{
  "id": "AIBD-0036",
  "title": "Glider-borne automated whale-call classifier triggers a NOAA Right Whale Slow Zone east of Portland, Maine",
  "summary": "WHOI/NOAA glider's automated call classifier detected right whales on 27 December 2023; NOAA declared a Slow Zone east of Portland, ME.",
  "date_observed": "2023-12-27",
  "date_basis": "unassessed",
  "date_precision": "unassessed",
  "benefit_status": null,
  "source_collection": null,
  "source_entry": null,
  "account": "On 27 December 2023 the Gulf of Maine Winter Slocum glider acoustically detected North Atlantic right whales east of Portland, Maine. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and NOAA's Northeast Fisheries Science Center operate it. Such gliders carry a DMON instrument running the Low-Frequency Detection and Classification System (LFDCS). It matches pitch-tracked calls against a call library using quadratic discriminant function analysis. Shore-based analysts validate detections. On 29 December 2023 NOAA Fisheries announced a voluntary Right Whale Slow Zone bounded by 43°49'N, 43°09'N, 67°02'W and 68°57'W. It ran 27 December 2023 through 11 January 2024. NOAA asked mariners to route around the area or transit at 10 knots or less.",
  "category": "protective response",
  "unexpected": false,
  "purpose": "LFDCS was built to detect and classify baleen whale calls in near real time for management use. The Slow Zone trigger was that purpose.",
  "system": "DMON instrument running the Low-Frequency Detection and Classification System (LFDCS) on a Slocum glider",
  "model_version": null,
  "developer": "Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Mark Baumgartner)",
  "deployer": "Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center; NOAA Fisheries issues Slow Zones",
  "location": "Gulf of Maine east of Portland, United States",
  "domain": "Marine conservation / shipping",
  "segment": "Endangered-species vessel-strike mitigation",
  "benefit_type": "Improved Environmental Sustainability",
  "taxonomy_note": null,
  "registry_ids": {},
  "ratings": [
    {
      "group": "societal",
      "depth": 2,
      "reason": "A protective speed-reduction request for an endangered species over a defined area for about 15 days. No evidence that a strike was averted or that specific vessels complied."
    }
  ],
  "ai_role": {
    "status": "assessed",
    "statement": "Automated classification produced the candidate detections. Analysts validated them on shore before NOAA acted. The resulting Slow Zone is voluntary."
  },
  "evidence": [
    {
      "kind": "regulatory document",
      "citation": "NOAA Fisheries (29 Dec 2023). New Right Whale Slow Zone: East of Portland, ME - Effective Through 1/11. GovDelivery bulletin.",
      "title": "New Right Whale Slow Zone: East of Portland, ME - Effective Through 1/11",
      "url": "https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNOAAFISHERIES/bulletins/3824b02",
      "date": "2023-12-29",
      "written_by": "deployer",
      "quote": "detected the presence of right whales east of Portland, ME"
    },
    {
      "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
      "citation": "Indeck KL, Baumgartner MF, Lecavalier L, et al. (2025). Glider Surveillance for Near-Real-Time Detection and Spatial Management of North Atlantic Right Whales. Oceanography 38(Suppl. 1):13-21.",
      "title": "Glider Surveillance for Near-Real-Time Detection and Spatial Management of North Atlantic Right Whales",
      "url": "https://tos.org/oceanography/article/glider-surveillance-for-near-real-time-detection-and-spatial-management-of-north-atlantic-right-whales",
      "date": null,
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": "154 Slow Zones have been triggered or extended by acoustic detections of NARWs, and 51 (33%) of those Slow Zones were triggered or extended by gliders"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "citation": "Baumgartner M (WHOI). Low-Frequency Detection and Classification System (LFDCS) user manual (developer documentation).",
      "title": "Low-Frequency Detection and Classification System (LFDCS)",
      "url": "https://dcs.whoi.edu/lfdcs_manual/lfdcs_manual.html",
      "date": null,
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": "The call library can contain hundreds of these known call types, allowing the LFDCS to efficiently detect and classify many different calls produced by numerous species."
    },
    {
      "kind": "report",
      "citation": "Wilder J, Davis G, DeAngelis A, Van Parijs S, Baumgartner M (2023). Low-Frequency Detection and Classification System (LFDCS) Reference Guide. NOAA Institutional Repository.",
      "title": "Low-Frequency Detection and Classification System (LFDCS) Reference Guide",
      "url": "https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/48671",
      "date": null,
      "written_by": "makers",
      "quote": "a software system created for automated detection and classification of low-frequency baleen whale vocalizations in archival and real-time acoustic data"
    },
    {
      "kind": "regulatory document",
      "citation": "NOAA Fisheries. Reducing Vessel Strikes to North Atlantic Right Whales (Slow Zones policy page).",
      "title": "Reducing Vessel Strikes to North Atlantic Right Whales",
      "url": "https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/endangered-species-conservation/reducing-vessel-strikes-north-atlantic-right-whales",
      "date": null,
      "written_by": "deployer",
      "quote": "For a period of 15 days after a whale is detected, mariners are encouraged to avoid these areas"
    }
  ],
  "replication": {
    "produced_by": [
      "Glider or buoy carrying DMON/LFDCS in right whale habitat",
      "Shore-based analyst validation protocol",
      "NOAA Slow Zone program (established late 2020) accepting acoustic triggers"
    ],
    "must_hold": [
      "Whales vocalize within detection range",
      "Mariners comply voluntarily for any protective effect to materialize"
    ],
    "echoes": [
      {
        "date": "2024-01-20",
        "setting": "Southeast US waters; first definite glider-based acoustic detection there, which triggered a Southeast Early Warning System alert for vessel strike mitigation",
        "model_version": null,
        "outcome": "recurred",
        "source": "Indeck et al. (2025) Oceanography, https://tos.org/oceanography/article/glider-surveillance-for-near-real-time-detection-and-spatial-management-of-north-atlantic-right-whales"
      },
      {
        "date": null,
        "setting": "US East Coast, four years of the Slow Zone program: 154 Slow Zones triggered or extended by acoustic detections, 51 by gliders",
        "model_version": null,
        "outcome": "recurred",
        "source": "Indeck et al. (2025) Oceanography"
      }
    ]
  },
  "paired_incident": {
    "database": "AI Incident Database",
    "identifier": "219",
    "title": "Poachers Evaded AI Cameras and Killed Four Rhinos",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/219",
    "severity": null,
    "group": "societal",
    "basis": "Automated detection to protect an endangered species: the glider's whale-call classifier triggered a ship Slow Zone, while Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife's AI cameras failed to detect poachers and four rhinos were killed."
  },
  "headline": "LFDCS glider detections trigger a NOAA Right Whale Slow Zone",
  "metric": "mariners route around the area or transit at 10 knots or less",
  "comparator": {
    "against": "aerial surveillance",
    "before": null,
    "after": "more slowdowns than aerial surveillance by a factor of two to five during fall and summer",
    "basis": "measured",
    "quote": "Gliders triggered more slowdowns than aerial surveillance by a factor of two to five during fall and summer but were less effective during spring, as whales migrating into the GoSL tend to call at lower rates and occur at lower densities than during other behavioral states (Parks et al., 2011; Matthews and Parks, 2021).",
    "url": "https://tos.org/oceanography/article/glider-surveillance-for-near-real-time-detection-and-spatial-management-of-north-atlantic-right-whales"
  },
  "later": {
    "status": "scaled",
    "date": "2025-01-21",
    "note": "By early 2025 gliders had triggered or extended 51 of the 154 acoustically triggered Slow Zones, and on 20 January 2024 a glider made the first definite glider-based acoustic detection in southeast US waters.",
    "quote": "In the four years since its inception, 154 Slow Zones have been triggered or extended by acoustic detections of NARWs, and 51 (33%) of those Slow Zones were triggered or extended by gliders operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Rutgers University, Stony Brook University, and The University of Maine during 57 separate glider missions.",
    "url": "https://tos.org/oceanography/article/glider-surveillance-for-near-real-time-detection-and-spatial-management-of-north-atlantic-right-whales"
  },
  "value": null,
  "developer_country": "United States",
  "deployer_country": "United States",
  "unrated_because": null,
  "brief_notes": null,
  "brief": null,
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    {
      "date": "2026-10-20",
      "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.",
      "source": null,
      "editor": "AIBD"
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    {
      "date": "2026-10-20",
      "change": "Paired with AI Incident Database incident 219 (medium confidence); severity not given by the source.",
      "source": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/219",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against, what happened since from the cited sources.",
      "source": "https://tos.org/oceanography/article/glider-surveillance-for-near-real-time-detection-and-spatial-management-of-north-atlantic-right-whales; https://tos.org/oceanography/article/glider-surveillance-for-near-real-time-detection-and-spatial-management-of-north-atlantic-right-whales",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
      "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woods_Hole_Oceanographic_Institution; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woods_Hole_Oceanographic_Institution",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, purpose, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.",
      "source": null,
      "editor": "AIBD"
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  ],
  "confidence": "claimed",
  "shade": "low",
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  "claim_basis": "Sources: the makers' peer-reviewed study, the makers' report, the makers' other and two regulatory documents from the deployer. The cited evidence includes no independent source and no finding by a regulator or court.",
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          "answer": "mariners route around the area or transit at 10 knots or less",
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        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
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      },
      "evaluations[].setting_sample": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].uncertainty_limitations": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "external_references[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "paired_incident": {
              "database": "AI Incident Database",
              "identifier": "219",
              "title": "Poachers Evaded AI Cameras and Killed Four Rhinos",
              "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/219",
              "group": "societal",
              "basis": "Automated detection to protect an endangered species: the glider's whale-call classifier triggered a ship Slow Zone, while Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife's AI cameras failed to detect poachers and four rhinos were killed."
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
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      },
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          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "later": {
              "status": "scaled",
              "date": "2025-01-21",
              "note": "By early 2025 gliders had triggered or extended 51 of the 154 acoustically triggered Slow Zones, and on 20 January 2024 a glider made the first definite glider-based acoustic detection in southeast US waters.",
              "quote": "In the four years since its inception, 154 Slow Zones have been triggered or extended by acoustic detections of NARWs, and 51 (33%) of those Slow Zones were triggered or extended by gliders operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Rutgers University, Stony Brook University, and The University of Maine during 57 separate glider missions.",
              "url": "https://tos.org/oceanography/article/glider-surveillance-for-near-real-time-detection-and-spatial-management-of-north-atlantic-right-whales"
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
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          ],
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        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
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      },
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        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
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        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
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        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
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        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
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      },
      "infrastructure_dependencies[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
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      "outcomes[].beneficiaries": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].beneficiary_count": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].benefit_type": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "benefit_type": "Improved Environmental Sustainability"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
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        "state": "value_present",
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          "kind": "record_fields",
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            "benefit_type": "Improved Environmental Sustainability"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "account",
            "benefit_type"
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          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].distribution": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].duration": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].id": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].stakeholder_group": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "ratings": [
              {
                "group": "societal",
                "depth": 2,
                "reason": "A protective speed-reduction request for an endangered species over a defined area for about 15 days. No evidence that a strike was averted or that specific vessels complied."
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "ratings"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].status": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].tradeoffs": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].unexpected": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "unexpected": false,
            "purpose": "LFDCS was built to detect and classify baleen whale calls in near real time for management use. The Slow Zone trigger was that purpose."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "unexpected",
            "purpose"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "places[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "location": "Gulf of Maine east of Portland, United States",
            "developer_country": "United States",
            "deployer_country": "United States"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "location",
            "developer_country",
            "deployer_country"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "purpose": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "purpose": "LFDCS was built to detect and classify baleen whale calls in near real time for management use. The Slow Zone trigger was that purpose."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "purpose"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "record_dates": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "date_observed": "2023-12-27",
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              {
                "date": "2026-10-20",
                "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-20",
                "change": "Paired with AI Incident Database incident 219 (medium confidence); severity not given by the source.",
                "source": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/219",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against, what happened since from the cited sources.",
                "source": "https://tos.org/oceanography/article/glider-surveillance-for-near-real-time-detection-and-spatial-management-of-north-atlantic-right-whales; https://tos.org/oceanography/article/glider-surveillance-for-near-real-time-detection-and-spatial-management-of-north-atlantic-right-whales",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
                "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woods_Hole_Oceanographic_Institution; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woods_Hole_Oceanographic_Institution",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, purpose, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "date_observed",
            "revisions"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
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        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
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              "produced_by": [
                "Glider or buoy carrying DMON/LFDCS in right whale habitat",
                "Shore-based analyst validation protocol",
                "NOAA Slow Zone program (established late 2020) accepting acoustic triggers"
              ],
              "must_hold": [
                "Whales vocalize within detection range",
                "Mariners comply voluntarily for any protective effect to materialize"
              ],
              "echoes": [
                {
                  "date": "2024-01-20",
                  "setting": "Southeast US waters; first definite glider-based acoustic detection there, which triggered a Southeast Early Warning System alert for vessel strike mitigation",
                  "outcome": "recurred",
                  "source": "Indeck et al. (2025) Oceanography, https://tos.org/oceanography/article/glider-surveillance-for-near-real-time-detection-and-spatial-management-of-north-atlantic-right-whales"
                },
                {
                  "setting": "US East Coast, four years of the Slow Zone program: 154 Slow Zones triggered or extended by acoustic detections, 51 by gliders",
                  "outcome": "recurred",
                  "source": "Indeck et al. (2025) Oceanography"
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
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          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
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        "coverage": "partial"
      },
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        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "replication": {
              "produced_by": [
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                "Shore-based analyst validation protocol",
                "NOAA Slow Zone program (established late 2020) accepting acoustic triggers"
              ],
              "must_hold": [
                "Whales vocalize within detection range",
                "Mariners comply voluntarily for any protective effect to materialize"
              ],
              "echoes": [
                {
                  "date": "2024-01-20",
                  "setting": "Southeast US waters; first definite glider-based acoustic detection there, which triggered a Southeast Early Warning System alert for vessel strike mitigation",
                  "outcome": "recurred",
                  "source": "Indeck et al. (2025) Oceanography, https://tos.org/oceanography/article/glider-surveillance-for-near-real-time-detection-and-spatial-management-of-north-atlantic-right-whales"
                },
                {
                  "setting": "US East Coast, four years of the Slow Zone program: 154 Slow Zones triggered or extended by acoustic detections, 51 by gliders",
                  "outcome": "recurred",
                  "source": "Indeck et al. (2025) Oceanography"
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
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          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "revision_history[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "revisions": [
              {
                "date": "2026-10-20",
                "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-20",
                "change": "Paired with AI Incident Database incident 219 (medium confidence); severity not given by the source.",
                "source": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/219",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against, what happened since from the cited sources.",
                "source": "https://tos.org/oceanography/article/glider-surveillance-for-near-real-time-detection-and-spatial-management-of-north-atlantic-right-whales; https://tos.org/oceanography/article/glider-surveillance-for-near-real-time-detection-and-spatial-management-of-north-atlantic-right-whales",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
                "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woods_Hole_Oceanographic_Institution; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woods_Hole_Oceanographic_Institution",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, purpose, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
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          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sector": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "domain": "Marine conservation / shipping",
            "segment": "Endangered-species vessel-strike mitigation"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "domain",
            "segment"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
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        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].citation_locator": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "evidence": [
              {
                "kind": "regulatory document",
                "citation": "NOAA Fisheries (29 Dec 2023). New Right Whale Slow Zone: East of Portland, ME - Effective Through 1/11. GovDelivery bulletin.",
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                "url": "https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNOAAFISHERIES/bulletins/3824b02",
                "date": "2023-12-29",
                "written_by": "deployer",
                "quote": "detected the presence of right whales east of Portland, ME"
              },
              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
                "citation": "Indeck KL, Baumgartner MF, Lecavalier L, et al. (2025). Glider Surveillance for Near-Real-Time Detection and Spatial Management of North Atlantic Right Whales. Oceanography 38(Suppl. 1):13-21.",
                "title": "Glider Surveillance for Near-Real-Time Detection and Spatial Management of North Atlantic Right Whales",
                "url": "https://tos.org/oceanography/article/glider-surveillance-for-near-real-time-detection-and-spatial-management-of-north-atlantic-right-whales",
                "written_by": "makers",
                "quote": "154 Slow Zones have been triggered or extended by acoustic detections of NARWs, and 51 (33%) of those Slow Zones were triggered or extended by gliders"
              },
              {
                "kind": "other",
                "citation": "Baumgartner M (WHOI). Low-Frequency Detection and Classification System (LFDCS) user manual (developer documentation).",
                "title": "Low-Frequency Detection and Classification System (LFDCS)",
                "url": "https://dcs.whoi.edu/lfdcs_manual/lfdcs_manual.html",
                "written_by": "makers",
                "quote": "The call library can contain hundreds of these known call types, allowing the LFDCS to efficiently detect and classify many different calls produced by numerous species."
              },
              {
                "kind": "report",
                "citation": "Wilder J, Davis G, DeAngelis A, Van Parijs S, Baumgartner M (2023). Low-Frequency Detection and Classification System (LFDCS) Reference Guide. NOAA Institutional Repository.",
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                "url": "https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/48671",
                "written_by": "makers",
                "quote": "a software system created for automated detection and classification of low-frequency baleen whale vocalizations in archival and real-time acoustic data"
              },
              {
                "kind": "regulatory document",
                "citation": "NOAA Fisheries. Reducing Vessel Strikes to North Atlantic Right Whales (Slow Zones policy page).",
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                "url": "https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/endangered-species-conservation/reducing-vessel-strikes-north-atlantic-right-whales",
                "written_by": "deployer",
                "quote": "For a period of 15 days after a whale is detected, mariners are encouraged to avoid these areas"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
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          "record_fields": [
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        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
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      },
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        "value": {
          "kind": "identifiers",
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            "AIBD-0036-source-0002",
            "AIBD-0036-source-0003",
            "AIBD-0036-source-0004",
            "AIBD-0036-source-0005"
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          "role": "Existing evidence items, in their original order"
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "curatorial",
          "basis": "Stable within the fingerprinted record version; no source content or source review has been added.",
          "record_fields": [],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "complete"
      },
      "sources[].language": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].relationship": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "evidence": [
              {
                "kind": "regulatory document",
                "citation": "NOAA Fisheries (29 Dec 2023). New Right Whale Slow Zone: East of Portland, ME - Effective Through 1/11. GovDelivery bulletin.",
                "title": "New Right Whale Slow Zone: East of Portland, ME - Effective Through 1/11",
                "url": "https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNOAAFISHERIES/bulletins/3824b02",
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              {
                "kind": "peer-reviewed study",
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                "title": "Glider Surveillance for Near-Real-Time Detection and Spatial Management of North Atlantic Right Whales",
                "url": "https://tos.org/oceanography/article/glider-surveillance-for-near-real-time-detection-and-spatial-management-of-north-atlantic-right-whales",
                "written_by": "makers",
                "quote": "154 Slow Zones have been triggered or extended by acoustic detections of NARWs, and 51 (33%) of those Slow Zones were triggered or extended by gliders"
              },
              {
                "kind": "other",
                "citation": "Baumgartner M (WHOI). Low-Frequency Detection and Classification System (LFDCS) user manual (developer documentation).",
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                "written_by": "makers",
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              },
              {
                "kind": "report",
                "citation": "Wilder J, Davis G, DeAngelis A, Van Parijs S, Baumgartner M (2023). Low-Frequency Detection and Classification System (LFDCS) Reference Guide. NOAA Institutional Repository.",
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              },
              {
                "kind": "regulatory document",
                "citation": "NOAA Fisheries. Reducing Vessel Strikes to North Atlantic Right Whales (Slow Zones policy page).",
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                "written_by": "deployer",
                "quote": "For a period of 15 days after a whale is detected, mariners are encouraged to avoid these areas"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
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          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].upstream_sources": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "strategic_assessments[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "strategic assessments"
      },
      "summary": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "summary": "WHOI/NOAA glider's automated call classifier detected right whales on 27 December 2023; NOAA declared a Slow Zone east of Portland, ME.",
            "account": "On 27 December 2023 the Gulf of Maine Winter Slocum glider acoustically detected North Atlantic right whales east of Portland, Maine. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and NOAA's Northeast Fisheries Science Center operate it. Such gliders carry a DMON instrument running the Low-Frequency Detection and Classification System (LFDCS). It matches pitch-tracked calls against a call library using quadratic discriminant function analysis. Shore-based analysts validate detections. On 29 December 2023 NOAA Fisheries announced a voluntary Right Whale Slow Zone bounded by 43°49'N, 43°09'N, 67°02'W and 68°57'W. It ran 27 December 2023 through 11 January 2024. NOAA asked mariners to route around the area or transit at 10 knots or less."
          }
        },
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        "state": "not_assessed",
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        "state": "not_assessed",
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          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "system": "DMON instrument running the Low-Frequency Detection and Classification System (LFDCS) on a Slocum glider"
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        },
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        "state": "value_present",
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          "kind": "structured",
          "data": {
            "application_developer": "Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Mark Baumgartner)"
          }
        },
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      },
      "taxonomy_crosswalks[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
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      "title": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "title": "Glider-borne automated whale-call classifier triggers a NOAA Right Whale Slow Zone east of Portland, Maine",
            "headline": "LFDCS glider detections trigger a NOAA Right Whale Slow Zone"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
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        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "complete"
      },
      "workflow": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "account": "On 27 December 2023 the Gulf of Maine Winter Slocum glider acoustically detected North Atlantic right whales east of Portland, Maine. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and NOAA's Northeast Fisheries Science Center operate it. Such gliders carry a DMON instrument running the Low-Frequency Detection and Classification System (LFDCS). It matches pitch-tracked calls against a call library using quadratic discriminant function analysis. Shore-based analysts validate detections. On 29 December 2023 NOAA Fisheries announced a voluntary Right Whale Slow Zone bounded by 43°49'N, 43°09'N, 67°02'W and 68°57'W. It ran 27 December 2023 through 11 January 2024. NOAA asked mariners to route around the area or transit at 10 knots or less.",
            "replication": {
              "produced_by": [
                "Glider or buoy carrying DMON/LFDCS in right whale habitat",
                "Shore-based analyst validation protocol",
                "NOAA Slow Zone program (established late 2020) accepting acoustic triggers"
              ],
              "must_hold": [
                "Whales vocalize within detection range",
                "Mariners comply voluntarily for any protective effect to materialize"
              ],
              "echoes": [
                {
                  "date": "2024-01-20",
                  "setting": "Southeast US waters; first definite glider-based acoustic detection there, which triggered a Southeast Early Warning System alert for vessel strike mitigation",
                  "outcome": "recurred",
                  "source": "Indeck et al. (2025) Oceanography, https://tos.org/oceanography/article/glider-surveillance-for-near-real-time-detection-and-spatial-management-of-north-atlantic-right-whales"
                },
                {
                  "setting": "US East Coast, four years of the Slow Zone program: 154 Slow Zones triggered or extended by acoustic detections, 51 by gliders",
                  "outcome": "recurred",
                  "source": "Indeck et al. (2025) Oceanography"
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
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          ],
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        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      }
    },
    "summary": {
      "total": 91,
      "addressed": 91,
      "known": 31,
      "reviewed": 0,
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      "not_assessed": 60,
      "complete": false,
      "by_state": {
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        "not_reported": 0,
        "unresolved": 0,
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        "not_applicable": 0,
        "withheld": 0,
        "source_unavailable": 0
      }
    }
  }
}