{ "id": "AIBD-0080", "title": "qXR flags suspicious nodules on chest X-rays taken for non-respiratory reasons; five adults without respiratory symptoms diagnosed with early-stage lung cancer", "summary": "qXR flagged nodules on X-rays done for other reasons; CT/biopsy confirmed early-stage lung cancer in five adults; four had surgery.", "date_observed": "2023-04-01", "date_basis": "unassessed", "date_precision": "unassessed", "benefit_status": null, "source_collection": null, "source_entry": null, "account": "CREATE (NCT05817110) was a prospective multicenter study. The deep-learning software qXR (Qure.ai) was adopted for routine use on all chest X-rays across participating centers from April 2023 to December 2024. Five cases were found through the AI pathway. The paper names neither the centers nor their cities. Its clinical authors are at Hacettepe University (Ankara, Turkey) and with Aarthi Scans and Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Hospital (Chennai, India). The March 2026 Cureus report describes five individuals, none with respiratory symptoms. In each, qXR flagged suspicious pulmonary nodules on X-rays taken for non-respiratory reasons. They were a 57-year-old man screened before anti-TNF therapy for ulcerative colitis and a 64-year-old man with fever. Also a 65-year-old woman at a smoking-cessation consultation and two men aged 35 and 75 at annual health checks. Computed tomography (CT) and biopsy confirmed early-stage lung cancer in all five. Four underwent curative surgery, two with adjuvant chemotherapy, and one chose chemotherapy alone. Whether the original X-ray reports noted the nodules is not stated.", "category": "benefit created", "unexpected": false, "purpose": "qXR is built to detect abnormalities including pulmonary nodules on chest X-rays. Flagging incidental nodules is its intended function.", "system": "qXR", "model_version": null, "developer": "Qure.ai", "deployer": "Participating centers of the CREATE study, not named in the paper; the clinical authors are affiliated with Hacettepe University (Ankara) and with Aarthi Scans and Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Hospital (Chennai)", "location": null, "domain": "Healthcare - thoracic radiology / lung cancer", "segment": "AI on routine chest X-rays in a multicentre study", "benefit_type": "Improved Physical Health", "taxonomy_note": null, "registry_ids": {}, "ratings": [ { "group": "personal", "depth": 3, "reason": "Five adults without respiratory symptoms had early-stage lung cancer diagnosed, four with curative surgery. The authors report positive outcomes but no survival data." } ], "ai_role": { "status": "assessed", "statement": "qXR's nodule flag on X-rays ordered for unrelated reasons prompted low-dose CT, with or without PET-CT, and biopsy in each case. The report does not say whether radiologists had independently reported the nodules. The AI's contribution thus rests on the authors' judgment that the cases would otherwise have been missed or delayed. One of ten authors is a Qure.ai employee and the study was funded by AstraZeneca." }, "evidence": [ { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Koksal D, Govindarajan A, Baykan A, Durhan G, Sarinc S, Akpinar MG, Demirkazik F, Mathivanan KM, Vignesh P, Shivabasappa S (2026). A Case Series From a Multicentric Study: Can Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Enabled Chest X-Ray Assist in the Incidental Detection of Early-Stage Lung Cancers? Cureus 18(3):e104881.", "title": "A Case Series From a Multicentric Study: Can Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Enabled Chest X-Ray Assist in the Incidental Detection of Early-Stage Lung Cancers?", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13058629/", "date": "2026-03-09", "written_by": "deployer", "quote": "We present a case series of five individuals in whom AI-enabled chest X-ray (qXR, Qure.ai, Mumbai, India) flagged suspicious pulmonary nodules on X-rays obtained for non-respiratory conditions." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Koksal D et al. (2026). Cureus 18(3):e104881 (second quotation).", "title": "A Case Series From a Multicentric Study: Can Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Enabled Chest X-Ray Assist in the Incidental Detection of Early-Stage Lung Cancers?", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13058629/", "date": "2026-03-09", "written_by": "deployer", "quote": "Computed tomography imaging and biopsy confirmed early-stage lung cancer in all five cases." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Koksal D et al. (2026). Cureus 18(3):e104881 (third quotation, Discussion).", "title": "A Case Series From a Multicentric Study: Can Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Enabled Chest X-Ray Assist in the Incidental Detection of Early-Stage Lung Cancers?", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13058629/", "date": "2026-03-09", "written_by": "deployer", "quote": "Without the assistance of AI, these cases would likely have been missed or delayed." } ], "replication": { "produced_by": [ "qXR running on routine chest X-rays ordered for non-respiratory indications", "A pathway from AI flag to CT or PET-CT and biopsy" ], "must_hold": [ "Clinicians act on AI flags on films ordered for unrelated reasons", "Tissue confirmation before treatment" ], "echoes": [] }, "paired_incident": { "database": "AI Incident Database", "identifier": "81", "title": "Researchers find evidence of racial, gender, and socioeconomic bias in chest X-ray classifiers", "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/81", "severity": null, "group": "personal", "basis": "Same developer, Qure.ai is listed among the chest X-ray classifier developers studied, and same task: those classifiers showed gender, racial and socioeconomic bias that underdiagnoses patients, the group qXR's nodule flags benefited." }, "headline": "qXR nodule flags lead to five early-stage lung cancer diagnoses", "metric": "CT/biopsy confirmed early-stage lung cancer in five adults; four had surgery", "comparator": { "against": "routine chest X-ray reading without the AI", "before": "would likely have been missed or delayed", "after": "early-stage lung cancer in all five cases", "basis": "assumed", "quote": "Without the assistance of AI, these cases would likely have been missed or delayed.", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13058629/" }, "later": { "status": "unknown", "date": null, "note": "The series was published in March 2026 and gives no follow-up.", "quote": null, "url": null }, "value": null, "developer_country": "India", "deployer_country": null, "unrated_because": null, "brief_notes": null, "brief": null, "revisions": [ { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.", "source": null, "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Paired with AI Incident Database incident 81 (high confidence); severity not given by the source.", "source": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/81", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Removed the Ankara and Chennai placement from the title, account, deployer and location because the paper names neither the participating centers nor their cities (the cities come only from author affiliations), changed “asymptomatic” to “without respiratory symptoms” in the title and personal rating because case 2 presented with fever and the paper's precise statement is that none had respiratory symptoms, and made PET-CT optional in the AI-role statement because the paper gives LDCT with or without PET-CT.", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13058629/", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against from the cited sources.", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13058629/", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Benefit type set to Improved Physical Health under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Knowledge Discovery among the six first used.", "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Country of the developer added from the organization's own site or a registry.", "source": "https://www.qure.ai/contact-us", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, purpose, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.", "source": null, "editor": "AIBD" } ], "confidence": "claimed", "shade": "low", "claim_status": "The deployer's account", "claim_basis": "Sources: the deployer's case report. The cited evidence includes no independent source and no finding by a regulator or court.", "profile": { "case_id": "AIBD-0080", "catalog_version": "1.0.0", "source_fingerprint": "b5fdd5f9bc5403c96cfb196d005f0c7d3bd14ee77d1fa5a4c61a4c4666a8a279", "collection_refs": [ { "collection_id": "aibd", "version": "snapshot-8bf7cfec9cb185aa" }, { "collection_id": "aibd", "version": "2026-10-25" } ], "source_ids": [ "AIBD-0080-source-0001", "AIBD-0080-source-0002", "AIBD-0080-source-0003" ], "families": { "strategic assessments": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "record_ids": [] }, "evaluations": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "record_ids": [] }, "monetary observations": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "record_ids": [] }, "institutional decisions": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "record_ids": [] } }, "fields": { "actors[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "developer": "Qure.ai", "deployer": "Participating centers of the CREATE study, not named in the paper; the clinical authors are affiliated with Hacettepe University (Ankara) and with Aarthi Scans and Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Hospital (Chennai)" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "developer", "deployer" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "actors[].ownership_control": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "ai_contribution": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "ai_role": { "status": "assessed", "statement": "qXR's nodule flag on X-rays ordered for unrelated reasons prompted low-dose CT, with or without PET-CT, and biopsy in each case. The report does not say whether radiologists had independently reported the nodules. The AI's contribution thus rests on the authors' judgment that the cases would otherwise have been missed or delayed. One of ten authors is a Qure.ai employee and the study was funded by AstraZeneca." } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "ai_role" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "ai_relationship": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "category": "benefit created", "ai_role": { "status": "assessed", "statement": "qXR's nodule flag on X-rays ordered for unrelated reasons prompted low-dose CT, with or without PET-CT, and biopsy in each case. The report does not say whether radiologists had independently reported the nodules. The AI's contribution thus rests on the authors' judgment that the cases would otherwise have been missed or delayed. One of ten authors is a Qure.ai employee and the study was funded by AstraZeneca." } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "ai_role", "category" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].alternatives": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].assessor_date": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].depth": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "ratings": [ { "group": "personal", "depth": 3, "reason": "Five adults without respiratory symptoms had early-stage lung cancer diagnosed, four with curative surgery. The authors report positive outcomes but no survival data." } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "ratings" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].display_confidence": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "structured", "data": { "confidence": "low", "evidence_word": "claimed", "claim_status": "The deployer's account", "basis": "Sources: the deployer's case report. The cited evidence includes no independent source and no finding by a regulator or court.", "interpretation": "Existing display rule preserved; the richer outcome-specific confidence question still needs review." } }, "provenance": { "kind": "curatorial", "basis": "Derived from the existing case display properties; not a new evidentiary judgment.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].rationale": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "ratings": [ { "group": "personal", "depth": 3, "reason": "Five adults without respiratory symptoms had early-stage lung cancer diagnosed, four with curative surgery. The authors report positive outcomes but no survival data." } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "ratings" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].rubric_version": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].status_basis": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].target": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "ratings": [ { "group": "personal", "depth": 3, "reason": "Five adults without respiratory symptoms had early-stage lung cancer diagnosed, four with curative surgery. The authors report positive outcomes but no survival data." } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "ratings" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "availability": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "brief": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "case_kind": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "case_links[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "structured", "data": { "answer": "Same developer, Qure.ai is listed among the chest X-ray classifier developers studied, and same task: those classifiers showed gender, racial and socioeconomic bias that underdiagnoses patients, the group qXR's nodule flags benefited.", "links": [ { "database": "AI Incident Database", "identifier": "81", "title": "Researchers find evidence of racial, gender, and socioeconomic bias in chest X-ray classifiers", "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/81", "group": "personal", "basis": "Same developer, Qure.ai is listed among the chest X-ray classifier developers studied, and same task: those classifiers showed gender, racial and socioeconomic bias that underdiagnoses patients, the group qXR's nodule flags benefited.", "relation": "comparable_harm" } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Existing paired_incident classification; no new source review.", "record_fields": [ "paired_incident" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "claims[].evidence_links": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "claims[].evidence_strength": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "claims[].missingness": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "claims[].proposition": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "cross_border_flows[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "decisions[].action_outcome": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "institutional decisions" }, "decisions[].grounds": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "institutional decisions" }, "decisions[].institution_task": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "institutional decisions" }, "decisions[].success_criterion": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "institutional decisions" }, "deployment_stage": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "economics[].amount": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].costs[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].counterfactual": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].currency_price_basis": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].gross_net": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].measure_type": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].period_unit": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].realization": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].recipient_payer": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].return_payback": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].valuation_method": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "evaluations[].ai_uplift": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "evaluations" }, "evaluations[].comparator": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "evaluations" }, "evaluations[].design": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "evaluations" }, "evaluations[].effect": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "evaluations" }, "evaluations[].exposure": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "evaluations" }, "evaluations[].id": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "evaluations" }, "evaluations[].measurement_method": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "evaluations" }, "evaluations[].metric": { "state": "not_assessed", "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Mapped from the existing case description without a new external source review.", "record_fields": [ "metric" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "evaluations", "display": { "answer": "CT/biopsy confirmed early-stage lung cancer in five adults; four had surgery", "editor_note": "" } }, "evaluations[].reproduction_materials": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "evaluations" }, "evaluations[].setting_sample": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "evaluations" }, "evaluations[].uncertainty_limitations": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "evaluations" }, "external_references[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "paired_incident": { "database": "AI Incident Database", "identifier": "81", "title": "Researchers find evidence of racial, gender, and socioeconomic bias in chest X-ray classifiers", "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/81", "group": "personal", "basis": "Same developer, Qure.ai is listed among the chest X-ray classifier developers studied, and same task: those classifiers showed gender, racial and socioeconomic bias that underdiagnoses patients, the group qXR's nodule flags benefited." } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "paired_incident" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "follow_up[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "later": { "status": "unknown", "note": "The series was published in March 2026 and gives no follow-up." } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "later" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "human_oversight": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "id": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "id": "AIBD-0080" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "id" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "infrastructure_dependencies[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].beneficiaries": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].beneficiary_count": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].benefit_type": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "benefit_type": "Improved Physical Health" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "benefit_type" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].claim": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "account": "CREATE (NCT05817110) was a prospective multicenter study. The deep-learning software qXR (Qure.ai) was adopted for routine use on all chest X-rays across participating centers from April 2023 to December 2024. Five cases were found through the AI pathway. The paper names neither the centers nor their cities. Its clinical authors are at Hacettepe University (Ankara, Turkey) and with Aarthi Scans and Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Hospital (Chennai, India). The March 2026 Cureus report describes five individuals, none with respiratory symptoms. In each, qXR flagged suspicious pulmonary nodules on X-rays taken for non-respiratory reasons. They were a 57-year-old man screened before anti-TNF therapy for ulcerative colitis and a 64-year-old man with fever. Also a 65-year-old woman at a smoking-cessation consultation and two men aged 35 and 75 at annual health checks. Computed tomography (CT) and biopsy confirmed early-stage lung cancer in all five. Four underwent curative surgery, two with adjuvant chemotherapy, and one chose chemotherapy alone. Whether the original X-ray reports noted the nodules is not stated.", "benefit_type": "Improved Physical Health" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "account", "benefit_type" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].distribution": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].duration": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].id": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].stakeholder_group": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "ratings": [ { "group": "personal", "depth": 3, "reason": "Five adults without respiratory symptoms had early-stage lung cancer diagnosed, four with curative surgery. The authors report positive outcomes but no survival data." } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "ratings" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].status": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].tradeoffs": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].unexpected": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "unexpected": false, "purpose": "qXR is built to detect abnormalities including pulmonary nodules on chest X-rays. Flagging incidental nodules is its intended function." } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "unexpected", "purpose" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "places[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "developer_country": "India" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "developer_country" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "purpose": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "purpose": "qXR is built to detect abnormalities including pulmonary nodules on chest X-rays. Flagging incidental nodules is its intended function." } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "purpose" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "record_dates": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "date_observed": "2023-04-01", "revisions": [ { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Paired with AI Incident Database incident 81 (high confidence); severity not given by the source.", "source": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/81", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Removed the Ankara and Chennai placement from the title, account, deployer and location because the paper names neither the participating centers nor their cities (the cities come only from author affiliations), changed “asymptomatic” to “without respiratory symptoms” in the title and personal rating because case 2 presented with fever and the paper's precise statement is that none had respiratory symptoms, and made PET-CT optional in the AI-role statement because the paper gives LDCT with or without PET-CT.", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13058629/", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against from the cited sources.", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13058629/", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Benefit type set to Improved Physical Health under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Knowledge Discovery among the six first used.", "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Country of the developer added from the organization's own site or a registry.", "source": "https://www.qure.ai/contact-us", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, purpose, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.", "editor": "AIBD" } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "date_observed", "revisions" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "replication.attempts[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "replication.conditions": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "replication": { "produced_by": [ "qXR running on routine chest X-rays ordered for non-respiratory indications", "A pathway from AI flag to CT or PET-CT and biopsy" ], "must_hold": [ "Clinicians act on AI flags on films ordered for unrelated reasons", "Tissue confirmation before treatment" ], "echoes": [] } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "replication" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "revision_history[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "revisions": [ { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Paired with AI Incident Database incident 81 (high confidence); severity not given by the source.", "source": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/81", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Removed the Ankara and Chennai placement from the title, account, deployer and location because the paper names neither the participating centers nor their cities (the cities come only from author affiliations), changed “asymptomatic” to “without respiratory symptoms” in the title and personal rating because case 2 presented with fever and the paper's precise statement is that none had respiratory symptoms, and made PET-CT optional in the AI-role statement because the paper gives LDCT with or without PET-CT.", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13058629/", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against from the cited sources.", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13058629/", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Benefit type set to Improved Physical Health under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Knowledge Discovery among the six first used.", "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Country of the developer added from the organization's own site or a registry.", "source": "https://www.qure.ai/contact-us", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, purpose, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.", "editor": "AIBD" } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "revisions" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "sector": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "domain": "Healthcare - thoracic radiology / lung cancer", "segment": "AI on routine chest X-rays in a multicentre study" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "domain", "segment" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "sources[].access_version": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "sources[].citation_locator": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "evidence": [ { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Koksal D, Govindarajan A, Baykan A, Durhan G, Sarinc S, Akpinar MG, Demirkazik F, Mathivanan KM, Vignesh P, Shivabasappa S (2026). A Case Series From a Multicentric Study: Can Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Enabled Chest X-Ray Assist in the Incidental Detection of Early-Stage Lung Cancers? Cureus 18(3):e104881.", "title": "A Case Series From a Multicentric Study: Can Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Enabled Chest X-Ray Assist in the Incidental Detection of Early-Stage Lung Cancers?", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13058629/", "date": "2026-03-09", "written_by": "deployer", "quote": "We present a case series of five individuals in whom AI-enabled chest X-ray (qXR, Qure.ai, Mumbai, India) flagged suspicious pulmonary nodules on X-rays obtained for non-respiratory conditions." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Koksal D et al. (2026). Cureus 18(3):e104881 (second quotation).", "title": "A Case Series From a Multicentric Study: Can Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Enabled Chest X-Ray Assist in the Incidental Detection of Early-Stage Lung Cancers?", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13058629/", "date": "2026-03-09", "written_by": "deployer", "quote": "Computed tomography imaging and biopsy confirmed early-stage lung cancer in all five cases." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Koksal D et al. (2026). Cureus 18(3):e104881 (third quotation, Discussion).", "title": "A Case Series From a Multicentric Study: Can Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Enabled Chest X-Ray Assist in the Incidental Detection of Early-Stage Lung Cancers?", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13058629/", "date": "2026-03-09", "written_by": "deployer", "quote": "Without the assistance of AI, these cases would likely have been missed or delayed." } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "evidence" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "sources[].id": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "identifiers", "identifiers": [ "AIBD-0080-source-0001", "AIBD-0080-source-0002", "AIBD-0080-source-0003" ], "role": "Existing evidence items, in their original order" }, "provenance": { "kind": "curatorial", "basis": "Stable within the fingerprinted record version; no source content or source review has been added.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "complete" }, "sources[].language": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "sources[].relationship": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "evidence": [ { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Koksal D, Govindarajan A, Baykan A, Durhan G, Sarinc S, Akpinar MG, Demirkazik F, Mathivanan KM, Vignesh P, Shivabasappa S (2026). A Case Series From a Multicentric Study: Can Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Enabled Chest X-Ray Assist in the Incidental Detection of Early-Stage Lung Cancers? Cureus 18(3):e104881.", "title": "A Case Series From a Multicentric Study: Can Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Enabled Chest X-Ray Assist in the Incidental Detection of Early-Stage Lung Cancers?", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13058629/", "date": "2026-03-09", "written_by": "deployer", "quote": "We present a case series of five individuals in whom AI-enabled chest X-ray (qXR, Qure.ai, Mumbai, India) flagged suspicious pulmonary nodules on X-rays obtained for non-respiratory conditions." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Koksal D et al. (2026). Cureus 18(3):e104881 (second quotation).", "title": "A Case Series From a Multicentric Study: Can Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Enabled Chest X-Ray Assist in the Incidental Detection of Early-Stage Lung Cancers?", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13058629/", "date": "2026-03-09", "written_by": "deployer", "quote": "Computed tomography imaging and biopsy confirmed early-stage lung cancer in all five cases." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Koksal D et al. (2026). Cureus 18(3):e104881 (third quotation, Discussion).", "title": "A Case Series From a Multicentric Study: Can Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Enabled Chest X-Ray Assist in the Incidental Detection of Early-Stage Lung Cancers?", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13058629/", "date": "2026-03-09", "written_by": "deployer", "quote": "Without the assistance of AI, these cases would likely have been missed or delayed." } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "evidence" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "sources[].upstream_sources": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "strategic_assessments[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "strategic assessments" }, "summary": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "summary": "qXR flagged nodules on X-rays done for other reasons; CT/biopsy confirmed early-stage lung cancer in five adults; four had surgery.", "account": "CREATE (NCT05817110) was a prospective multicenter study. The deep-learning software qXR (Qure.ai) was adopted for routine use on all chest X-rays across participating centers from April 2023 to December 2024. Five cases were found through the AI pathway. The paper names neither the centers nor their cities. Its clinical authors are at Hacettepe University (Ankara, Turkey) and with Aarthi Scans and Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Hospital (Chennai, India). The March 2026 Cureus report describes five individuals, none with respiratory symptoms. In each, qXR flagged suspicious pulmonary nodules on X-rays taken for non-respiratory reasons. They were a 57-year-old man screened before anti-TNF therapy for ulcerative colitis and a 64-year-old man with fever. Also a 65-year-old woman at a smoking-cessation consultation and two men aged 35 and 75 at annual health checks. Computed tomography (CT) and biopsy confirmed early-stage lung cancer in all five. Four underwent curative surgery, two with adjuvant chemotherapy, and one chose chemotherapy alone. Whether the original X-ray reports noted the nodules is not stated." } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "summary", "account" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].autonomy_permissions": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].component_role": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].deployment_configuration": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].inputs_outputs": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].model_name": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].model_version": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].product_name": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "system": "qXR" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "system" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].provider": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "structured", "data": { "application_developer": "Qure.ai" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Mapped from the existing case description without a new external source review.", "record_fields": [ "developer" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "taxonomy_crosswalks[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "title": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "title": "qXR flags suspicious nodules on chest X-rays taken for non-respiratory reasons; five adults without respiratory symptoms diagnosed with early-stage lung cancer", "headline": "qXR nodule flags lead to five early-stage lung cancer diagnoses" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "title", "headline" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "version": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "identifiers", "identifiers": [ "b5fdd5f9bc5403c96cfb196d005f0c7d3bd14ee77d1fa5a4c61a4c4666a8a279" ], "role": "SHA-256 of normalized original case data" }, "provenance": { "kind": "curatorial", "basis": "Deterministic content version assigned by the local migration.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "complete" }, "workflow": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "account": "CREATE (NCT05817110) was a prospective multicenter study. The deep-learning software qXR (Qure.ai) was adopted for routine use on all chest X-rays across participating centers from April 2023 to December 2024. Five cases were found through the AI pathway. The paper names neither the centers nor their cities. Its clinical authors are at Hacettepe University (Ankara, Turkey) and with Aarthi Scans and Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Hospital (Chennai, India). The March 2026 Cureus report describes five individuals, none with respiratory symptoms. In each, qXR flagged suspicious pulmonary nodules on X-rays taken for non-respiratory reasons. They were a 57-year-old man screened before anti-TNF therapy for ulcerative colitis and a 64-year-old man with fever. Also a 65-year-old woman at a smoking-cessation consultation and two men aged 35 and 75 at annual health checks. Computed tomography (CT) and biopsy confirmed early-stage lung cancer in all five. Four underwent curative surgery, two with adjuvant chemotherapy, and one chose chemotherapy alone. Whether the original X-ray reports noted the nodules is not stated.", "replication": { "produced_by": [ "qXR running on routine chest X-rays ordered for non-respiratory indications", "A pathway from AI flag to CT or PET-CT and biopsy" ], "must_hold": [ "Clinicians act on AI flags on films ordered for unrelated reasons", "Tissue confirmation before treatment" ], "echoes": [] } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "account", "replication" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" } }, "summary": { "total": 91, "addressed": 91, "known": 30, "reviewed": 0, "record_mapped": 30, "not_assessed": 61, "complete": false, "by_state": { "value_present": 30, "not_reported": 0, "unresolved": 0, "not_assessed": 61, "not_applicable": 0, "withheld": 0, "source_unavailable": 0 } } } }