{ "id": "AIBD-0021", "title": "Apple Watch heart-rate, irregular-rhythm and ECG alerts leading to arrhythmia diagnosis and treatment", "summary": "Apple Watch heart-rate alarms led to an ECG-confirmed AF diagnosis and anticoagulation (UK, 2019); 16 echoes from 15 published case reports to 2026.", "date_observed": "2019-03-29", "date_basis": "unassessed", "date_precision": "unassessed", "benefit_status": null, "source_collection": null, "source_entry": null, "account": "In a case report of 29 March 2019 (event date not reported), a 59-year-old woman attended a United Kingdom emergency department. The acute medicine service saw her (the report does not name the hospital; the author is at Ipswich Hospital). She attended because her Apple Watch Series 2 had alarmed several times overnight that her pulse exceeded 120 bpm while she was inactive. A transient ischemic attack had occurred two months earlier. An electrocardiogram (ECG) showed atrial fibrillation with a fast ventricular response. She started bisoprolol and a direct oral anticoagulant, and clopidogrel was stopped. Later case reports describe the watch's heart-rate alerts, irregular-rhythm notification or ECG app leading to confirmed atrial flutter, supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia and heart block. Treatment was by cardioversion, ablation, pacemaker or defibrillator.", "category": "benefit created", "unexpected": false, "purpose": "Apple Watch high/low heart-rate notifications, the Irregular Rhythm Notification and the ECG app are built to flag possible arrhythmias so the wearer seeks medical review. This benefit was that purpose.", "system": "Apple Watch heart-rate notifications, Irregular Rhythm Notification and ECG app", "model_version": "Apple Watch Series 2 (event); echoes name Series 3, 4, 5, 6 and Ultra; eight reports do not state the model, and in Ahmed et al. the alerting tracker is unnamed (the Series 5 was the authors' post-diagnosis device)", "developer": "Apple", "deployer": null, "location": "United Kingdom", "domain": "Healthcare (cardiology)", "segment": "Consumer wearables", "benefit_type": "Improved Physical Health", "taxonomy_note": null, "registry_ids": {}, "ratings": [ { "group": "personal", "depth": 2, "reason": "One woman with a recent TIA received an ECG-confirmed AF diagnosis, rate control and anticoagulation. A material benefit to one person. Several echoes (VT ablation with defibrillator, pacemaker for heart block) are deeper but are not the event." } ], "ai_role": { "status": "assessed", "statement": "The watch's heart-rate algorithm generated the overnight alarms that brought the patient to hospital. Clinicians made the diagnosis on an ECG and chose treatment. In the echoes the notification or the ECG app's single-lead trace likewise triggered evaluation, with clinicians confirming the rhythm." }, "evidence": [ { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Weichert I (2019). 'My watch kept on alarming all night about my heart rate': diagnosis of asymptomatic atrial fibrillation with fast ventricular response in a patient with a recent TIA as the result of a smartwatch alarm. Oxford Medical Case Reports 2019(3):omz014.", "title": "'My watch kept on alarming all night about my heart rate'", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC6440268", "date": "2019-03-29", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "Her smartwatch had alarmed several times during the preceding night that her pulse rate exceeded 120 beats per minute (bpm) whilst she was inactive" }, { "kind": "peer-reviewed study", "citation": "Bogár B, Pető D, Sipos D, Füredi G, Keszthelyi A, Betlehem J, Pandur AA (2024). Detection of Arrhythmias Using Smartwatches—A Systematic Literature Review. Healthcare 12(9):892.", "title": "Detection of Arrhythmias Using Smartwatches—A Systematic Literature Review", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11083549", "date": "2024-04-25", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "In most cases (n = 30), the Apple Watch was used, while Samsung Galaxy Fit was used for arrhythmia registration in one patient." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Overbeek DL, Hogikyan EM, Davis M, McGillicuddy DC (2019). A unique case of bradycardia recognized by wearable technology as first presentation of complete heart block. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 37(10):1989.e5-e7.", "title": "A unique case of bradycardia recognized by wearable technology as first presentation of complete heart block", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0735675719304747", "date": "2019-07-21", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "A previously-healthy mid 60s-year-old-woman presented to the Emergency Department (ED) stating that her 'Apple Watch' wearable device was alarming due to a low heart rate." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Yerasi C, O'Donoghue S, Satler LF, Waksman R (2020). Apple Watch detecting high-grade block after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. European Heart Journal 41(10):1096.", "title": "Apple Watch detecting high-grade block after transcatheter aortic valve implantation", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/41/10/1096/5651110", "date": "2019-12-03", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "He subsequently underwent urgent biventricular pacemaker implantation" }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Goldstein LN, Wells M (2019). Smart watch-detected tachycardia: a case of atrial flutter. Oxford Medical Case Reports 2019(12):omz137.", "title": "Smart watch-detected tachycardia: a case of atrial flutter", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/omcr/article/2019/12/495/5691267", "date": "2019-12-31", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "a consistent rate of 150 bpm for the previous 4 days" }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Siddeek H, Fisher K, McMakin S, Bass JL, Cortez D (2020). AVNRT captured by Apple Watch Series 4: Can the Apple watch be used as an event monitor? Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology 25:e12742.", "title": "AVNRT captured by Apple Watch Series 4", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7507696", "date": "2020-01-29", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "captured an episode on the Apple watch that demonstrated tachycardia at a rate of about 225 bpm" }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Samal S, Singhania N, Bansal S, Sahoo A (2020). New-onset atrial fibrillation in a young patient detected by smartwatch. Clinical Case Reports 8(7).", "title": "New-onset atrial fibrillation in a young patient detected by smartwatch", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7364102", "date": "2020-04-23", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "He was chemically cardioverted using intravenous flecainide per cardiology recommendations. He maintained sinus rhythm afterward and was discharged home on metoprolol and apixaban." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Ahmed AS, Golden KM, Foreman JR, Padanilam BJ (2020). Using a smartwatch to identify the morphology of atrial flutter. HeartRhythm Case Reports 6.", "title": "Using a smartwatch to identify the morphology of atrial flutter", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7573381", "date": "2020-06-28", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "ECG revealed typical atrial flutter with variable atrioventricular conduction" }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Burke J, Haigney MCP, Borne R, Krantz MJ (2020). Smartwatch detection of ventricular tachycardia: Case series. HeartRhythm Case Reports 6.", "title": "Smartwatch detection of ventricular tachycardia: Case series", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7573479", "date": "2020-08-18", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "The patient has not experienced further symptoms suggestive of arrhythmia, nor has he reported detection of event recordings on his smartwatch" }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Patel D, Tarakji KG (2021). Smartwatch diagnosis of atrial fibrillation in patient with embolic stroke of unknown source: A case report. Cardiovascular Digital Health Journal 2(1):84-87.", "title": "Smartwatch diagnosis of atrial fibrillation in patient with embolic stroke of unknown source", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC8890063", "date": "2021-01-13", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "Given her elevated CHA2DS2VASC score of 5 (age, female, previous stroke, and hypertension), the patient was started on a direct oral anticoagulant, and the aspirin was stopped." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Kassam N, Aziz O, Aghan E, Somji S, Mbithe H, Bapumia M, Mvungi R, Surani S (2021). Smart Watch Detection of Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT): First Case from Tanzania. International Medical Case Reports Journal 14.", "title": "Smart Watch Detection of Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT): First Case from Tanzania", "url": "https://www.dovepress.com/smart-watch-detection-of-supraventricular-tachycardia-svt-first-case-f-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IMCRJ", "date": "2021-08-24", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "a high resting heart rate of 210 beats/min" }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Itoh A (2022). Apple Watch is useful in demonstrating coffee-triggered atrial fibrillation with a very short duration. European Heart Journal - Case Reports 6:ytac252.", "title": "Apple Watch is useful in demonstrating coffee-triggered atrial fibrillation", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9269674", "date": "2022-06-28", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "After that, the patient stopped drinking coffee in the morning, and AF hardly occurred." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Hawryszko M, Sławiński G, Kozłowski D, Lewicka E (2022). Apple Watch-guided diagnosis of AVNRT in a pregnant woman. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 9:985421.", "title": "Apple Watch-guided diagnosis of AVNRT in a pregnant woman", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9676225", "date": "2022-11-07", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "narrow QRS complex tachycardia of 216 bpm, and short RP interval" }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Heringer GV, Vinson DR (2024). Utility of smart watch in expediting diagnosis of cold drink-triggered atrial fibrillation: a case report. International Journal of Emergency Medicine 17.", "title": "Utility of smart watch in expediting diagnosis of cold drink-triggered atrial fibrillation", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11462712", "date": "2024-10-08", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "Had it not been for his smart watch, the etiology of his transitory palpitations would have remained undiagnosed." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Guarnieri G, Mapelli M, Moltrasio M, Agostoni P, Tondo C (2024). Connected health: Ventricular tachycardia detection with Apple Watch—A case report. Heliyon 10:e40595.", "title": "Connected health: Ventricular tachycardia detection with Apple Watch", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11625252", "date": "2024-11-21", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "An alert message of 'Elevated Heart rate' from his Apple Watch® prompted him to record a single-lead ECG using the smartwatch." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Rushakoff JA, Flores Rosario K, Grover P, Wang A (2025). Smartwatch bradycardia alarms leading to a diagnosis of lamin A/C cardiomyopathy: a case report. European Heart Journal - Case Reports 9(9):ytaf415.", "title": "Smartwatch bradycardia alarms leading to a diagnosis of lamin A/C cardiomyopathy: a case report", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12412439", "date": "2025-08-23", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "An asymptomatic 47-year-old man from Costa Rica presented to cardiology clinic for evaluation of recurrent bradycardia alarms on his smartwatch (Apple Watch)." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Shroddha AD, Mukherjee I, Lambiase PD (2026). Apple Watch Saves an Athlete: Unmasking Early Detection of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy. Cureus 18:e113337.", "title": "Apple Watch Saves an Athlete: Unmasking Early Detection of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13501160", "date": "2026-07-25", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "In the early hours of Thursday, at 3:00 am, he awoke with frequent ectopic beats noted on his smartwatch single-lead ECG, which progressed to a broad complex tachycardia." } ], "replication": { "produced_by": [ "The wearer owns an Apple Watch with heart-rate notifications, Irregular Rhythm Notification or the ECG app enabled", "An arrhythmia occurs while the watch is worn and the alert or recording leads the wearer to seek care", "A clinician confirms the rhythm on a 12-lead ECG or monitoring and treats it" ], "must_hold": [ "The alert or trace reaches a clinician rather than being dismissed", "Confirmatory ECG or electrophysiology testing is available", "A treatment pathway (anticoagulation, cardioversion, ablation, device) exists" ], "echoes": [ { "date": "2019-07-21", "setting": "woman in her mid-60s, emergency department, USA; low heart-rate alarms; complete heart block, pacemaker implanted (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Overbeek et al. (2019). Am J Emerg Med 37(10):1989.e5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0735675719304747" }, { "date": "2019-12-03", "setting": "68-year-old man one year after TAVI, USA; ECG app recording after syncope showed high-grade AV block; urgent biventricular pacemaker (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch (ECG app)", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Yerasi et al. (2020). Eur Heart J 41(10):1096. https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/41/10/1096/5651110" }, { "date": "2019-12-31", "setting": "56-year-old man, emergency department, South Africa; watch showed 150 bpm for four days; atrial flutter, anticoagulation and cardioversion (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Goldstein & Wells (2019). Oxf Med Case Reports 2019(12):omz137. https://academic.oup.com/omcr/article/2019/12/495/5691267" }, { "date": "2020-01-29", "setting": "16-year-old girl, Minneapolis, USA (authors' institution); watch captured 225 bpm and ECG; AVNRT ablated, asymptomatic at four months (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Series 4", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Siddeek et al. (2020). Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 25:e12742. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7507696" }, { "date": "2020-04-23", "setting": "39-year-old man, Milwaukee, USA (authors' institution); watch showed heart rate 60–130 bpm during palpitations; AF cardioverted with flecainide, metoprolol and apixaban (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Series 3", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Samal et al. (2020). Clin Case Rep 8(7). https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7364102" }, { "date": "2020-06-28", "setting": "54-year-old woman with mechanical aortic valve, Pensacola, USA (authors' institution); alerted to elevated heart rates by an unnamed fitness tracker; typical atrial flutter on ECG; outpatient ablation planned, discharged with rate control and continued anticoagulation; the authors then used an Apple Watch Series 5 in a lead II configuration to confirm the flutter morphology in the ambulatory setting (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Series 5 (authors' post-diagnosis monitoring; alerting device unnamed)", "outcome": "unknown", "source": "Ahmed et al. (2020). HeartRhythm Case Rep 6. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7573381" }, { "date": "2020-08-18", "setting": "60-year-old man, Denver, USA (authors' institution); single-lead ECG showed wide complex tachycardia; ARVC with VT, ablation and ICD (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Burke et al. (2020). HeartRhythm Case Rep 6. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7573479" }, { "date": "2020-08-18", "setting": "63-year-old man, USA; watch recording labeled ventricular tachycardia; 9% VPC burden with NSVT, papillary muscle ablation (publication date)", "model_version": "smartwatch (brand not stated for this case; case 1 in the same series names an Apple Watch)", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Burke et al. (2020). HeartRhythm Case Rep 6. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7573479" }, { "date": "2021-01-13", "setting": "70-year-old woman after embolic stroke of unknown source, Cleveland, USA (authors' institution); irregular-rhythm notifications and ECG app; AF, DOAC started, loop recorder avoided (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch (Irregular Rhythm Notification and ECG app)", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Patel & Tarakji (2021). Cardiovasc Digit Health J 2(1):84-87. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC8890063" }, { "date": "2021-08-24", "setting": "42-year-old man, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (authors' institution); resting heart rate 210 bpm; SVT (orthodromic AVRT), cardioversion, medication; an ablation attempt had no effect and pathway ablation was declined; managed medically (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Series 4", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Kassam et al. (2021). Int Med Case Rep J 14. https://www.dovepress.com/smart-watch-detection-of-supraventricular-tachycardia-svt-first-case-f-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IMCRJ" }, { "date": "2022-06-28", "setting": "man in his early 60s, Shikokuchuo, Japan (authors' institution); ECG app recordings; coffee-triggered paroxysmal AF, trigger avoidance (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch (ECG app)", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Itoh (2022). Eur Heart J Case Rep 6:ytac252. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9269674" }, { "date": "2022-11-07", "setting": "35-year-old woman at 20 weeks of pregnancy, Gdańsk, Poland (authors' institution); ECG app 216 bpm; AVNRT diagnosed, managed with Valsalva instruction without drugs (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Series 6", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Hawryszko et al. (2022). Front Cardiovasc Med 9:985421. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9676225" }, { "date": "2024-10-08", "setting": "43-year-old man, urgent care, USA; ECG app reported signs of AFib; paroxysmal AF, trigger avoidance and aspirin, no recurrence (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Ultra", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Heringer & Vinson (2024). Int J Emerg Med 17. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11462712" }, { "date": "2024-11-21", "setting": "60-year-old man, Milan, Italy (authors' institution); “Elevated Heart rate” alert then ECG; sustained VT at 183 bpm, radiofrequency ablation (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Series 5", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Guarnieri et al. (2024). Heliyon 10:e40595. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11625252" }, { "date": "2025-08-23", "setting": "47-year-old asymptomatic man from Costa Rica, Duke University Medical Center, USA; recurrent low heart-rate alarms; LMNA cardiomyopathy, CRT-D implanted, ejection fraction improved (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch (low heart-rate notification)", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Rushakoff et al. (2025). Eur Heart J Case Rep 9(9):ytaf415. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12412439" }, { "date": "2026-07-25", "setting": "33-year-old male footballer, London, UK; single-lead ECG showed ectopy progressing to broad complex tachycardia; arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, S-ICD, flecainide and nadolol (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch (model not stated)", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Shroddha et al. (2026). Cureus 18:e113337. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13501160" } ] }, "paired_incident": { "database": "AI Incident Database", "identifier": "463", "title": "Apple Devices Mistook Skiing Activities, Dialed False Distress Emergency Calls", "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/463", "severity": null, "group": "personal", "basis": "Same device: Apple Watch automatic sensor alerts; Crash Detection misclassified skiing as accidents and placed false 911 calls, burdening Apple Watch users, ski patrols and dispatchers, the inverse of a true heart-rate alarm sending one wearer to hospital." }, "headline": "Apple Watch alarms lead to an AF diagnosis and anticoagulation", "metric": "her pulse exceeded 120 beats per minute while she was inactive", "comparator": null, "later": { "status": "scaled", "date": "2024-04-25", "note": "A 2024 systematic review of smartwatch arrhythmia case reports found 44 patients across 33 articles, with the Apple Watch used in 30 of them.", "quote": "We selected 33 articles from case reports and case series detailing events involving a total of 44 patients. Most of the reports come from the United States (n = 12). In the selected articles, the youngest subject was 10 days old, and the oldest was 72 years old. In most cases (n = 30), the Apple Watch was used, while Samsung Galaxy Fit was used for arrhythmia registration in one patient.", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11083549" }, "value": null, "developer_country": "United States", "deployer_country": null, "unrated_because": null, "brief_notes": null, "brief": null, "revisions": [ { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.", "source": null, "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Paired with AI Incident Database incident 463 (medium confidence); severity not given by the source.", "source": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/463", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Moved the location to “United Kingdom” and marked nine echo cities as the authors' institutions because none of those case texts names the place of care, removed the unsourced Series 9 and 11 from the model version, re-described the Ahmed echo (alert from an unnamed fitness tracker, Series 5 applied by the authors after diagnosis, ablation planned rather than done) with outcome “unknown”, labeled Burke case 2 as an unbranded smartwatch, replaced “partial ablation” in the Kassam echo with the failed attempt and declined pathway ablation, changed “12-lead ECG” to “ECG” for the index case, corrected the echo count to 16 from 15 reports, restored the published Rushakoff title and quoted the whole Patel sentence.", "source": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC6440268 ; https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7573381 ; https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7573479 ; https://www.dovepress.com/smart-watch-detection-of-supraventricular-tachycardia-svt-first-case-f-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IMCRJ ; https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC8890063 ; https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12412439", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Benefit type set to Improved Physical Health under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Accessibility among the six first used.", "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Added what happened since from the cited sources.", "source": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11083549", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Country of the developer added from the organization's own site or a registry.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, purpose, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.", "source": null, "editor": "AIBD" } ], "confidence": "studied", "shade": "high", "claim_status": "Independently studied", "claim_basis": "Sources: one independent peer-reviewed study and 16 independent case reports. The cited evidence includes no finding by a regulator or court.", "profile": { "case_id": "AIBD-0021", "catalog_version": "1.0.0", "source_fingerprint": "905a54793460a36fce999a8d9fc8643ced3de43055171fea943cf8b61e6956bf", "collection_refs": [ { "collection_id": "aibd", "version": "snapshot-8bf7cfec9cb185aa" }, { "collection_id": "aibd", "version": "2026-10-25" }, { "collection_id": "viator", "version": "2026-10-25" } ], "source_ids": [ "AIBD-0021-source-0001", "AIBD-0021-source-0002", "AIBD-0021-source-0003", "AIBD-0021-source-0004", "AIBD-0021-source-0005", "AIBD-0021-source-0006", "AIBD-0021-source-0007", "AIBD-0021-source-0008", "AIBD-0021-source-0009", "AIBD-0021-source-0010", "AIBD-0021-source-0011", "AIBD-0021-source-0012", "AIBD-0021-source-0013", "AIBD-0021-source-0014", "AIBD-0021-source-0015", "AIBD-0021-source-0016", "AIBD-0021-source-0017" ], "families": { "strategic assessments": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "record_ids": [] }, "evaluations": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "record_ids": [] }, "monetary observations": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "record_ids": [] }, "institutional decisions": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "record_ids": [] } }, "fields": { "actors[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "developer": "Apple" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "developer" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "actors[].ownership_control": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "ai_contribution": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "ai_role": { "status": "assessed", "statement": "The watch's heart-rate algorithm generated the overnight alarms that brought the patient to hospital. Clinicians made the diagnosis on an ECG and chose treatment. In the echoes the notification or the ECG app's single-lead trace likewise triggered evaluation, with clinicians confirming the rhythm." } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "ai_role" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "ai_relationship": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "category": "benefit created", "ai_role": { "status": "assessed", "statement": "The watch's heart-rate algorithm generated the overnight alarms that brought the patient to hospital. Clinicians made the diagnosis on an ECG and chose treatment. In the echoes the notification or the ECG app's single-lead trace likewise triggered evaluation, with clinicians confirming the rhythm." } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "ai_role", "category" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].alternatives": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].assessor_date": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].depth": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "ratings": [ { "group": "personal", "depth": 2, "reason": "One woman with a recent TIA received an ECG-confirmed AF diagnosis, rate control and anticoagulation. A material benefit to one person. Several echoes (VT ablation with defibrillator, pacemaker for heart block) are deeper but are not the event." } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "ratings" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].display_confidence": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "structured", "data": { "confidence": "high", "evidence_word": "studied", "claim_status": "Independently studied", "basis": "Sources: one independent peer-reviewed study and 16 independent case reports. 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Several echoes (VT ablation with defibrillator, pacemaker for heart block) are deeper but are not the event." } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "ratings" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "availability": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "brief": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "case_kind": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "case_links[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "structured", "data": { "answer": "Same device: Apple Watch automatic sensor alerts; Crash Detection misclassified skiing as accidents and placed false 911 calls, burdening Apple Watch users, ski patrols and dispatchers, the inverse of a true heart-rate alarm sending one wearer to hospital.", "links": [ { "database": "AI Incident Database", "identifier": "463", "title": "Apple Devices Mistook Skiing Activities, Dialed False Distress Emergency Calls", "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/463", "group": "personal", "basis": "Same device: Apple Watch automatic sensor alerts; Crash Detection misclassified skiing as accidents and placed false 911 calls, burdening Apple Watch users, ski patrols and dispatchers, the inverse of a true heart-rate alarm sending one wearer to hospital.", "relation": "comparable_harm" } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Existing paired_incident classification; no new source review.", "record_fields": [ "paired_incident" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "claims[].evidence_links": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "claims[].evidence_strength": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "claims[].missingness": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "claims[].proposition": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "cross_border_flows[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "decisions[].action_outcome": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "institutional decisions" }, "decisions[].grounds": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "institutional decisions" }, "decisions[].institution_task": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "institutional decisions" }, "decisions[].success_criterion": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "institutional decisions" }, "deployment_stage": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "economics[].amount": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].costs[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].counterfactual": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].currency_price_basis": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].gross_net": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].measure_type": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].period_unit": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].realization": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].recipient_payer": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].return_payback": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].valuation_method": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "evaluations[].ai_uplift": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "evaluations" }, "evaluations[].comparator": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "evaluations" }, "evaluations[].design": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "evaluations" }, "evaluations[].effect": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "evaluations" }, "evaluations[].exposure": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "evaluations" }, "evaluations[].id": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "evaluations" }, "evaluations[].measurement_method": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "evaluations" }, "evaluations[].metric": { "state": "not_assessed", "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Mapped from the existing case description without a new external source review.", "record_fields": [ "metric" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "evaluations", "display": { "answer": "her pulse exceeded 120 beats per minute while she was inactive", "editor_note": "" } }, "evaluations[].reproduction_materials": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "evaluations" }, "evaluations[].setting_sample": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "evaluations" }, "evaluations[].uncertainty_limitations": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "evaluations" }, "external_references[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "paired_incident": { "database": "AI Incident Database", "identifier": "463", "title": "Apple Devices Mistook Skiing Activities, Dialed False Distress Emergency Calls", "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/463", "group": "personal", "basis": "Same device: Apple Watch automatic sensor alerts; Crash Detection misclassified skiing as accidents and placed false 911 calls, burdening Apple Watch users, ski patrols and dispatchers, the inverse of a true heart-rate alarm sending one wearer to hospital." } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "paired_incident" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "follow_up[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "later": { "status": "scaled", "date": "2024-04-25", "note": "A 2024 systematic review of smartwatch arrhythmia case reports found 44 patients across 33 articles, with the Apple Watch used in 30 of them.", "quote": "We selected 33 articles from case reports and case series detailing events involving a total of 44 patients. Most of the reports come from the United States (n = 12). In the selected articles, the youngest subject was 10 days old, and the oldest was 72 years old. In most cases (n = 30), the Apple Watch was used, while Samsung Galaxy Fit was used for arrhythmia registration in one patient.", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11083549" } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "later" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "human_oversight": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "id": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "id": "AIBD-0021" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "id" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "infrastructure_dependencies[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].beneficiaries": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].beneficiary_count": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].benefit_type": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "benefit_type": "Improved Physical Health" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "benefit_type" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].claim": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "account": "In a case report of 29 March 2019 (event date not reported), a 59-year-old woman attended a United Kingdom emergency department. The acute medicine service saw her (the report does not name the hospital; the author is at Ipswich Hospital). She attended because her Apple Watch Series 2 had alarmed several times overnight that her pulse exceeded 120 bpm while she was inactive. A transient ischemic attack had occurred two months earlier. An electrocardiogram (ECG) showed atrial fibrillation with a fast ventricular response. She started bisoprolol and a direct oral anticoagulant, and clopidogrel was stopped. Later case reports describe the watch's heart-rate alerts, irregular-rhythm notification or ECG app leading to confirmed atrial flutter, supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia and heart block. Treatment was by cardioversion, ablation, pacemaker or defibrillator.", "benefit_type": "Improved Physical Health" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "account", "benefit_type" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].distribution": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].duration": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].id": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].stakeholder_group": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "ratings": [ { "group": "personal", "depth": 2, "reason": "One woman with a recent TIA received an ECG-confirmed AF diagnosis, rate control and anticoagulation. A material benefit to one person. Several echoes (VT ablation with defibrillator, pacemaker for heart block) are deeper but are not the event." } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "ratings" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].status": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].tradeoffs": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "outcomes[].unexpected": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "unexpected": false, "purpose": "Apple Watch high/low heart-rate notifications, the Irregular Rhythm Notification and the ECG app are built to flag possible arrhythmias so the wearer seeks medical review. This benefit was that purpose." } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "unexpected", "purpose" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "places[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "location": "United Kingdom", "developer_country": "United States" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "location", "developer_country" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "purpose": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "purpose": "Apple Watch high/low heart-rate notifications, the Irregular Rhythm Notification and the ECG app are built to flag possible arrhythmias so the wearer seeks medical review. This benefit was that purpose." } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "purpose" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "record_dates": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "date_observed": "2019-03-29", "revisions": [ { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Paired with AI Incident Database incident 463 (medium confidence); severity not given by the source.", "source": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/463", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Moved the location to “United Kingdom” and marked nine echo cities as the authors' institutions because none of those case texts names the place of care, removed the unsourced Series 9 and 11 from the model version, re-described the Ahmed echo (alert from an unnamed fitness tracker, Series 5 applied by the authors after diagnosis, ablation planned rather than done) with outcome “unknown”, labeled Burke case 2 as an unbranded smartwatch, replaced “partial ablation” in the Kassam echo with the failed attempt and declined pathway ablation, changed “12-lead ECG” to “ECG” for the index case, corrected the echo count to 16 from 15 reports, restored the published Rushakoff title and quoted the whole Patel sentence.", "source": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC6440268 ; https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7573381 ; https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7573479 ; https://www.dovepress.com/smart-watch-detection-of-supraventricular-tachycardia-svt-first-case-f-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IMCRJ ; https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC8890063 ; https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12412439", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Benefit type set to Improved Physical Health under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Accessibility among the six first used.", "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Added what happened since from the cited sources.", "source": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11083549", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Country of the developer added from the organization's own site or a registry.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, purpose, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.", "editor": "AIBD" } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "date_observed", "revisions" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "replication.attempts[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "replication": { "produced_by": [ "The wearer owns an Apple Watch with heart-rate notifications, Irregular Rhythm Notification or the ECG app enabled", "An arrhythmia occurs while the watch is worn and the alert or recording leads the wearer to seek care", "A clinician confirms the rhythm on a 12-lead ECG or monitoring and treats it" ], "must_hold": [ "The alert or trace reaches a clinician rather than being dismissed", "Confirmatory ECG or electrophysiology testing is available", "A treatment pathway (anticoagulation, cardioversion, ablation, device) exists" ], "echoes": [ { "date": "2019-07-21", "setting": "woman in her mid-60s, emergency department, USA; low heart-rate alarms; complete heart block, pacemaker implanted (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Overbeek et al. (2019). Am J Emerg Med 37(10):1989.e5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0735675719304747" }, { "date": "2019-12-03", "setting": "68-year-old man one year after TAVI, USA; ECG app recording after syncope showed high-grade AV block; urgent biventricular pacemaker (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch (ECG app)", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Yerasi et al. (2020). Eur Heart J 41(10):1096. https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/41/10/1096/5651110" }, { "date": "2019-12-31", "setting": "56-year-old man, emergency department, South Africa; watch showed 150 bpm for four days; atrial flutter, anticoagulation and cardioversion (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Goldstein & Wells (2019). Oxf Med Case Reports 2019(12):omz137. https://academic.oup.com/omcr/article/2019/12/495/5691267" }, { "date": "2020-01-29", "setting": "16-year-old girl, Minneapolis, USA (authors' institution); watch captured 225 bpm and ECG; AVNRT ablated, asymptomatic at four months (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Series 4", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Siddeek et al. (2020). Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 25:e12742. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7507696" }, { "date": "2020-04-23", "setting": "39-year-old man, Milwaukee, USA (authors' institution); watch showed heart rate 60–130 bpm during palpitations; AF cardioverted with flecainide, metoprolol and apixaban (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Series 3", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Samal et al. (2020). Clin Case Rep 8(7). https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7364102" }, { "date": "2020-06-28", "setting": "54-year-old woman with mechanical aortic valve, Pensacola, USA (authors' institution); alerted to elevated heart rates by an unnamed fitness tracker; typical atrial flutter on ECG; outpatient ablation planned, discharged with rate control and continued anticoagulation; the authors then used an Apple Watch Series 5 in a lead II configuration to confirm the flutter morphology in the ambulatory setting (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Series 5 (authors' post-diagnosis monitoring; alerting device unnamed)", "outcome": "unknown", "source": "Ahmed et al. (2020). HeartRhythm Case Rep 6. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7573381" }, { "date": "2020-08-18", "setting": "60-year-old man, Denver, USA (authors' institution); single-lead ECG showed wide complex tachycardia; ARVC with VT, ablation and ICD (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Burke et al. (2020). HeartRhythm Case Rep 6. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7573479" }, { "date": "2020-08-18", "setting": "63-year-old man, USA; watch recording labeled ventricular tachycardia; 9% VPC burden with NSVT, papillary muscle ablation (publication date)", "model_version": "smartwatch (brand not stated for this case; case 1 in the same series names an Apple Watch)", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Burke et al. (2020). HeartRhythm Case Rep 6. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7573479" }, { "date": "2021-01-13", "setting": "70-year-old woman after embolic stroke of unknown source, Cleveland, USA (authors' institution); irregular-rhythm notifications and ECG app; AF, DOAC started, loop recorder avoided (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch (Irregular Rhythm Notification and ECG app)", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Patel & Tarakji (2021). Cardiovasc Digit Health J 2(1):84-87. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC8890063" }, { "date": "2021-08-24", "setting": "42-year-old man, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (authors' institution); resting heart rate 210 bpm; SVT (orthodromic AVRT), cardioversion, medication; an ablation attempt had no effect and pathway ablation was declined; managed medically (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Series 4", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Kassam et al. (2021). Int Med Case Rep J 14. https://www.dovepress.com/smart-watch-detection-of-supraventricular-tachycardia-svt-first-case-f-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IMCRJ" }, { "date": "2022-06-28", "setting": "man in his early 60s, Shikokuchuo, Japan (authors' institution); ECG app recordings; coffee-triggered paroxysmal AF, trigger avoidance (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch (ECG app)", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Itoh (2022). Eur Heart J Case Rep 6:ytac252. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9269674" }, { "date": "2022-11-07", "setting": "35-year-old woman at 20 weeks of pregnancy, Gdańsk, Poland (authors' institution); ECG app 216 bpm; AVNRT diagnosed, managed with Valsalva instruction without drugs (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Series 6", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Hawryszko et al. (2022). Front Cardiovasc Med 9:985421. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9676225" }, { "date": "2024-10-08", "setting": "43-year-old man, urgent care, USA; ECG app reported signs of AFib; paroxysmal AF, trigger avoidance and aspirin, no recurrence (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Ultra", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Heringer & Vinson (2024). Int J Emerg Med 17. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11462712" }, { "date": "2024-11-21", "setting": "60-year-old man, Milan, Italy (authors' institution); “Elevated Heart rate” alert then ECG; sustained VT at 183 bpm, radiofrequency ablation (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Series 5", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Guarnieri et al. (2024). Heliyon 10:e40595. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11625252" }, { "date": "2025-08-23", "setting": "47-year-old asymptomatic man from Costa Rica, Duke University Medical Center, USA; recurrent low heart-rate alarms; LMNA cardiomyopathy, CRT-D implanted, ejection fraction improved (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch (low heart-rate notification)", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Rushakoff et al. (2025). Eur Heart J Case Rep 9(9):ytaf415. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12412439" }, { "date": "2026-07-25", "setting": "33-year-old male footballer, London, UK; single-lead ECG showed ectopy progressing to broad complex tachycardia; arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, S-ICD, flecainide and nadolol (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch (model not stated)", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Shroddha et al. (2026). Cureus 18:e113337. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13501160" } ] } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "replication" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "replication.conditions": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "replication": { "produced_by": [ "The wearer owns an Apple Watch with heart-rate notifications, Irregular Rhythm Notification or the ECG app enabled", "An arrhythmia occurs while the watch is worn and the alert or recording leads the wearer to seek care", "A clinician confirms the rhythm on a 12-lead ECG or monitoring and treats it" ], "must_hold": [ "The alert or trace reaches a clinician rather than being dismissed", "Confirmatory ECG or electrophysiology testing is available", "A treatment pathway (anticoagulation, cardioversion, ablation, device) exists" ], "echoes": [ { "date": "2019-07-21", "setting": "woman in her mid-60s, emergency department, USA; low heart-rate alarms; complete heart block, pacemaker implanted (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Overbeek et al. (2019). Am J Emerg Med 37(10):1989.e5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0735675719304747" }, { "date": "2019-12-03", "setting": "68-year-old man one year after TAVI, USA; ECG app recording after syncope showed high-grade AV block; urgent biventricular pacemaker (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch (ECG app)", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Yerasi et al. (2020). Eur Heart J 41(10):1096. https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/41/10/1096/5651110" }, { "date": "2019-12-31", "setting": "56-year-old man, emergency department, South Africa; watch showed 150 bpm for four days; atrial flutter, anticoagulation and cardioversion (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Goldstein & Wells (2019). Oxf Med Case Reports 2019(12):omz137. https://academic.oup.com/omcr/article/2019/12/495/5691267" }, { "date": "2020-01-29", "setting": "16-year-old girl, Minneapolis, USA (authors' institution); watch captured 225 bpm and ECG; AVNRT ablated, asymptomatic at four months (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Series 4", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Siddeek et al. (2020). Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 25:e12742. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7507696" }, { "date": "2020-04-23", "setting": "39-year-old man, Milwaukee, USA (authors' institution); watch showed heart rate 60–130 bpm during palpitations; AF cardioverted with flecainide, metoprolol and apixaban (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Series 3", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Samal et al. (2020). Clin Case Rep 8(7). https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7364102" }, { "date": "2020-06-28", "setting": "54-year-old woman with mechanical aortic valve, Pensacola, USA (authors' institution); alerted to elevated heart rates by an unnamed fitness tracker; typical atrial flutter on ECG; outpatient ablation planned, discharged with rate control and continued anticoagulation; the authors then used an Apple Watch Series 5 in a lead II configuration to confirm the flutter morphology in the ambulatory setting (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Series 5 (authors' post-diagnosis monitoring; alerting device unnamed)", "outcome": "unknown", "source": "Ahmed et al. (2020). HeartRhythm Case Rep 6. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7573381" }, { "date": "2020-08-18", "setting": "60-year-old man, Denver, USA (authors' institution); single-lead ECG showed wide complex tachycardia; ARVC with VT, ablation and ICD (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Burke et al. (2020). HeartRhythm Case Rep 6. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7573479" }, { "date": "2020-08-18", "setting": "63-year-old man, USA; watch recording labeled ventricular tachycardia; 9% VPC burden with NSVT, papillary muscle ablation (publication date)", "model_version": "smartwatch (brand not stated for this case; case 1 in the same series names an Apple Watch)", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Burke et al. (2020). HeartRhythm Case Rep 6. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7573479" }, { "date": "2021-01-13", "setting": "70-year-old woman after embolic stroke of unknown source, Cleveland, USA (authors' institution); irregular-rhythm notifications and ECG app; AF, DOAC started, loop recorder avoided (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch (Irregular Rhythm Notification and ECG app)", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Patel & Tarakji (2021). Cardiovasc Digit Health J 2(1):84-87. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC8890063" }, { "date": "2021-08-24", "setting": "42-year-old man, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (authors' institution); resting heart rate 210 bpm; SVT (orthodromic AVRT), cardioversion, medication; an ablation attempt had no effect and pathway ablation was declined; managed medically (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Series 4", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Kassam et al. (2021). Int Med Case Rep J 14. https://www.dovepress.com/smart-watch-detection-of-supraventricular-tachycardia-svt-first-case-f-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IMCRJ" }, { "date": "2022-06-28", "setting": "man in his early 60s, Shikokuchuo, Japan (authors' institution); ECG app recordings; coffee-triggered paroxysmal AF, trigger avoidance (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch (ECG app)", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Itoh (2022). Eur Heart J Case Rep 6:ytac252. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9269674" }, { "date": "2022-11-07", "setting": "35-year-old woman at 20 weeks of pregnancy, Gdańsk, Poland (authors' institution); ECG app 216 bpm; AVNRT diagnosed, managed with Valsalva instruction without drugs (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Series 6", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Hawryszko et al. (2022). Front Cardiovasc Med 9:985421. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9676225" }, { "date": "2024-10-08", "setting": "43-year-old man, urgent care, USA; ECG app reported signs of AFib; paroxysmal AF, trigger avoidance and aspirin, no recurrence (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Ultra", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Heringer & Vinson (2024). Int J Emerg Med 17. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11462712" }, { "date": "2024-11-21", "setting": "60-year-old man, Milan, Italy (authors' institution); “Elevated Heart rate” alert then ECG; sustained VT at 183 bpm, radiofrequency ablation (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Series 5", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Guarnieri et al. (2024). Heliyon 10:e40595. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11625252" }, { "date": "2025-08-23", "setting": "47-year-old asymptomatic man from Costa Rica, Duke University Medical Center, USA; recurrent low heart-rate alarms; LMNA cardiomyopathy, CRT-D implanted, ejection fraction improved (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch (low heart-rate notification)", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Rushakoff et al. (2025). Eur Heart J Case Rep 9(9):ytaf415. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12412439" }, { "date": "2026-07-25", "setting": "33-year-old male footballer, London, UK; single-lead ECG showed ectopy progressing to broad complex tachycardia; arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, S-ICD, flecainide and nadolol (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch (model not stated)", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Shroddha et al. (2026). Cureus 18:e113337. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13501160" } ] } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "replication" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "revision_history[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "revisions": [ { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Paired with AI Incident Database incident 463 (medium confidence); severity not given by the source.", "source": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/463", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Moved the location to “United Kingdom” and marked nine echo cities as the authors' institutions because none of those case texts names the place of care, removed the unsourced Series 9 and 11 from the model version, re-described the Ahmed echo (alert from an unnamed fitness tracker, Series 5 applied by the authors after diagnosis, ablation planned rather than done) with outcome “unknown”, labeled Burke case 2 as an unbranded smartwatch, replaced “partial ablation” in the Kassam echo with the failed attempt and declined pathway ablation, changed “12-lead ECG” to “ECG” for the index case, corrected the echo count to 16 from 15 reports, restored the published Rushakoff title and quoted the whole Patel sentence.", "source": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC6440268 ; https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7573381 ; https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7573479 ; https://www.dovepress.com/smart-watch-detection-of-supraventricular-tachycardia-svt-first-case-f-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IMCRJ ; https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC8890063 ; https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12412439", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Benefit type set to Improved Physical Health under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Accessibility among the six first used.", "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Added what happened since from the cited sources.", "source": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11083549", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Country of the developer added from the organization's own site or a registry.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, purpose, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.", "editor": "AIBD" } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "revisions" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "sector": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "domain": "Healthcare (cardiology)", "segment": "Consumer wearables" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "domain", "segment" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "sources[].access_version": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "sources[].citation_locator": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "evidence": [ { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Weichert I (2019). 'My watch kept on alarming all night about my heart rate': diagnosis of asymptomatic atrial fibrillation with fast ventricular response in a patient with a recent TIA as the result of a smartwatch alarm. Oxford Medical Case Reports 2019(3):omz014.", "title": "'My watch kept on alarming all night about my heart rate'", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC6440268", "date": "2019-03-29", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "Her smartwatch had alarmed several times during the preceding night that her pulse rate exceeded 120 beats per minute (bpm) whilst she was inactive" }, { "kind": "peer-reviewed study", "citation": "Bogár B, Pető D, Sipos D, Füredi G, Keszthelyi A, Betlehem J, Pandur AA (2024). Detection of Arrhythmias Using Smartwatches—A Systematic Literature Review. Healthcare 12(9):892.", "title": "Detection of Arrhythmias Using Smartwatches—A Systematic Literature Review", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11083549", "date": "2024-04-25", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "In most cases (n = 30), the Apple Watch was used, while Samsung Galaxy Fit was used for arrhythmia registration in one patient." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Overbeek DL, Hogikyan EM, Davis M, McGillicuddy DC (2019). A unique case of bradycardia recognized by wearable technology as first presentation of complete heart block. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 37(10):1989.e5-e7.", "title": "A unique case of bradycardia recognized by wearable technology as first presentation of complete heart block", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0735675719304747", "date": "2019-07-21", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "A previously-healthy mid 60s-year-old-woman presented to the Emergency Department (ED) stating that her 'Apple Watch' wearable device was alarming due to a low heart rate." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Yerasi C, O'Donoghue S, Satler LF, Waksman R (2020). Apple Watch detecting high-grade block after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. European Heart Journal 41(10):1096.", "title": "Apple Watch detecting high-grade block after transcatheter aortic valve implantation", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/41/10/1096/5651110", "date": "2019-12-03", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "He subsequently underwent urgent biventricular pacemaker implantation" }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Goldstein LN, Wells M (2019). Smart watch-detected tachycardia: a case of atrial flutter. Oxford Medical Case Reports 2019(12):omz137.", "title": "Smart watch-detected tachycardia: a case of atrial flutter", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/omcr/article/2019/12/495/5691267", "date": "2019-12-31", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "a consistent rate of 150 bpm for the previous 4 days" }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Siddeek H, Fisher K, McMakin S, Bass JL, Cortez D (2020). AVNRT captured by Apple Watch Series 4: Can the Apple watch be used as an event monitor? Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology 25:e12742.", "title": "AVNRT captured by Apple Watch Series 4", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7507696", "date": "2020-01-29", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "captured an episode on the Apple watch that demonstrated tachycardia at a rate of about 225 bpm" }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Samal S, Singhania N, Bansal S, Sahoo A (2020). New-onset atrial fibrillation in a young patient detected by smartwatch. Clinical Case Reports 8(7).", "title": "New-onset atrial fibrillation in a young patient detected by smartwatch", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7364102", "date": "2020-04-23", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "He was chemically cardioverted using intravenous flecainide per cardiology recommendations. He maintained sinus rhythm afterward and was discharged home on metoprolol and apixaban." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Ahmed AS, Golden KM, Foreman JR, Padanilam BJ (2020). Using a smartwatch to identify the morphology of atrial flutter. HeartRhythm Case Reports 6.", "title": "Using a smartwatch to identify the morphology of atrial flutter", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7573381", "date": "2020-06-28", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "ECG revealed typical atrial flutter with variable atrioventricular conduction" }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Burke J, Haigney MCP, Borne R, Krantz MJ (2020). Smartwatch detection of ventricular tachycardia: Case series. HeartRhythm Case Reports 6.", "title": "Smartwatch detection of ventricular tachycardia: Case series", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7573479", "date": "2020-08-18", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "The patient has not experienced further symptoms suggestive of arrhythmia, nor has he reported detection of event recordings on his smartwatch" }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Patel D, Tarakji KG (2021). Smartwatch diagnosis of atrial fibrillation in patient with embolic stroke of unknown source: A case report. Cardiovascular Digital Health Journal 2(1):84-87.", "title": "Smartwatch diagnosis of atrial fibrillation in patient with embolic stroke of unknown source", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC8890063", "date": "2021-01-13", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "Given her elevated CHA2DS2VASC score of 5 (age, female, previous stroke, and hypertension), the patient was started on a direct oral anticoagulant, and the aspirin was stopped." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Kassam N, Aziz O, Aghan E, Somji S, Mbithe H, Bapumia M, Mvungi R, Surani S (2021). Smart Watch Detection of Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT): First Case from Tanzania. International Medical Case Reports Journal 14.", "title": "Smart Watch Detection of Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT): First Case from Tanzania", "url": "https://www.dovepress.com/smart-watch-detection-of-supraventricular-tachycardia-svt-first-case-f-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IMCRJ", "date": "2021-08-24", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "a high resting heart rate of 210 beats/min" }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Itoh A (2022). Apple Watch is useful in demonstrating coffee-triggered atrial fibrillation with a very short duration. European Heart Journal - Case Reports 6:ytac252.", "title": "Apple Watch is useful in demonstrating coffee-triggered atrial fibrillation", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9269674", "date": "2022-06-28", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "After that, the patient stopped drinking coffee in the morning, and AF hardly occurred." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Hawryszko M, Sławiński G, Kozłowski D, Lewicka E (2022). Apple Watch-guided diagnosis of AVNRT in a pregnant woman. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 9:985421.", "title": "Apple Watch-guided diagnosis of AVNRT in a pregnant woman", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9676225", "date": "2022-11-07", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "narrow QRS complex tachycardia of 216 bpm, and short RP interval" }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Heringer GV, Vinson DR (2024). Utility of smart watch in expediting diagnosis of cold drink-triggered atrial fibrillation: a case report. International Journal of Emergency Medicine 17.", "title": "Utility of smart watch in expediting diagnosis of cold drink-triggered atrial fibrillation", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11462712", "date": "2024-10-08", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "Had it not been for his smart watch, the etiology of his transitory palpitations would have remained undiagnosed." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Guarnieri G, Mapelli M, Moltrasio M, Agostoni P, Tondo C (2024). Connected health: Ventricular tachycardia detection with Apple Watch—A case report. Heliyon 10:e40595.", "title": "Connected health: Ventricular tachycardia detection with Apple Watch", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11625252", "date": "2024-11-21", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "An alert message of 'Elevated Heart rate' from his Apple Watch® prompted him to record a single-lead ECG using the smartwatch." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Rushakoff JA, Flores Rosario K, Grover P, Wang A (2025). Smartwatch bradycardia alarms leading to a diagnosis of lamin A/C cardiomyopathy: a case report. European Heart Journal - Case Reports 9(9):ytaf415.", "title": "Smartwatch bradycardia alarms leading to a diagnosis of lamin A/C cardiomyopathy: a case report", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12412439", "date": "2025-08-23", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "An asymptomatic 47-year-old man from Costa Rica presented to cardiology clinic for evaluation of recurrent bradycardia alarms on his smartwatch (Apple Watch)." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Shroddha AD, Mukherjee I, Lambiase PD (2026). Apple Watch Saves an Athlete: Unmasking Early Detection of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy. Cureus 18:e113337.", "title": "Apple Watch Saves an Athlete: Unmasking Early Detection of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13501160", "date": "2026-07-25", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "In the early hours of Thursday, at 3:00 am, he awoke with frequent ectopic beats noted on his smartwatch single-lead ECG, which progressed to a broad complex tachycardia." } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "evidence" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "sources[].id": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "identifiers", "identifiers": [ "AIBD-0021-source-0001", "AIBD-0021-source-0002", "AIBD-0021-source-0003", "AIBD-0021-source-0004", "AIBD-0021-source-0005", "AIBD-0021-source-0006", "AIBD-0021-source-0007", "AIBD-0021-source-0008", "AIBD-0021-source-0009", "AIBD-0021-source-0010", "AIBD-0021-source-0011", "AIBD-0021-source-0012", "AIBD-0021-source-0013", "AIBD-0021-source-0014", "AIBD-0021-source-0015", "AIBD-0021-source-0016", "AIBD-0021-source-0017" ], "role": "Existing evidence items, in their original order" }, "provenance": { "kind": "curatorial", "basis": "Stable within the fingerprinted record version; no source content or source review has been added.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "complete" }, "sources[].language": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "sources[].relationship": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "evidence": [ { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Weichert I (2019). 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Healthcare 12(9):892.", "title": "Detection of Arrhythmias Using Smartwatches—A Systematic Literature Review", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11083549", "date": "2024-04-25", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "In most cases (n = 30), the Apple Watch was used, while Samsung Galaxy Fit was used for arrhythmia registration in one patient." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Overbeek DL, Hogikyan EM, Davis M, McGillicuddy DC (2019). A unique case of bradycardia recognized by wearable technology as first presentation of complete heart block. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 37(10):1989.e5-e7.", "title": "A unique case of bradycardia recognized by wearable technology as first presentation of complete heart block", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0735675719304747", "date": "2019-07-21", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "A previously-healthy mid 60s-year-old-woman presented to the Emergency Department (ED) stating that her 'Apple Watch' wearable device was alarming due to a low heart rate." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Yerasi C, O'Donoghue S, Satler LF, Waksman R (2020). Apple Watch detecting high-grade block after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. European Heart Journal 41(10):1096.", "title": "Apple Watch detecting high-grade block after transcatheter aortic valve implantation", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/41/10/1096/5651110", "date": "2019-12-03", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "He subsequently underwent urgent biventricular pacemaker implantation" }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Goldstein LN, Wells M (2019). Smart watch-detected tachycardia: a case of atrial flutter. Oxford Medical Case Reports 2019(12):omz137.", "title": "Smart watch-detected tachycardia: a case of atrial flutter", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/omcr/article/2019/12/495/5691267", "date": "2019-12-31", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "a consistent rate of 150 bpm for the previous 4 days" }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Siddeek H, Fisher K, McMakin S, Bass JL, Cortez D (2020). AVNRT captured by Apple Watch Series 4: Can the Apple watch be used as an event monitor? Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology 25:e12742.", "title": "AVNRT captured by Apple Watch Series 4", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7507696", "date": "2020-01-29", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "captured an episode on the Apple watch that demonstrated tachycardia at a rate of about 225 bpm" }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Samal S, Singhania N, Bansal S, Sahoo A (2020). New-onset atrial fibrillation in a young patient detected by smartwatch. Clinical Case Reports 8(7).", "title": "New-onset atrial fibrillation in a young patient detected by smartwatch", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7364102", "date": "2020-04-23", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "He was chemically cardioverted using intravenous flecainide per cardiology recommendations. He maintained sinus rhythm afterward and was discharged home on metoprolol and apixaban." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Ahmed AS, Golden KM, Foreman JR, Padanilam BJ (2020). Using a smartwatch to identify the morphology of atrial flutter. HeartRhythm Case Reports 6.", "title": "Using a smartwatch to identify the morphology of atrial flutter", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7573381", "date": "2020-06-28", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "ECG revealed typical atrial flutter with variable atrioventricular conduction" }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Burke J, Haigney MCP, Borne R, Krantz MJ (2020). Smartwatch detection of ventricular tachycardia: Case series. HeartRhythm Case Reports 6.", "title": "Smartwatch detection of ventricular tachycardia: Case series", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7573479", "date": "2020-08-18", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "The patient has not experienced further symptoms suggestive of arrhythmia, nor has he reported detection of event recordings on his smartwatch" }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Patel D, Tarakji KG (2021). Smartwatch diagnosis of atrial fibrillation in patient with embolic stroke of unknown source: A case report. Cardiovascular Digital Health Journal 2(1):84-87.", "title": "Smartwatch diagnosis of atrial fibrillation in patient with embolic stroke of unknown source", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC8890063", "date": "2021-01-13", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "Given her elevated CHA2DS2VASC score of 5 (age, female, previous stroke, and hypertension), the patient was started on a direct oral anticoagulant, and the aspirin was stopped." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Kassam N, Aziz O, Aghan E, Somji S, Mbithe H, Bapumia M, Mvungi R, Surani S (2021). Smart Watch Detection of Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT): First Case from Tanzania. International Medical Case Reports Journal 14.", "title": "Smart Watch Detection of Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT): First Case from Tanzania", "url": "https://www.dovepress.com/smart-watch-detection-of-supraventricular-tachycardia-svt-first-case-f-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IMCRJ", "date": "2021-08-24", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "a high resting heart rate of 210 beats/min" }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Itoh A (2022). Apple Watch is useful in demonstrating coffee-triggered atrial fibrillation with a very short duration. European Heart Journal - Case Reports 6:ytac252.", "title": "Apple Watch is useful in demonstrating coffee-triggered atrial fibrillation", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9269674", "date": "2022-06-28", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "After that, the patient stopped drinking coffee in the morning, and AF hardly occurred." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Hawryszko M, Sławiński G, Kozłowski D, Lewicka E (2022). Apple Watch-guided diagnosis of AVNRT in a pregnant woman. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 9:985421.", "title": "Apple Watch-guided diagnosis of AVNRT in a pregnant woman", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9676225", "date": "2022-11-07", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "narrow QRS complex tachycardia of 216 bpm, and short RP interval" }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Heringer GV, Vinson DR (2024). Utility of smart watch in expediting diagnosis of cold drink-triggered atrial fibrillation: a case report. International Journal of Emergency Medicine 17.", "title": "Utility of smart watch in expediting diagnosis of cold drink-triggered atrial fibrillation", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11462712", "date": "2024-10-08", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "Had it not been for his smart watch, the etiology of his transitory palpitations would have remained undiagnosed." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Guarnieri G, Mapelli M, Moltrasio M, Agostoni P, Tondo C (2024). Connected health: Ventricular tachycardia detection with Apple Watch—A case report. Heliyon 10:e40595.", "title": "Connected health: Ventricular tachycardia detection with Apple Watch", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11625252", "date": "2024-11-21", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "An alert message of 'Elevated Heart rate' from his Apple Watch® prompted him to record a single-lead ECG using the smartwatch." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Rushakoff JA, Flores Rosario K, Grover P, Wang A (2025). Smartwatch bradycardia alarms leading to a diagnosis of lamin A/C cardiomyopathy: a case report. European Heart Journal - Case Reports 9(9):ytaf415.", "title": "Smartwatch bradycardia alarms leading to a diagnosis of lamin A/C cardiomyopathy: a case report", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12412439", "date": "2025-08-23", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "An asymptomatic 47-year-old man from Costa Rica presented to cardiology clinic for evaluation of recurrent bradycardia alarms on his smartwatch (Apple Watch)." }, { "kind": "case report", "citation": "Shroddha AD, Mukherjee I, Lambiase PD (2026). Apple Watch Saves an Athlete: Unmasking Early Detection of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy. Cureus 18:e113337.", "title": "Apple Watch Saves an Athlete: Unmasking Early Detection of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13501160", "date": "2026-07-25", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "In the early hours of Thursday, at 3:00 am, he awoke with frequent ectopic beats noted on his smartwatch single-lead ECG, which progressed to a broad complex tachycardia." } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "evidence" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "sources[].upstream_sources": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "strategic_assessments[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "strategic assessments" }, "summary": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "summary": "Apple Watch heart-rate alarms led to an ECG-confirmed AF diagnosis and anticoagulation (UK, 2019); 16 echoes from 15 published case reports to 2026.", "account": "In a case report of 29 March 2019 (event date not reported), a 59-year-old woman attended a United Kingdom emergency department. The acute medicine service saw her (the report does not name the hospital; the author is at Ipswich Hospital). She attended because her Apple Watch Series 2 had alarmed several times overnight that her pulse exceeded 120 bpm while she was inactive. A transient ischemic attack had occurred two months earlier. An electrocardiogram (ECG) showed atrial fibrillation with a fast ventricular response. She started bisoprolol and a direct oral anticoagulant, and clopidogrel was stopped. Later case reports describe the watch's heart-rate alerts, irregular-rhythm notification or ECG app leading to confirmed atrial flutter, supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia and heart block. Treatment was by cardioversion, ablation, pacemaker or defibrillator." } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "summary", "account" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].autonomy_permissions": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].component_role": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "The watch analyzed heart-rate signals and generated notifications about abnormal readings." }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Restated the mechanical task already described in the existing system and AI-role fields. No new source review is claimed.", "record_fields": [ "system", "ai_role" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].deployment_configuration": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "The initial report concerned an Apple Watch Series 2. Later reports involved several other watch generations." }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Separated the model, software, hardware, or operation already described in the existing record. No new source review is claimed.", "record_fields": [ "model_version", "system", "ai_role" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].inputs_outputs": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].model_name": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].model_version": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "model_version": "Apple Watch Series 2 (event); echoes name Series 3, 4, 5, 6 and Ultra; eight reports do not state the model, and in Ahmed et al. the alerting tracker is unnamed (the Series 5 was the authors' post-diagnosis device)" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "model_version" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial", "display": { "answer": "Exact release not established.", "editor_note": "" } }, "systems[].product_name": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "system": "Apple Watch heart-rate notifications, Irregular Rhythm Notification and ECG app" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "system" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].provider": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "structured", "data": { "application_developer": "Apple" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Mapped from the existing case description without a new external source review.", "record_fields": [ "developer" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "taxonomy_crosswalks[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "title": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "title": "Apple Watch heart-rate, irregular-rhythm and ECG alerts leading to arrhythmia diagnosis and treatment", "headline": "Apple Watch alarms lead to an AF diagnosis and anticoagulation" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "title", "headline" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "version": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "identifiers", "identifiers": [ "905a54793460a36fce999a8d9fc8643ced3de43055171fea943cf8b61e6956bf" ], "role": "SHA-256 of normalized original case data" }, "provenance": { "kind": "curatorial", "basis": "Deterministic content version assigned by the local migration.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "complete" }, "workflow": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "account": "In a case report of 29 March 2019 (event date not reported), a 59-year-old woman attended a United Kingdom emergency department. The acute medicine service saw her (the report does not name the hospital; the author is at Ipswich Hospital). She attended because her Apple Watch Series 2 had alarmed several times overnight that her pulse exceeded 120 bpm while she was inactive. A transient ischemic attack had occurred two months earlier. An electrocardiogram (ECG) showed atrial fibrillation with a fast ventricular response. She started bisoprolol and a direct oral anticoagulant, and clopidogrel was stopped. Later case reports describe the watch's heart-rate alerts, irregular-rhythm notification or ECG app leading to confirmed atrial flutter, supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia and heart block. Treatment was by cardioversion, ablation, pacemaker or defibrillator.", "replication": { "produced_by": [ "The wearer owns an Apple Watch with heart-rate notifications, Irregular Rhythm Notification or the ECG app enabled", "An arrhythmia occurs while the watch is worn and the alert or recording leads the wearer to seek care", "A clinician confirms the rhythm on a 12-lead ECG or monitoring and treats it" ], "must_hold": [ "The alert or trace reaches a clinician rather than being dismissed", "Confirmatory ECG or electrophysiology testing is available", "A treatment pathway (anticoagulation, cardioversion, ablation, device) exists" ], "echoes": [ { "date": "2019-07-21", "setting": "woman in her mid-60s, emergency department, USA; low heart-rate alarms; complete heart block, pacemaker implanted (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Overbeek et al. (2019). Am J Emerg Med 37(10):1989.e5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0735675719304747" }, { "date": "2019-12-03", "setting": "68-year-old man one year after TAVI, USA; ECG app recording after syncope showed high-grade AV block; urgent biventricular pacemaker (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch (ECG app)", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Yerasi et al. (2020). Eur Heart J 41(10):1096. https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/41/10/1096/5651110" }, { "date": "2019-12-31", "setting": "56-year-old man, emergency department, South Africa; watch showed 150 bpm for four days; atrial flutter, anticoagulation and cardioversion (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Goldstein & Wells (2019). Oxf Med Case Reports 2019(12):omz137. https://academic.oup.com/omcr/article/2019/12/495/5691267" }, { "date": "2020-01-29", "setting": "16-year-old girl, Minneapolis, USA (authors' institution); watch captured 225 bpm and ECG; AVNRT ablated, asymptomatic at four months (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Series 4", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Siddeek et al. (2020). Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 25:e12742. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7507696" }, { "date": "2020-04-23", "setting": "39-year-old man, Milwaukee, USA (authors' institution); watch showed heart rate 60–130 bpm during palpitations; AF cardioverted with flecainide, metoprolol and apixaban (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Series 3", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Samal et al. (2020). Clin Case Rep 8(7). https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7364102" }, { "date": "2020-06-28", "setting": "54-year-old woman with mechanical aortic valve, Pensacola, USA (authors' institution); alerted to elevated heart rates by an unnamed fitness tracker; typical atrial flutter on ECG; outpatient ablation planned, discharged with rate control and continued anticoagulation; the authors then used an Apple Watch Series 5 in a lead II configuration to confirm the flutter morphology in the ambulatory setting (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Series 5 (authors' post-diagnosis monitoring; alerting device unnamed)", "outcome": "unknown", "source": "Ahmed et al. (2020). HeartRhythm Case Rep 6. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7573381" }, { "date": "2020-08-18", "setting": "60-year-old man, Denver, USA (authors' institution); single-lead ECG showed wide complex tachycardia; ARVC with VT, ablation and ICD (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Burke et al. (2020). HeartRhythm Case Rep 6. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7573479" }, { "date": "2020-08-18", "setting": "63-year-old man, USA; watch recording labeled ventricular tachycardia; 9% VPC burden with NSVT, papillary muscle ablation (publication date)", "model_version": "smartwatch (brand not stated for this case; case 1 in the same series names an Apple Watch)", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Burke et al. (2020). HeartRhythm Case Rep 6. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7573479" }, { "date": "2021-01-13", "setting": "70-year-old woman after embolic stroke of unknown source, Cleveland, USA (authors' institution); irregular-rhythm notifications and ECG app; AF, DOAC started, loop recorder avoided (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch (Irregular Rhythm Notification and ECG app)", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Patel & Tarakji (2021). Cardiovasc Digit Health J 2(1):84-87. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC8890063" }, { "date": "2021-08-24", "setting": "42-year-old man, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (authors' institution); resting heart rate 210 bpm; SVT (orthodromic AVRT), cardioversion, medication; an ablation attempt had no effect and pathway ablation was declined; managed medically (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Series 4", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Kassam et al. (2021). Int Med Case Rep J 14. https://www.dovepress.com/smart-watch-detection-of-supraventricular-tachycardia-svt-first-case-f-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IMCRJ" }, { "date": "2022-06-28", "setting": "man in his early 60s, Shikokuchuo, Japan (authors' institution); ECG app recordings; coffee-triggered paroxysmal AF, trigger avoidance (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch (ECG app)", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Itoh (2022). Eur Heart J Case Rep 6:ytac252. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9269674" }, { "date": "2022-11-07", "setting": "35-year-old woman at 20 weeks of pregnancy, Gdańsk, Poland (authors' institution); ECG app 216 bpm; AVNRT diagnosed, managed with Valsalva instruction without drugs (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Series 6", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Hawryszko et al. (2022). Front Cardiovasc Med 9:985421. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC9676225" }, { "date": "2024-10-08", "setting": "43-year-old man, urgent care, USA; ECG app reported signs of AFib; paroxysmal AF, trigger avoidance and aspirin, no recurrence (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Ultra", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Heringer & Vinson (2024). Int J Emerg Med 17. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11462712" }, { "date": "2024-11-21", "setting": "60-year-old man, Milan, Italy (authors' institution); “Elevated Heart rate” alert then ECG; sustained VT at 183 bpm, radiofrequency ablation (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch Series 5", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Guarnieri et al. (2024). Heliyon 10:e40595. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC11625252" }, { "date": "2025-08-23", "setting": "47-year-old asymptomatic man from Costa Rica, Duke University Medical Center, USA; recurrent low heart-rate alarms; LMNA cardiomyopathy, CRT-D implanted, ejection fraction improved (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch (low heart-rate notification)", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Rushakoff et al. (2025). Eur Heart J Case Rep 9(9):ytaf415. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12412439" }, { "date": "2026-07-25", "setting": "33-year-old male footballer, London, UK; single-lead ECG showed ectopy progressing to broad complex tachycardia; arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, S-ICD, flecainide and nadolol (publication date)", "model_version": "Apple Watch (model not stated)", "outcome": "recurred", "source": "Shroddha et al. (2026). Cureus 18:e113337. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13501160" } ] } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "account", "replication" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" } }, "summary": { "total": 91, "addressed": 91, "known": 34, "reviewed": 0, "record_mapped": 34, "not_assessed": 57, "complete": false, "by_state": { "value_present": 34, "not_reported": 0, "unresolved": 0, "not_assessed": 57, "not_applicable": 0, "withheld": 0, "source_unavailable": 0 } } } }