{
  "id": "AIBD-0009",
  "title": "AI-based Intrusion Detection System alert and emergency braking avert Kamrup Express collision with about 60 elephants in Assam",
  "summary": "16 October 2024: AI intrusion alert and crew braking stopped 15959 Kamrup Express as about 60 elephants crossed near Lamsakhang, Assam",
  "date_observed": "2024-10-16",
  "date_basis": "unassessed",
  "date_precision": "unassessed",
  "benefit_status": null,
  "source_collection": null,
  "source_entry": null,
  "account": "On 16 October 2024 at about 8:37 pm, train 15959 Kamrup Express was running from Guwahati toward Lumding. It neared a herd of about 60 wild elephants crossing the track between Habaipur and Lamsakhang stations in Assam. Northeast Frontier Railway said loco pilot J.D. Das and assistant loco pilot Umesh Kumar noticed the herd and applied the emergency brake. It said the AI-based Intrusion Detection System operating on that section also alerted the drivers. That system uses existing optical fibers as sensors to identify animal movements and alert control offices, station masters, gatemen and loco pilots. The train stopped and no collision occurred. NFR reported it saved 414 elephants in 2023 and 383 up to 16 October 2024.",
  "category": "protective response",
  "unexpected": false,
  "purpose": "Built to detect elephants near the track and alert loco pilots, station masters and control rooms. This benefit is that purpose.",
  "system": "AI-based Intrusion Detection System (distributed acoustic sensing on optical fiber), Northeast Frontier Railway",
  "model_version": null,
  "developer": null,
  "deployer": "Northeast Frontier Railway (Indian Railways)",
  "location": "Lumding, India",
  "domain": "Railway safety and wildlife protection",
  "segment": "Rail transport",
  "benefit_type": "Increased Product Safety",
  "taxonomy_note": "The collision avoided is between a train and elephants, so the gain is shared with conservation.",
  "registry_ids": {},
  "ratings": [
    {
      "group": "organizational",
      "depth": 2,
      "reason": "NFR avoided a collision between a running express train and about 60 elephants, with the derailment and disruption risk that carries."
    },
    {
      "group": "societal",
      "depth": 2,
      "reason": "About 60 wild elephants, a protected species, crossed safely; NFR reports hundreds of such events a year on this network."
    }
  ],
  "ai_role": {
    "status": "assessed",
    "statement": "The operator's release says the drivers noticed the herd and applied the emergency brake and were “also alerted” by the IDS. One local report says the braking followed the IDS warning. The AI alert is documented, but its share of the causal credit is not separable from the crew's own sighting. Hence protective response, prevention unproven."
  },
  "evidence": [
    {
      "kind": "news report",
      "citation": "Morung Express News (2024). Alert train drivers 'avert collision' with herd of elephants in Assam (based on NFR release, Maligaon, 17 October 2024).",
      "title": "Alert train drivers 'avert collision' with herd of elephants in Assam",
      "url": "https://morungexpress.com/alert-train-drivers-avert-collision-with-herd-of-elephants-in-assam",
      "date": "2024-10-17",
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": "The drivers were also alerted by the Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based Intrusion Detection System (IDS) that has been in operation in that section."
    },
    {
      "kind": "news report",
      "citation": "The Sentinel (Assam) (2024). Assam: AI Technology Generated Alerts Prevent Train From Colliding With Elephants.",
      "title": "Assam: AI Technology Generated Alerts Prevent Train From Colliding With Elephants",
      "url": "https://www.sentinelassam.com/breakingnews/assam-ai-technology-generated-alerts-prevent-train-from-colliding-with-elephants",
      "date": null,
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": "the loco pilot and assistant loco pilot applied brakes, preventing a possible collusion."
    },
    {
      "kind": "news report",
      "citation": "The Meghalayan Express (2024). AI technology alerts drivers to stop trains to rescue a herd of elephants in Assam.",
      "title": "AI technology alerts drivers to stop trains to rescue a herd of elephants in Assam",
      "url": "https://themeghalayanexpress.com/ai-technology-alerts-drivers-to-stop-trains-to-rescue-a-herd-of-elephants-in-assam/",
      "date": "2024-10-18",
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": "Thanks to the quick response of the pilots, who applied the emergency brakes, a potential collision was averted, ensuring the safety of the elephants."
    },
    {
      "kind": "report",
      "citation": "DD News (2025). Indian Railways expands AI-based intrusion detection to prevent elephant collisions across key routes (reporting the Railway Minister's written Rajya Sabha reply).",
      "title": "Indian Railways expands AI-based intrusion detection to prevent elephant collisions across key routes",
      "url": "https://ddnews.gov.in/en/indian-railways-expands-ai-based-intrusion-detection-to-prevent-elephant-collisions-across-key-routes/",
      "date": "2025-12-05",
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": "loco pilots, station masters and control rooms when elephant movement is detected near the tracks"
    },
    {
      "kind": "news report",
      "citation": "The Sentinel (Assam) (2026). AI Shield and 'Plan Bee' Save 255 Elephants Across Northeast Frontier Railway.",
      "title": "AI Shield and 'Plan Bee' Save 255 Elephants Across Northeast Frontier Railway",
      "url": "https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/ai-shield-and-plan-bee-save-255-elephants-across-northeast-frontier-railway",
      "date": "2026-10-08",
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": "immediately transmits real-time alerts to station masters and loco pilots, prompting them to reduce train speeds to 25 kmph when wildlife wanders near the tracks."
    },
    {
      "kind": "news report",
      "citation": "PTI. AI-based surveillance mechanism helps eliminate elephant deaths due to train collisions in 11 Northeast corridors. The Tribune, 6 September 2023.",
      "title": "AI-based surveillance mechanism helps eliminate elephant deaths due to train collisions in 11 Northeast corridors",
      "url": "https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/ai-based-surveillance-mechanism-helps-eliminate-elephant-deaths-due-to-train-collisions-in-11-northeast-corridors-541918",
      "date": "2023-09-06",
      "written_by": "independent",
      "quote": null
    }
  ],
  "replication": {
    "produced_by": [
      "Fiber-optic acoustic sensing with AI classification installed along an elephant corridor",
      "Alert routed to loco pilots and station masters in time to brake"
    ],
    "must_hold": [
      "Train speed and sighting distance allow a stop after the alert",
      "Crew act on the alert. The operator attributes this stop partly to the crew's own sighting"
    ],
    "echoes": [
      {
        "date": null,
        "setting": "Aggregate, not an individual event: NFR announced 255 elephants protected in 2026 across Lumding (122), Alipurduar (106), Tinsukia (15) and Rangiya (14) divisions, with alerts prompting speed reductions to 25 km/h (The Sentinel, 8 October 2026)",
        "model_version": null,
        "outcome": "recurred",
        "source": "https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/ai-shield-and-plan-bee-save-255-elephants-across-northeast-frontier-railway"
      }
    ]
  },
  "paired_incident": {
    "database": "AI Incident Database",
    "identifier": "219",
    "title": "Poachers Evaded AI Cameras and Killed Four Rhinos",
    "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/219",
    "severity": null,
    "group": "societal",
    "basis": "AI intrusion detection protecting wildlife: Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife's AI cameras failed to detect poachers and four rhinos were killed, the protected-animal group the NFR acoustic alert saved when about 60 elephants crossed the track."
  },
  "headline": "AI intrusion alert stops Kamrup Express as about 60 elephants cross",
  "metric": "saved 414 elephants in 2023 and 383 up to 16 October 2024",
  "comparator": {
    "against": "train-elephant collisions before the system (national average of elephant deaths on tracks)",
    "before": "on an average 20 elephants die due to train collisions in the country every year and a majority of these incidents take place in the Northeast Frontier Railway",
    "after": "since the launch of the system, these 11 corridors have not reported any train-elephant collision",
    "basis": "measured",
    "quote": "De said that since the launch of the system, these 11 corridors have not reported any train-elephant collision. Government data shows that on an average 20 elephants die due to train collisions in the country every year and a majority of these incidents take place in the Northeast Frontier Railway.",
    "url": "https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/ai-based-surveillance-mechanism-helps-eliminate-elephant-deaths-due-to-train-collisions-in-11-northeast-corridors-541918"
  },
  "later": {
    "status": "scaled",
    "date": "2025-12-05",
    "note": "By December 2025 the system covered 141 route kilometers of Northeast Frontier Railway and tenders had been awarded for 981 more route kilometers nationwide.",
    "quote": "Indian Railways has scaled up the deployment of its artificial intelligence-enabled Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to curb elephant fatalities on rail tracks, with the technology now active across 141 route kilometres (RKms) of the Northeast Frontier Railway and tenders awarded for an additional 981 RKms nationwide.",
    "url": "https://ddnews.gov.in/en/indian-railways-expands-ai-based-intrusion-detection-to-prevent-elephant-collisions-across-key-routes/"
  },
  "value": null,
  "developer_country": null,
  "deployer_country": "India",
  "unrated_because": null,
  "brief_notes": null,
  "brief": null,
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    {
      "date": "2026-10-20",
      "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.",
      "source": null,
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-20",
      "change": "Paired with AI Incident Database incident 219 (medium confidence); severity not given by the source.",
      "source": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/219",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Benefit type set to Increased Product Safety under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Environmental Sustainability among the six first used.",
      "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against, what happened since from the cited sources.",
      "source": "https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/ai-based-surveillance-mechanism-helps-eliminate-elephant-deaths-due-to-train-collisions-in-11-northeast-corridors-541918; https://ddnews.gov.in/en/indian-railways-expands-ai-based-intrusion-detection-to-prevent-elephant-collisions-across-key-routes/",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Country of the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
      "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Frontier_Railway_zone",
      "editor": "AIBD"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-21",
      "change": "Prose pass: account, purpose, the replication conditions, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.",
      "source": null,
      "editor": "AIBD"
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  ],
  "confidence": "studied",
  "shade": "high",
  "claim_status": "Independently studied",
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        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].effect": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].exposure": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].id": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].measurement_method": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].metric": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Mapped from the existing case description without a new external source review.",
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          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations",
        "display": {
          "answer": "saved 414 elephants in 2023 and 383 up to 16 October 2024",
          "editor_note": ""
        }
      },
      "evaluations[].reproduction_materials": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].setting_sample": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "evaluations[].uncertainty_limitations": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "evaluations"
      },
      "external_references[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "paired_incident": {
              "database": "AI Incident Database",
              "identifier": "219",
              "title": "Poachers Evaded AI Cameras and Killed Four Rhinos",
              "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/219",
              "group": "societal",
              "basis": "AI intrusion detection protecting wildlife: Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife's AI cameras failed to detect poachers and four rhinos were killed, the protected-animal group the NFR acoustic alert saved when about 60 elephants crossed the track."
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
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        },
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      },
      "follow_up[]": {
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          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "later": {
              "status": "scaled",
              "date": "2025-12-05",
              "note": "By December 2025 the system covered 141 route kilometers of Northeast Frontier Railway and tenders had been awarded for 981 more route kilometers nationwide.",
              "quote": "Indian Railways has scaled up the deployment of its artificial intelligence-enabled Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to curb elephant fatalities on rail tracks, with the technology now active across 141 route kilometres (RKms) of the Northeast Frontier Railway and tenders awarded for an additional 981 RKms nationwide.",
              "url": "https://ddnews.gov.in/en/indian-railways-expands-ai-based-intrusion-detection-to-prevent-elephant-collisions-across-key-routes/"
            }
          }
        },
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        },
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      },
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        "coverage": "partial"
      },
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        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "id": "AIBD-0009"
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        },
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        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "infrastructure_dependencies[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].beneficiaries": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].beneficiary_count": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
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        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "benefit_type": "Increased Product Safety",
            "taxonomy_note": "The collision avoided is between a train and elephants, so the gain is shared with conservation."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
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          "kind": "record_fields",
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            "account": "On 16 October 2024 at about 8:37 pm, train 15959 Kamrup Express was running from Guwahati toward Lumding. It neared a herd of about 60 wild elephants crossing the track between Habaipur and Lamsakhang stations in Assam. Northeast Frontier Railway said loco pilot J.D. Das and assistant loco pilot Umesh Kumar noticed the herd and applied the emergency brake. It said the AI-based Intrusion Detection System operating on that section also alerted the drivers. That system uses existing optical fibers as sensors to identify animal movements and alert control offices, station masters, gatemen and loco pilots. The train stopped and no collision occurred. NFR reported it saved 414 elephants in 2023 and 383 up to 16 October 2024.",
            "benefit_type": "Increased Product Safety"
          }
        },
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        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
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      },
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        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].duration": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].id": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].stakeholder_group": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "ratings": [
              {
                "group": "organizational",
                "depth": 2,
                "reason": "NFR avoided a collision between a running express train and about 60 elephants, with the derailment and disruption risk that carries."
              },
              {
                "group": "societal",
                "depth": 2,
                "reason": "About 60 wild elephants, a protected species, crossed safely; NFR reports hundreds of such events a year on this network."
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
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        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].status": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].tradeoffs": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "outcomes[].unexpected": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "unexpected": false,
            "purpose": "Built to detect elephants near the track and alert loco pilots, station masters and control rooms. This benefit is that purpose."
          }
        },
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        },
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        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "places[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "location": "Lumding, India",
            "deployer_country": "India"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
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            "deployer_country"
          ],
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        },
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        "coverage": "partial"
      },
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          "kind": "record_fields",
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            "purpose": "Built to detect elephants near the track and alert loco pilots, station masters and control rooms. This benefit is that purpose."
          }
        },
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          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
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        },
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      },
      "record_dates": {
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        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "date_observed": "2024-10-16",
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              {
                "date": "2026-10-20",
                "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-20",
                "change": "Paired with AI Incident Database incident 219 (medium confidence); severity not given by the source.",
                "source": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/219",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Benefit type set to Increased Product Safety under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Environmental Sustainability among the six first used.",
                "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against, what happened since from the cited sources.",
                "source": "https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/ai-based-surveillance-mechanism-helps-eliminate-elephant-deaths-due-to-train-collisions-in-11-northeast-corridors-541918; https://ddnews.gov.in/en/indian-railways-expands-ai-based-intrusion-detection-to-prevent-elephant-collisions-across-key-routes/",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Country of the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
                "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Frontier_Railway_zone",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Prose pass: account, purpose, the replication conditions, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
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          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
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      },
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        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
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            "replication": {
              "produced_by": [
                "Fiber-optic acoustic sensing with AI classification installed along an elephant corridor",
                "Alert routed to loco pilots and station masters in time to brake"
              ],
              "must_hold": [
                "Train speed and sighting distance allow a stop after the alert",
                "Crew act on the alert. The operator attributes this stop partly to the crew's own sighting"
              ],
              "echoes": [
                {
                  "setting": "Aggregate, not an individual event: NFR announced 255 elephants protected in 2026 across Lumding (122), Alipurduar (106), Tinsukia (15) and Rangiya (14) divisions, with alerts prompting speed reductions to 25 km/h (The Sentinel, 8 October 2026)",
                  "outcome": "recurred",
                  "source": "https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/ai-shield-and-plan-bee-save-255-elephants-across-northeast-frontier-railway"
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
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              ],
              "must_hold": [
                "Train speed and sighting distance allow a stop after the alert",
                "Crew act on the alert. The operator attributes this stop partly to the crew's own sighting"
              ],
              "echoes": [
                {
                  "setting": "Aggregate, not an individual event: NFR announced 255 elephants protected in 2026 across Lumding (122), Alipurduar (106), Tinsukia (15) and Rangiya (14) divisions, with alerts prompting speed reductions to 25 km/h (The Sentinel, 8 October 2026)",
                  "outcome": "recurred",
                  "source": "https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/ai-shield-and-plan-bee-save-255-elephants-across-northeast-frontier-railway"
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
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          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
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      },
      "revision_history[]": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "revisions": [
              {
                "date": "2026-10-20",
                "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-20",
                "change": "Paired with AI Incident Database incident 219 (medium confidence); severity not given by the source.",
                "source": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/219",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Benefit type set to Increased Product Safety under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Environmental Sustainability among the six first used.",
                "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against, what happened since from the cited sources.",
                "source": "https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/ai-based-surveillance-mechanism-helps-eliminate-elephant-deaths-due-to-train-collisions-in-11-northeast-corridors-541918; https://ddnews.gov.in/en/indian-railways-expands-ai-based-intrusion-detection-to-prevent-elephant-collisions-across-key-routes/",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Country of the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.",
                "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Frontier_Railway_zone",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              },
              {
                "date": "2026-10-21",
                "change": "Prose pass: account, purpose, the replication conditions, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.",
                "editor": "AIBD"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
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        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sector": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "domain": "Railway safety and wildlife protection",
            "segment": "Rail transport"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
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          "source_refs": []
        },
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      },
      "sources[].access_version": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].citation_locator": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "evidence": [
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "Morung Express News (2024). Alert train drivers 'avert collision' with herd of elephants in Assam (based on NFR release, Maligaon, 17 October 2024).",
                "title": "Alert train drivers 'avert collision' with herd of elephants in Assam",
                "url": "https://morungexpress.com/alert-train-drivers-avert-collision-with-herd-of-elephants-in-assam",
                "date": "2024-10-17",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "The drivers were also alerted by the Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based Intrusion Detection System (IDS) that has been in operation in that section."
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "The Sentinel (Assam) (2024). Assam: AI Technology Generated Alerts Prevent Train From Colliding With Elephants.",
                "title": "Assam: AI Technology Generated Alerts Prevent Train From Colliding With Elephants",
                "url": "https://www.sentinelassam.com/breakingnews/assam-ai-technology-generated-alerts-prevent-train-from-colliding-with-elephants",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "the loco pilot and assistant loco pilot applied brakes, preventing a possible collusion."
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "The Meghalayan Express (2024). AI technology alerts drivers to stop trains to rescue a herd of elephants in Assam.",
                "title": "AI technology alerts drivers to stop trains to rescue a herd of elephants in Assam",
                "url": "https://themeghalayanexpress.com/ai-technology-alerts-drivers-to-stop-trains-to-rescue-a-herd-of-elephants-in-assam/",
                "date": "2024-10-18",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "Thanks to the quick response of the pilots, who applied the emergency brakes, a potential collision was averted, ensuring the safety of the elephants."
              },
              {
                "kind": "report",
                "citation": "DD News (2025). Indian Railways expands AI-based intrusion detection to prevent elephant collisions across key routes (reporting the Railway Minister's written Rajya Sabha reply).",
                "title": "Indian Railways expands AI-based intrusion detection to prevent elephant collisions across key routes",
                "url": "https://ddnews.gov.in/en/indian-railways-expands-ai-based-intrusion-detection-to-prevent-elephant-collisions-across-key-routes/",
                "date": "2025-12-05",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "loco pilots, station masters and control rooms when elephant movement is detected near the tracks"
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "The Sentinel (Assam) (2026). AI Shield and 'Plan Bee' Save 255 Elephants Across Northeast Frontier Railway.",
                "title": "AI Shield and 'Plan Bee' Save 255 Elephants Across Northeast Frontier Railway",
                "url": "https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/ai-shield-and-plan-bee-save-255-elephants-across-northeast-frontier-railway",
                "date": "2026-10-08",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "immediately transmits real-time alerts to station masters and loco pilots, prompting them to reduce train speeds to 25 kmph when wildlife wanders near the tracks."
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "PTI. AI-based surveillance mechanism helps eliminate elephant deaths due to train collisions in 11 Northeast corridors. The Tribune, 6 September 2023.",
                "title": "AI-based surveillance mechanism helps eliminate elephant deaths due to train collisions in 11 Northeast corridors",
                "url": "https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/ai-based-surveillance-mechanism-helps-eliminate-elephant-deaths-due-to-train-collisions-in-11-northeast-corridors-541918",
                "date": "2023-09-06",
                "written_by": "independent"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
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          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].id": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "identifiers",
          "identifiers": [
            "AIBD-0009-source-0001",
            "AIBD-0009-source-0002",
            "AIBD-0009-source-0003",
            "AIBD-0009-source-0004",
            "AIBD-0009-source-0005",
            "AIBD-0009-source-0006"
          ],
          "role": "Existing evidence items, in their original order"
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "curatorial",
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          "record_fields": [],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "complete"
      },
      "sources[].language": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].relationship": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "evidence": [
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "Morung Express News (2024). Alert train drivers 'avert collision' with herd of elephants in Assam (based on NFR release, Maligaon, 17 October 2024).",
                "title": "Alert train drivers 'avert collision' with herd of elephants in Assam",
                "url": "https://morungexpress.com/alert-train-drivers-avert-collision-with-herd-of-elephants-in-assam",
                "date": "2024-10-17",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "The drivers were also alerted by the Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based Intrusion Detection System (IDS) that has been in operation in that section."
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "The Sentinel (Assam) (2024). Assam: AI Technology Generated Alerts Prevent Train From Colliding With Elephants.",
                "title": "Assam: AI Technology Generated Alerts Prevent Train From Colliding With Elephants",
                "url": "https://www.sentinelassam.com/breakingnews/assam-ai-technology-generated-alerts-prevent-train-from-colliding-with-elephants",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "the loco pilot and assistant loco pilot applied brakes, preventing a possible collusion."
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "The Meghalayan Express (2024). AI technology alerts drivers to stop trains to rescue a herd of elephants in Assam.",
                "title": "AI technology alerts drivers to stop trains to rescue a herd of elephants in Assam",
                "url": "https://themeghalayanexpress.com/ai-technology-alerts-drivers-to-stop-trains-to-rescue-a-herd-of-elephants-in-assam/",
                "date": "2024-10-18",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "Thanks to the quick response of the pilots, who applied the emergency brakes, a potential collision was averted, ensuring the safety of the elephants."
              },
              {
                "kind": "report",
                "citation": "DD News (2025). Indian Railways expands AI-based intrusion detection to prevent elephant collisions across key routes (reporting the Railway Minister's written Rajya Sabha reply).",
                "title": "Indian Railways expands AI-based intrusion detection to prevent elephant collisions across key routes",
                "url": "https://ddnews.gov.in/en/indian-railways-expands-ai-based-intrusion-detection-to-prevent-elephant-collisions-across-key-routes/",
                "date": "2025-12-05",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "loco pilots, station masters and control rooms when elephant movement is detected near the tracks"
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "The Sentinel (Assam) (2026). AI Shield and 'Plan Bee' Save 255 Elephants Across Northeast Frontier Railway.",
                "title": "AI Shield and 'Plan Bee' Save 255 Elephants Across Northeast Frontier Railway",
                "url": "https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/ai-shield-and-plan-bee-save-255-elephants-across-northeast-frontier-railway",
                "date": "2026-10-08",
                "written_by": "independent",
                "quote": "immediately transmits real-time alerts to station masters and loco pilots, prompting them to reduce train speeds to 25 kmph when wildlife wanders near the tracks."
              },
              {
                "kind": "news report",
                "citation": "PTI. AI-based surveillance mechanism helps eliminate elephant deaths due to train collisions in 11 Northeast corridors. The Tribune, 6 September 2023.",
                "title": "AI-based surveillance mechanism helps eliminate elephant deaths due to train collisions in 11 Northeast corridors",
                "url": "https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/ai-based-surveillance-mechanism-helps-eliminate-elephant-deaths-due-to-train-collisions-in-11-northeast-corridors-541918",
                "date": "2023-09-06",
                "written_by": "independent"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "evidence"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "sources[].upstream_sources": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "strategic_assessments[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial",
        "family": "strategic assessments"
      },
      "summary": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "summary": "16 October 2024: AI intrusion alert and crew braking stopped 15959 Kamrup Express as about 60 elephants crossed near Lamsakhang, Assam",
            "account": "On 16 October 2024 at about 8:37 pm, train 15959 Kamrup Express was running from Guwahati toward Lumding. It neared a herd of about 60 wild elephants crossing the track between Habaipur and Lamsakhang stations in Assam. Northeast Frontier Railway said loco pilot J.D. Das and assistant loco pilot Umesh Kumar noticed the herd and applied the emergency brake. It said the AI-based Intrusion Detection System operating on that section also alerted the drivers. That system uses existing optical fibers as sensors to identify animal movements and alert control offices, station masters, gatemen and loco pilots. The train stopped and no collision occurred. NFR reported it saved 414 elephants in 2023 and 383 up to 16 October 2024."
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "summary",
            "account"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].autonomy_permissions": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].component_role": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].deployment_configuration": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].inputs_outputs": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].model_name": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].model_version": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].product_name": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "system": "AI-based Intrusion Detection System (distributed acoustic sensing on optical fiber), Northeast Frontier Railway"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "system"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "systems[].provider": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "taxonomy_crosswalks[]": {
        "state": "not_assessed",
        "review_state": "not_assessed",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "title": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "title": "AI-based Intrusion Detection System alert and emergency braking avert Kamrup Express collision with about 60 elephants in Assam",
            "headline": "AI intrusion alert stops Kamrup Express as about 60 elephants cross"
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "title",
            "headline"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      },
      "version": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "identifiers",
          "identifiers": [
            "e2557968a4b3067e350e9314a4688b81be6e43015c3adcff9491a397285cf100"
          ],
          "role": "SHA-256 of normalized original case data"
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "curatorial",
          "basis": "Deterministic content version assigned by the local migration.",
          "record_fields": [],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "complete"
      },
      "workflow": {
        "state": "value_present",
        "value": {
          "kind": "record_fields",
          "fields": {
            "account": "On 16 October 2024 at about 8:37 pm, train 15959 Kamrup Express was running from Guwahati toward Lumding. It neared a herd of about 60 wild elephants crossing the track between Habaipur and Lamsakhang stations in Assam. Northeast Frontier Railway said loco pilot J.D. Das and assistant loco pilot Umesh Kumar noticed the herd and applied the emergency brake. It said the AI-based Intrusion Detection System operating on that section also alerted the drivers. That system uses existing optical fibers as sensors to identify animal movements and alert control offices, station masters, gatemen and loco pilots. The train stopped and no collision occurred. NFR reported it saved 414 elephants in 2023 and 383 up to 16 October 2024.",
            "replication": {
              "produced_by": [
                "Fiber-optic acoustic sensing with AI classification installed along an elephant corridor",
                "Alert routed to loco pilots and station masters in time to brake"
              ],
              "must_hold": [
                "Train speed and sighting distance allow a stop after the alert",
                "Crew act on the alert. The operator attributes this stop partly to the crew's own sighting"
              ],
              "echoes": [
                {
                  "setting": "Aggregate, not an individual event: NFR announced 255 elephants protected in 2026 across Lumding (122), Alipurduar (106), Tinsukia (15) and Rangiya (14) divisions, with alerts prompting speed reductions to 25 km/h (The Sentinel, 8 October 2026)",
                  "outcome": "recurred",
                  "source": "https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/ai-shield-and-plan-bee-save-255-elephants-across-northeast-frontier-railway"
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "provenance": {
          "kind": "legacy_record",
          "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.",
          "record_fields": [
            "account",
            "replication"
          ],
          "source_refs": []
        },
        "review_state": "record_mapped",
        "coverage": "partial"
      }
    },
    "summary": {
      "total": 91,
      "addressed": 91,
      "known": 30,
      "reviewed": 0,
      "record_mapped": 30,
      "not_assessed": 61,
      "complete": false,
      "by_state": {
        "value_present": 30,
        "not_reported": 0,
        "unresolved": 0,
        "not_assessed": 61,
        "not_applicable": 0,
        "withheld": 0,
        "source_unavailable": 0
      }
    }
  }
}