{
  "id": "AIBD-0058",
  "title": "Superpower Glass machine-learning emotion feedback on Google Glass improves socialization scores in children with autism (Stanford cohorts)",
  "summary": "Stanford's Superpower Glass cut SRS-2 scores 7.38 points in 14 children and raised Vineland socialization 4.58 points in a 71-child RCT.",
  "date_observed": "2016-07-01",
  "date_basis": "unassessed",
  "date_precision": "unassessed",
  "benefit_status": null,
  "source_collection": null,
  "source_entry": null,
  "account": "Superpower Glass, developed at Stanford University, runs a machine-learning facial-expression classifier on Google Glass. It shows a child which emotion a facing person is displaying. An at-home feasibility study had intake between July and October 2016 (day not given, so 1 July is used). In it, 14 children with autism completed the protocol. Total SRS-2 scores fell an average of 7.38 points and 12 of 14 families reported more eye contact (npj Digital Medicine, 2018). A randomized trial enrolled 71 children aged 6 to 12 from 1 November 2016 to 11 April 2018. Those adding the device to applied behavioral analysis therapy gained 4.58 points more on the Vineland socialization subscale than controls (P = .005). Three other primary measures did not reach significance (JAMA Pediatrics, 2019). Results are cohort-level.",
  "category": "general benefit",
  "unexpected": false,
  "purpose": "Teach emotion recognition and facial engagement to children with autism through real-time wearable feedback",
  "system": "Superpower Glass: Google Glass with a real-time machine-learning facial emotion classifier and companion smartphone app",
  "model_version": null,
  "developer": "Stanford University (Wall lab, Division of Systems Medicine and Department of Computer Science)",
  "deployer": "Participating families at home under the Stanford studies",
  "location": "Palo Alto, United States",
  "domain": "Autism intervention / digital therapeutics",
  "segment": "Children with autism spectrum disorder aged 6-12",
  "benefit_type": "Improved Learning",
  "taxonomy_note": "The measured gain is social-skills learning in children with autism, a therapeutic outcome that no type names exactly.",
  "registry_ids": {},
  "ratings": [
    {
      "group": "personal",
      "depth": null,
      "reason": "The gains are group means (SRS-2 and Vineland), with no individually attributed outcome."
    },
    {
      "group": "societal",
      "depth": null,
      "reason": "Trial evidence of efficacy comparable to standard care, not a measured societal change."
    }
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  "ai_role": {
    "status": "assessed",
    "statement": "The emotion classifier, trained on public facial-expression databases and tuned for home conditions, generates the real-time cues the intervention relies on. The Guess the Emotion game within the package does not use the classifier. So part of the effect may come from structured family interaction rather than the AI."
  },
  "evidence": [
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "Voss C, Schwartz J, Daniels J, et al. (2019). Effect of Wearable Digital Intervention for Improving Socialization in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatrics 173(5):446-454.",
      "title": "Effect of Wearable Digital Intervention for Improving Socialization in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/30907929",
      "date": "2019-05-01",
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": "showed significant improvements on the Vineland Adaptive Behaviors Scale socialization subscale compared with treatment as usual controls (mean [SD] treatment impact, 4.58 [1.62]; P = .005)"
    },
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "Daniels J, Schwartz JN, Voss C, et al. (2018). Exploratory study examining the at-home feasibility of a wearable tool for social-affective learning in children with autism. npj Digital Medicine 1:32.",
      "title": "Exploratory study examining the at-home feasibility of a wearable tool for social-affective learning in children with autism",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC6550272",
      "date": null,
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": "12 of 14 families commented that they had observed an increase in eye contact from intake to conclusion during the semi-structured interview"
    },
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "Daniels J, et al. (2018). npj Digital Medicine 1:32 (SRS-2 result).",
      "title": "Exploratory study examining the at-home feasibility of a wearable tool for social-affective learning in children with autism (SRS-2 result)",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC6550272",
      "date": null,
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": "Children's total SRS-2 scores decreased an average of 7.38 points over the course of the study"
    }
  ],
  "replication": {
    "produced_by": [
      "Real-time emotion classification on a head-worn display",
      "Structured 20-minute home sessions several times a week",
      "Concurrent applied behavioral analysis therapy"
    ],
    "must_hold": [
      "Child tolerates wearing Google Glass",
      "Family adherence to the session schedule",
      "Classifier accuracy under home lighting and pose variation"
    ],
    "echoes": [
      {
        "date": "2016-11-01",
        "setting": "Randomized clinical trial of 71 children at Stanford with home use",
        "model_version": null,
        "outcome": "recurred",
        "source": "Voss et al. (2019) JAMA Pediatrics, PMID 30907929"
      }
    ]
  },
  "paired_incident": {
    "database": "AI Incident Database",
    "identifier": "454",
    "title": "Emotion Detection Models Showed Disparate Performance along Racial Lines",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/454",
    "severity": null,
    "group": "personal",
    "basis": "Both depend on a real-time facial emotion classifier labeling expressions for a user; Face++ and Microsoft's emotion models misread faces systematically, scoring Black people's smiling or ambiguous photos as negative."
  },
  "headline": "Superpower Glass raises Vineland socialization by 4.58 points",
  "metric": "gained 4.58 points more on the Vineland socialization subscale than controls (P = .005)",
  "comparator": {
    "against": "applied behavioral analysis therapy alone (treatment as usual)",
    "before": null,
    "after": "mean [SD] treatment impact, 4.58 [1.62]; P = .005",
    "basis": "measured",
    "quote": "Children receiving the intervention showed significant improvements on the Vineland Adaptive Behaviors Scale socialization subscale compared with treatment as usual controls (mean [SD] treatment impact, 4.58 [1.62]; P = .005).",
    "url": "https://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/30907929"
  },
  "later": {
    "status": "scaled",
    "date": "2019-05-01",
    "note": "The feasibility cohort was followed by a 71-child randomized clinical trial at Stanford that found a socialization gain comparable with standard-of-care therapy.",
    "quote": "The observed 4.58-point average gain on the Vineland Adaptive Behaviors Scale socialization subscale is comparable with gains observed with standard of care therapy.",
    "url": "https://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/30907929"
  },
  "value": null,
  "developer_country": "United States",
  "deployer_country": null,
  "unrated_because": null,
  "brief_notes": null,
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  "revisions": [
    {
      "date": "2026-10-20",
      "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.",
      "source": null,
      "editor": "AIBD"
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    {
      "date": "2026-10-20",
      "change": "Paired with AI Incident Database incident 454 (medium confidence); severity not given by the source.",
      "source": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/454",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-20",
      "change": "Verification sweep: Stanford's Wall lab, which built Superpower Glass, wrote all three papers; those sources are now marked as written by the makers. The record is admitted on its peer-reviewed or independent source.",
      "source": null,
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against, what happened since from the cited sources.",
      "source": "https://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/30907929; https://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/30907929",
      "editor": "AIBD"
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    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Country of the developer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
      "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University",
      "editor": "AIBD"
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    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Prose pass: account, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.",
      "source": null,
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  ],
  "confidence": "claimed",
  "shade": "low",
  "claim_status": "The makers' claim",
  "claim_basis": "Sources: two peer-reviewed studies from the makers. The cited evidence includes no independent source and no finding by a regulator or court.",
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        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "account",
            "replication"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      }
    },
    "summary": {
      "total": 91,
      "addressed": 91,
      "known": 30,
      "reviewed": 0,
      "record_mapped": 30,
      "not_assessed": 61,
      "complete": false,
      "by_state": {
        "value_present": 30,
        "not_reported": 0,
        "unresolved": 0,
        "not_assessed": 61,
        "not_applicable": 0,
        "withheld": 0,
        "source_unavailable": 0
      }
    }
  }
}