and same-day Xpert testing", "USAID funding through the iNTP project" ], "must_hold": [ "Threshold calibrated to local prevalence", "Xpert cartridge supply and sample transport", "Treatment linkage within days" ], "echoes": [ { "date": "2022-01-01", "setting": "Six-state analysis of the same deployment (Benue, Cross River, Delta, Kano, Katsina, Nasarawa)", "model_version": "CAD4TB v7", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Useni et al. (2025) Public Health Action, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11841120/" }, { "date": null, "setting": "Routine active case finding with digital X-ray and CAD4TB in Nigerian penitentiary institutions", "model_version": null, "outcome": "unknown", "source": "Chukwuogo et al. (2026) BMC Infectious Diseases, DOI 10.1186/s12879-026-12627-w (Europe PMC listing only)" } ] }, "paired_incident": { "database": "AI Incident Database", "identifier": "81", "title": "Researchers find evidence of racial, gender, and socioeconomic bias in chest X-ray classifiers", "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/81", "severity": null, "group": "personal", "basis": "Chest X-ray classification systems, the same kind as CAD4TB, underdiagnosed economically vulnerable, female and Hispanic patients because of biased training data." }, "headline": "CAD4TB triage of 94,694 people in Nigeria yields 2,337 TB cases", "metric": "2,337 TB cases diagnosed, 97% treated", "comparator": { "against": "KNCV Nigeria's other 2022 case-finding strategies in the same states without portable X-ray (intensified case finding in public and private facilities, medicine vendors and community pharmacists, contact investigation, community active case finding)", "before": "NNS 205.6 (public facilities), 179.0 (private facilities), 127.8 (medicine vendors and community pharmacists), 49.0 (contact investigation), 388.5 (community active case-finding)", "after": "NNS 44.9 with PDX-CAD", "basis": "measured", "quote": "During the same period, 3,867,059 persons were screened for TB in public and private health facilities, 19,140 TB cases were detected, and 18,625 (97.3%) were successfully placed on treatment. The NNS was 205.6 and 127.8, respectively. The NNS was quite high compared to 44.9 in the PDX-CAD system.", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11841120/" }, "later": { "status": "scaled", "date": "2025-09-30", "note": "KNCV Nigeria's 2025 annual report says the IMPACT project completed deployment of 390 portable digital X-ray units with AI across all 36 states and the FCT, adding 266 units in 2025, and screened over 780,000 people with over 23,000 TB cases diagnosed in January to September 2025.", "quote": "In 2025, a total of 266 additional PDX platforms were deployed for use across all geo-political zones of the country. In the first three quarters of 2025 (January - September), over 780 thousand persons were screened for TB using the portable digital X-rays, and over 23 thousand TB cases diagnosed using this tool.", "url": "https://kncvnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/2026-KNCV-Nigeria-Annual-Report.pdf" }, "value": null, "developer_country": "Netherlands", "deployer_country": "Nigeria", "unrated_because": null, "brief_notes": null, "brief": null, "revisions": [ { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.", "source": null, "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Paired with AI Incident Database incident 81 (high confidence); severity not given by the source.", "source": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/81", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Rewrote the AI-role statement and the account so that the CAD4TB score is one of two gates in the paper's parallel algorithm (symptom screen or CAD score of 50 or above) rather than the sole gate to Xpert testing, added the split of diagnosed patients by CAD score (1,614 at 50 or above, 723 below), and noted that the 97.3% treatment rate and the NNS of 38 come from the tables' tally of 2,481 diagnoses while the text gives 2,337.", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12257310/", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Benefit type set to Improved Physical Health under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Accessibility among the six first used.", "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against, what happened since from the cited sources.", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11841120/; https://kncvnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/2026-KNCV-Nigeria-Annual-Report.pdf", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.", "source": "https://delftimaging.com/contact/; https://kncvnigeria.org/contact-us/", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Prose pass: account, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.", "source": null, "editor": "AIBD" } ], "confidence": "claimed", "shade": "low", "claim_status": "The deployer's account", "claim_basis": "Sources: two peer-reviewed studies from the deployer and the deployer's report. The cited evidence includes no independent source and no finding by a regulator or court.", "profile": { "case_id": "AIBD-0096", "catalog_version": "1.0.0", "source_fingerprint": "ceffb7ad68c5d4fcc0c7eba5b208ba4b42e015ce6a5523caedff0421dba02726", "collection_refs": [ { "collection_id": "aibd", "version": "snapshot-8bf7cfec9cb185aa" }, { "collection_id": "aibd", "version": "2026-10-25" }, { "collection_id": "viator", "version": "2026-10-25" } ], "source_ids": [ "AIBD-0096-source-0001", "AIBD-0096-source-0002", "AIBD-0096-source-0003" ], "families": { "strategic assessments": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "record_ids": [] }, "evaluations": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "record_ids": [] }, "monetary observations": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "record_ids": [] }, "institutional decisions": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "record_ids": [] } }, "fields": { "actors[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "developer": "Delft Imaging", "deployer": "KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation Nigeria and Institute of Human Virology Nigeria with the National TB and Leprosy Control Program, funded by USAID" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "developer", "deployer" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "actors[].ownership_control": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "ai_contribution": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "ai_role": { "status": "assessed", "statement": "A parallel algorithm classified anyone positive on symptom screening or with a CAD4TB score of 50 or above as presumptive TB. They went for Xpert testing and/or clinical assessment, so the AI score was one of two gates to testing, not the sole gate. Of the 2,337 diagnosed, 1,614 (69.1%) scored 50 or above and 723 (30.9%) scored below 50. The TB yield also depends on X-ray reach, Xpert availability and treatment linkage. Both papers are authored by implementing organizations (KNCV Nigeria, IHVN, USAID, NTBLCP), not the vendor." } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "ai_role" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "ai_relationship": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "category": "general benefit", "ai_role": { "status": "assessed", "statement": "A parallel algorithm classified anyone positive on symptom screening or with a CAD4TB score of 50 or above as presumptive TB. They went for Xpert testing and/or clinical assessment, so the AI score was one of two gates to testing, not the sole gate. Of the 2,337 diagnosed, 1,614 (69.1%) scored 50 or above and 723 (30.9%) scored below 50. The TB yield also depends on X-ray reach, Xpert availability and treatment linkage. Both papers are authored by implementing organizations (KNCV Nigeria, IHVN, USAID, NTBLCP), not the vendor." } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "ai_role", "category" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].alternatives": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].assessor_date": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].depth": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].display_confidence": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "structured", "data": { "confidence": "low", "evidence_word": "claimed", "claim_status": "The deployer's account", "basis": "Sources: two peer-reviewed studies from the deployer and the deployer's report. 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"scaled", "date": "2025-09-30", "note": "KNCV Nigeria's 2025 annual report says the IMPACT project completed deployment of 390 portable digital X-ray units with AI across all 36 states and the FCT, adding 266 units in 2025, and screened over 780,000 people with over 23,000 TB cases diagnosed in January to September 2025.", "quote": "In 2025, a total of 266 additional PDX platforms were deployed for use across all geo-political zones of the country. In the first three quarters of 2025 (January - September), over 780 thousand persons were screened for TB using the portable digital X-rays, and over 23 thousand TB cases diagnosed using this tool.", "url": "https://kncvnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/2026-KNCV-Nigeria-Annual-Report.pdf" } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "later" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "human_oversight": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "id": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "id": "AIBD-0096" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "id" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "infrastructure_dependencies[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].beneficiaries": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].beneficiary_count": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].benefit_type": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "benefit_type": "Improved Physical Health" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "benefit_type" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].claim": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "account": "KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation Nigeria and the Institute of Human Virology Nigeria (IHVN), funded by USAID, deployed ten ultra-portable digital X-ray units. This was under the Stop TB Partnership's Introducing New Tools Project. They ran CAD4TB version 7 (threshold 50) for community active case finding in eight states (Katsina, Kano, Nasarawa, Benue, Delta, Cross River, Osun, Oyo). The period was January to September 2022 (day not given; first day of month used). Under a parallel algorithm, every client had both symptom and chest X-ray screening. Anyone positive on either (a CAD4TB score of 50 or above) was classified as presumptive TB and sent for Xpert testing and/or clinical assessment. Of those diagnosed, 1,614 (69.1%) scored 50 or above and 723 (30.9%) scored below 50. The program screened 94,694 people aged four and over and identified 10,236 presumptive cases. It diagnosed 2,337 TB cases (920 bacteriologically confirmed, 1,386 clinically diagnosed, 31 rifampicin-resistant). 97.3% started treatment, and the average number needed to screen (NNS) was 38. The paper's tables tally 2,481 diagnoses (986 bacteriologically confirmed, 1,466 clinically diagnosed, 29 rifampicin-resistant) with 2,414 (97.3%) started on treatment. They derive the NNS of 38 from that tally; its text gives 2,337 diagnoses. A companion six-state analysis reported 85,910 screened, 1,915 diagnosed and 1,869 treated.", "benefit_type": "Improved Physical Health" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "account", "benefit_type" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].distribution": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].duration": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].id": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].stakeholder_group": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "ratings": [ { "group": "personal", "reason": "Aggregate screening yield; the sources do not document any individual's outcome attributable to the software." }, { "group": "organizational", "reason": "Efficiency figures (NNS 38, NNT 4) are program aggregates without a discrete attributable event." }, { "group": "societal", "reason": "2,337 diagnoses are an aggregate program result." } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; 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(2025). Impact of the use of the ultra-portable digital x-ray with CAD4TB for active case finding for tuberculosis in Nigeria. Frontiers in Digital Health.", "title": "Impact of the use of the ultra-portable digital x-ray with CAD4TB for active case finding for tuberculosis in Nigeria", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12257310/", "date": "2025-06-30", "written_by": "deployer", "quote": "A total of 94,694 subjects aged 4 years and above were screened for TB" }, { "kind": "peer-reviewed study", "citation": "Useni, S., Odume, B., Tukur, M., et al. (2025). Comparative analysis of the impact of portable digital X-ray on TB screening in hard-to-reach areas in Nigeria. Public Health Action 15(1), 17–20.", "title": "Comparative analysis of the impact of portable digital X-ray on TB screening in hard-to-reach areas in Nigeria", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11841120/", "date": "2025-03-01", "written_by": "deployer", "quote": "Screened 85,910 persons and identified 8,416 presumptive TB cases. Among these, 1,915 TB cases were diagnosed, and 1,869 patients were put on treatment." }, { "kind": "report", "citation": "KNCV Nigeria (2026). 2025 Annual Report. Knowledge Network for disease Control and Vigilance, Abuja (PDF posted March 2026; day not given, first day of month used).", "title": "Knowledge Network for disease Control and Vigilance 2025 Annual Report", "url": "https://kncvnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/2026-KNCV-Nigeria-Annual-Report.pdf", "date": "2026-03-01", "written_by": "deployer" } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "evidence" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "sources[].id": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "identifiers", "identifiers": [ "AIBD-0096-source-0001", "AIBD-0096-source-0002", "AIBD-0096-source-0003" ], "role": "Existing evidence items, in their original order" }, "provenance": { "kind": "curatorial", "basis": "Stable within the fingerprinted record version; no source content or source review has been added.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "complete" }, "sources[].language": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "sources[].relationship": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "evidence": [ { "kind": "peer-reviewed study", "citation": "Alege, A., Useni, S., Ihesie, A., Eneogu, R., Agbaje, A., et al. 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Public Health Action 15(1), 17–20.", "title": "Comparative analysis of the impact of portable digital X-ray on TB screening in hard-to-reach areas in Nigeria", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11841120/", "date": "2025-03-01", "written_by": "deployer", "quote": "Screened 85,910 persons and identified 8,416 presumptive TB cases. Among these, 1,915 TB cases were diagnosed, and 1,869 patients were put on treatment." }, { "kind": "report", "citation": "KNCV Nigeria (2026). 2025 Annual Report. Knowledge Network for disease Control and Vigilance, Abuja (PDF posted March 2026; day not given, first day of month used).", "title": "Knowledge Network for disease Control and Vigilance 2025 Annual Report", "url": "https://kncvnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/2026-KNCV-Nigeria-Annual-Report.pdf", "date": "2026-03-01", "written_by": "deployer" } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "evidence" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "sources[].upstream_sources": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "strategic_assessments[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "strategic assessments" }, "summary": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "summary": "KNCV/USAID deployment Jan–Sep 2022: CAD4TB v7 screened 94,694 people in eight Nigerian states; 2,337 TB cases diagnosed, 97% treated", "account": "KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation Nigeria and the Institute of Human Virology Nigeria (IHVN), funded by USAID, deployed ten ultra-portable digital X-ray units. This was under the Stop TB Partnership's Introducing New Tools Project. They ran CAD4TB version 7 (threshold 50) for community active case finding in eight states (Katsina, Kano, Nasarawa, Benue, Delta, Cross River, Osun, Oyo). The period was January to September 2022 (day not given; first day of month used). Under a parallel algorithm, every client had both symptom and chest X-ray screening. Anyone positive on either (a CAD4TB score of 50 or above) was classified as presumptive TB and sent for Xpert testing and/or clinical assessment. Of those diagnosed, 1,614 (69.1%) scored 50 or above and 723 (30.9%) scored below 50. The program screened 94,694 people aged four and over and identified 10,236 presumptive cases. It diagnosed 2,337 TB cases (920 bacteriologically confirmed, 1,386 clinically diagnosed, 31 rifampicin-resistant). 97.3% started treatment, and the average number needed to screen (NNS) was 38. The paper's tables tally 2,481 diagnoses (986 bacteriologically confirmed, 1,466 clinically diagnosed, 29 rifampicin-resistant) with 2,414 (97.3%) started on treatment. They derive the NNS of 38 from that tally; its text gives 2,337 diagnoses. A companion six-state analysis reported 85,910 screened, 1,915 diagnosed and 1,869 treated." } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "summary", "account" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].autonomy_permissions": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].component_role": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "CAD4TB scored chest X-rays for signs of tuberculosis." }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Restated the mechanical task already described in the existing system and AI-role fields. No new source review is claimed.", "record_fields": [ "system", "ai_role" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].deployment_configuration": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "The deployment used CAD4TB version 7 with a threshold score of 50." }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Separated the model, software, hardware, or operation already described in the existing record. No new source review is claimed.", "record_fields": [ "model_version", "system", "ai_role" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].inputs_outputs": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].model_name": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].model_version": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "model_version": "CAD4TB version 7, threshold score 50 or above" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "model_version" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial", "display": { "answer": "CAD4TB version 7.", "editor_note": "" } }, "systems[].product_name": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "system": "CAD4TB computer-aided detection on ultra-portable digital chest X-ray" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "system" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].provider": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "structured", "data": { "application_developer": "Delft Imaging" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Mapped from the existing case description without a new external source review.", "record_fields": [ "developer" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "taxonomy_crosswalks[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "title": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "title": "CAD4TB on ultra-portable X-rays screened 94,694 people in eight Nigerian states and diagnosed 2,337 TB cases (2022)", "headline": "CAD4TB triage of 94,694 people in Nigeria yields 2,337 TB cases" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "title", "headline" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "version": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "identifiers", "identifiers": [ "ceffb7ad68c5d4fcc0c7eba5b208ba4b42e015ce6a5523caedff0421dba02726" ], "role": "SHA-256 of normalized original case data" }, "provenance": { "kind": "curatorial", "basis": "Deterministic content version assigned by the local migration.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "complete" }, "workflow": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "account": "KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation Nigeria and the Institute of Human Virology Nigeria (IHVN), funded by USAID, deployed ten ultra-portable digital X-ray units. This was under the Stop TB Partnership's Introducing New Tools Project. They ran CAD4TB version 7 (threshold 50) for community active case finding in eight states (Katsina, Kano, Nasarawa, Benue, Delta, Cross River, Osun, Oyo). The period was January to September 2022 (day not given; first day of month used). Under a parallel algorithm, every client had both symptom and chest X-ray screening. Anyone positive on either (a CAD4TB score of 50 or above) was classified as presumptive TB and sent for Xpert testing and/or clinical assessment. Of those diagnosed, 1,614 (69.1%) scored 50 or above and 723 (30.9%) scored below 50. The program screened 94,694 people aged four and over and identified 10,236 presumptive cases. It diagnosed 2,337 TB cases (920 bacteriologically confirmed, 1,386 clinically diagnosed, 31 rifampicin-resistant). 97.3% started treatment, and the average number needed to screen (NNS) was 38. The paper's tables tally 2,481 diagnoses (986 bacteriologically confirmed, 1,466 clinically diagnosed, 29 rifampicin-resistant) with 2,414 (97.3%) started on treatment. They derive the NNS of 38 from that tally; its text gives 2,337 diagnoses. A companion six-state analysis reported 85,910 screened, 1,915 diagnosed and 1,869 treated.", "replication": { "produced_by": [ "Ultra-portable X-ray units with CAD4TB v7 at threshold 50", "Community mobilization and same-day Xpert testing", "USAID funding through the iNTP project" ], "must_hold": [ "Threshold calibrated to local prevalence", "Xpert cartridge supply and sample transport", "Treatment linkage within days" ], "echoes": [ { "date": "2022-01-01", "setting": "Six-state analysis of the same deployment (Benue, Cross River, Delta, Kano, Katsina, Nasarawa)", "model_version": "CAD4TB v7", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Useni et al. (2025) Public Health Action, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11841120/" }, { "setting": "Routine active case finding with digital X-ray and CAD4TB in Nigerian penitentiary institutions", "outcome": "unknown", "source": "Chukwuogo et al. (2026) BMC Infectious Diseases, DOI 10.1186/s12879-026-12627-w (Europe PMC listing only)" } ] } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "account", "replication" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" } }, "summary": { "total": 91, "addressed": 91, "known": 33, "reviewed": 0, "record_mapped": 33, "not_assessed": 58, "complete": false, "by_state": { "value_present": 33, "not_reported": 0, "unresolved": 0, "not_assessed": 58, "not_applicable": 0, "withheld": 0, "source_unavailable": 0 } } } }