{
  "id": "AIBD-0071",
  "title": "AI handwriting analysis shows two scribes wrote the Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaa)",
  "summary": "AI handwriting analysis showed two scribes wrote the Great Isaiah Scroll, switching at columns 27–29; published in PLOS ONE 21 April 2021",
  "date_observed": "2021-04-21",
  "date_basis": "unassessed",
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  "account": "On 21 April 2021 Mladen Popović, Maruf Dhali and Lambert Schomaker of the University of Groningen published an artificial-intelligence analysis in PLOS ONE. It examined the handwriting of the Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaa) from the Dead Sea Scrolls. They used pattern recognition on digitized images of the scroll's 54 columns. The columns fell into two statistically distinct groups, with a transition in columns 27–29. They concluded that two main scribes with different writing patterns were responsible for the scroll, against the view that one scribe wrote it. Some earlier scholars had suggested a change after column 27 on other grounds; the AI analysis supplied quantitative evidence. The team is both developer of the method and author of the finding; acceptance rests on the journal's peer review.",
  "category": "benefit created",
  "unexpected": false,
  "purpose": "Writer identification in ancient manuscripts to distinguish individual scribes",
  "system": "Groningen AI-based writer-identification pipeline (neural-network binarisation with textural and allographic feature analysis)",
  "model_version": "BiNet",
  "developer": "University of Groningen (Dhali, Schomaker, Popović)",
  "deployer": "University of Groningen",
  "location": "Groningen, Netherlands",
  "domain": "History and archives",
  "segment": "Palaeography of the Dead Sea Scrolls",
  "benefit_type": "Improved Knowledge Discovery",
  "taxonomy_note": null,
  "registry_ids": {},
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    {
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    "status": "assessed",
    "statement": "The AI analysis produced the statistical separation of the columns into two groups. The scribal interpretation and the conclusion that two scribes were responsible were made by the authors. The method's developers and the finding's authors are the same team. The only non-developer cited source is the University of Groningen's statement as carried by phys.org. Independent coverage (Smithsonian, CNN) is not among the sources."
  },
  "evidence": [
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "Popović, M., Dhali, M. A., Schomaker, L. (2021). Artificial intelligence based writer identification generates new evidence for the unknown scribes of the Dead Sea Scrolls exemplified by the Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaa). PLOS ONE.",
      "title": "Artificial intelligence based writer identification generates new evidence for the unknown scribes of the Dead Sea Scrolls exemplified by the Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaa)",
      "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0249769",
      "date": "2021-04-21",
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": "Demonstrating that two main scribes, each showing different writing patterns, were responsible for the Great Isaiah Scroll"
    },
    {
      "kind": "press release",
      "citation": "University of Groningen, via Phys.org (2021). Cracking the code of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Phys.org.",
      "title": "Cracking the code of the Dead Sea Scrolls",
      "url": "https://phys.org/news/2021-04-code-dead-sea-scrolls.html",
      "date": "2021-04-21",
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": "His analysis of textural and allographic features showed that the 54 columns of text in the Great Isaiah Scroll fell into two different groups."
    }
  ],
  "replication": {
    "produced_by": [
      "High-resolution digital images of all 54 columns",
      "Neural-network separation of ink from background",
      "Textural and allographic features compared statistically across column groups"
    ],
    "must_hold": [
      "Sufficient legible text per column",
      "Features that separate writers rather than pens or parchment",
      "Statistical significance of the separation"
    ],
    "echoes": []
  },
  "paired_incident": null,
  "headline": "Groningen AI finds two scribes wrote the Great Isaiah Scroll",
  "metric": "two scribes wrote the Great Isaiah Scroll, switching at columns 27–29",
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    "against": "the prevailing scholarly view that a single scribe copied the whole scroll",
    "before": "the entire manuscript was copied by one scribe, with minor interventions by other, contemporaneous and also much later, scribes",
    "after": "two main scribes, each showing different writing patterns, were responsible for the Great Isaiah Scroll",
    "basis": "measured",
    "quote": "While only [5], [26] have stated that two scribes were each responsible for copying half of the manuscript, columns 1–27 and columns 28–54, most scholars have argued or assumed that the entire manuscript was copied by one scribe, with minor interventions by other, contemporaneous and also much later, scribes [27]–[29].",
    "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0249769"
  },
  "later": {
    "status": "unknown",
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    "note": "The cited sources state only an intention to analyze other scrolls next; no later development was found,.",
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  "developer_country": "Netherlands",
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      "source": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0249769; https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0249769",
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      "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
      "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Groningen; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Groningen",
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