{ "id": "AIBD-0001", "title": "A brain–spine interface restored control of walking after paralysis", "summary": "Gert-Jan Oskam used the STIMO-BSI interface to stand, walk, and climb stairs after a spinal cord injury.", "date_observed": "2021-01-01", "date_basis": "event", "date_precision": "year", "benefit_status": "reported", "source_collection": null, "source_entry": null, "account": "Gert-Jan Oskam received the STIMO-BSI brain–spine interface after an incomplete cervical spinal cord injury. The decoder translated signals from his brain into spinal stimulation. He regained control of standing and walking, including stairs and uneven ground. After 40 rehabilitation sessions, he could also walk more than 10 meters with crutches while the stimulation was off.\n\nThe researchers reported stable control for over a year, including seven months of home use. An infection required removal of one cortical implant 167 days after implantation. Rehabilitation continued after treatment, and the implant was replaced in March 2023. The report concerns one participant.", "category": "benefit created", "unexpected": false, "purpose": "Researchers connected movement intentions to spinal stimulation to restore control of standing and walking.", "system": "STIMO-BSI brain–spine interface", "model_version": null, "developer": "NeuroRestore (EPFL/CHUV/UNIL) with CEA-Clinatec and ONWARD Medical", "deployer": "Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV)", "location": "Lausanne, Switzerland", "domain": "Healthcare / neurorehabilitation", "segment": "Spinal cord injury rehabilitation", "benefit_type": "Improved Physical Health", "taxonomy_note": null, "registry_ids": {}, "ratings": [ { "group": "personal", "depth": 3, "reason": "Life-changing benefit to one identifiable person: standing, walking, stair climbing and independent home use restored after ten years of paralysis. Some recovery persists when the device is switched off." } ], "ai_role": { "status": "assessed", "statement": "The REW-MSLM decoder estimated intended leg movements from cortical signals and adjusted spinal stimulation. Researchers calibrated it for the participant and set the permitted stimulation ranges." }, "evidence": [ { "kind": "peer-reviewed study", "citation": "Henri Lorach et al. “Walking Naturally after Spinal Cord Injury Using a Brain–Spine Interface.” Nature 618 (2023): 126–133. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06094-5. Methods; Figure 4; Extended Data Figure 1; Device explantation; Data and code availability.", "title": "Walking naturally after spinal cord injury using a brain-spine interface", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10232367/", "date": "2023-05-24", "written_by": "makers", "quote": "The participant regained the ability to walk with crutches overground even when the BSI was switched off." }, { "kind": "press release", "citation": "EPFL (2023). Thought-controlled walking again after spinal cord injury. EPFL News (developer institution release).", "title": "Thought-controlled walking again after spinal cord injury", "url": "https://actu.epfl.ch/news/thought-controlled-walking-again-after-spinal-co-4", "date": "2023-05-24", "written_by": "makers", "quote": "Thanks to algorithms based on adaptive artificial intelligence methods, movement intentions are decoded in real time from brain recordings." }, { "kind": "news report", "citation": "Chasan A (2023). Paralyzed man walks again using implants connecting brain with spinal cord. CBS News.", "title": "Paralyzed man walks again using implants connecting brain with spinal cord", "url": "https://www.cbsnews.com/news/paralyzed-man-walks-again-using-implants-connecting-brain-with-spinal-cord/", "date": "2023-05-24", "written_by": "independent", "quote": "The brain-spine interface (BSI) has remained stable for a year, allowing Gert-Jan Oskam to stand, walk, climb stairs and traverse complex terrains." }, { "kind": "press release", "citation": "ONWARD Medical. “ONWARD Medical Announces Third Implant of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) System to Restore Movement after Spinal Cord Injury.” September 19, 2024. ¶¶ 2, 6–7.", "title": "ONWARD Medical Announces Third Implant of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) System to Restore Movement after Spinal Cord Injury", "url": "https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2024/09/19/2948718/0/en/ONWARD-Medical-Announces-Third-Implant-of-Brain-Computer-Interface-BCI-System-to-Restore-Movement-after-Spinal-Cord-Injury.html", "date": "2024-09-19", "written_by": "makers", "quote": null }, { "kind": "press release", "citation": "ONWARD Medical. “ONWARD Medical Completes Two Additional Brain-Computer Interface Implants Paired with Spinal Cord Stimulation Technology to Restore Thought-Driven Movement.” January 22, 2026, 1–3.", "title": "ONWARD Medical Completes Two Additional Brain-Computer Interface Implants Paired with Spinal Cord Stimulation Technology to Restore Thought-Driven Movement", "url": "https://ir.onwd.com/static-files/48e1c5b9-e843-4895-ac81-e0e936a841e2", "date": "2026-01-22", "written_by": "makers", "quote": null }, { "kind": "dataset", "citation": "Henri Lorach. “BSI Dataset and Scripts.” Zenodo, March 2, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7680471.", "title": "BSI dataset and scripts", "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7680471", "date": "2023-03-02", "written_by": "makers", "quote": null } ], "replication": { "produced_by": [ "Incomplete cervical spinal cord injury with preserved cortical movement intention and residual lumbosacral circuits that epidural stimulation can recruit", "Epidural cortical recording (WIMAGINE) paired with lumbosacral epidural stimulation, decoder calibrated to the individual", "Supervised neurorehabilitation within a regulated feasibility trial (STIMO-BSI, NCT04632290)" ], "must_hold": [ "Decoder calibration remains fast and decoding performance stable over months", "Spinal stimulation still recruits leg muscles (intact circuits below the lesion)", "Participant can tolerate implanted hardware and use the wireless system independently" ], "echoes": [ { "date": "2024-09-19", "setting": "CHUV, Lausanne. A second participant received the later ARC-BCI system for lower-limb movement; this was the third ARC-BCI participant overall.", "model_version": "ARC-BCI (WIMAGINE + ARC-IM)", "outcome": "unknown", "source": "https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2024/09/19/2948718/0/en/ONWARD-Medical-Announces-Third-Implant-of-Brain-Computer-Interface-BCI-System-to-Restore-Movement-after-Spinal-Cord-Injury.html" }, { "date": "2026-01-22", "setting": "CHUV, Lausanne; two further participants (35-year-old woman, upper limb; 39-year-old man, lower limb), bringing the total to seven ARC-BCI implants", "model_version": "ARC-BCI", "outcome": "unknown", "source": "https://ir.onwd.com/static-files/48e1c5b9-e843-4895-ac81-e0e936a841e2" } ] }, "paired_incident": null, "headline": "A brain–spine interface restored control of walking after paralysis", "metric": "Walked more than 10 meters with crutches and no stimulation after rehabilitation.", "comparator": { "against": "epidural spinal cord stimulation alone (STIMO), after which his recovery had plateaued for three years", "before": "after three years of regular training with stimulation only, he had reached a plateau of recovery; EES only condition showed significantly shorter step length due to increase of failed steps; WISCI II score 6 before STIMO", "after": "the BSI enabled walking with gait features that were markedly closer to those quantified in healthy individuals; WISCI II 16 after STIMO-BSI", "basis": "measured", "quote": "Compared to stimulation alone, the BSI enabled walking with gait features that were markedly closer to those quantified in healthy individuals (Extended Data Fig. 4a). The BSI ensured a continuous link between the intended movement and the modulation of stimulation protocols, which translated into the ability to walk overground", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10232367/" }, "later": { "status": "scaled", "date": "2026-01-22", "note": "ONWARD reported that seven participants had received the later ARC-BCI system in feasibility studies. Implantation counts do not establish how many recovered movement.", "quote": null, "url": "https://ir.onwd.com/static-files/48e1c5b9-e843-4895-ac81-e0e936a841e2" }, "value": null, "developer_country": "Switzerland", "deployer_country": "Switzerland", "unrated_because": null, "brief_notes": null, "brief": null, "revisions": [ { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Record drafted from the cited sources.", "source": null, "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-20", "change": "Corrected the Global News evidence title from the URL slug to the printed headline and added the byline to its citation, and extended the Al Jazeera quote to the full sentence so that it no longer ends mid-sentence without an ellipsis.", "source": "https://globalnews.ca/news/9722725/paralyzed-man-walks-brain-implants-netherlands; https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/25/paralysed-man-walks-with-device-that-connects-brain-spinal-cord", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Added what the benefit is measured against, what happened since from the cited sources.", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10232367/; https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/news/onward-implants-second-patient-with-brain-chip-in-spinal-cord-injury-trial/", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Benefit type set to Improved Physical Health under Trustible's full taxonomy of 23 types; it was Improved Accessibility among the six first used.", "source": "https://trustible.ai/post/a-framework-for-measuring-the-benefits-of-ai/", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Country of the developer and the deployer added from the organization's own site or a registry.", "source": "https://www.neurorestore.swiss/; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne_University_Hospital", "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-21", "change": "Prose pass: a rating reason, account, purpose, the system's part rewritten in shorter sentences with abbreviations expanded; facts, figures and quotations unchanged.", "source": null, "editor": "AIBD" }, { "date": "2026-10-25", "change": "Read the original study and methods, distinguished the decoder from its hardware, added the reported implant infection and evaluation details, and traced follow-up reports to ONWARD’s original announcements.", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10232367/", "editor": "AIBD" } ], "confidence": "reported", "shade": "medium", "claim_status": "Independently reported", "claim_basis": "Sources: one independent news report, the makers' peer-reviewed study, the makers' dataset and three press releases from the makers. The cited evidence includes no independent study or report and no finding by a regulator or court.", "profile": { "case_id": "AIBD-0001", "catalog_version": "1.0.0", "source_fingerprint": "8873303244c63de171fbafa7edcbbdab0d046d1d708a96d4a635b291d144f0e5", "collection_refs": [ { "collection_id": "aibd", "version": "snapshot-8bf7cfec9cb185aa" }, { "collection_id": "aibd", "version": "2026-10-25" } ], "source_ids": [ "AIBD-0001-source-0001", "AIBD-0001-source-0002", "AIBD-0001-source-0003", "AIBD-0001-source-0004", "AIBD-0001-source-0005", "AIBD-0001-source-0006" ], "families": { "strategic assessments": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "record_ids": [] }, "evaluations": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "identifiers", "identifiers": [ "NCT04632290" ], "role": "Clinical feasibility study" }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "The original paper identifies the study registration.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0001-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "record_ids": [ "NCT04632290" ] }, "monetary observations": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "record_ids": [] }, "institutional decisions": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "record_ids": [] } }, "fields": { "actors[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "NeuroRestore and CEA-Clinatec developed the interface. CHUV conducted the clinical study, with Medtronic stimulation hardware." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Author affiliations and contributions; Digital bridge from brain to spinal cord; EPFL institutional announcement.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0001-source-0001", "AIBD-0001-source-0002" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete" }, "actors[].ownership_control": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "ai_contribution": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "The REW-MSLM decoder estimated intended leg movements from cortical signals and adjusted spinal stimulation. Researchers calibrated it for the participant and set the permitted stimulation ranges." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Extended Data Figure 1; Methods: Online decoder training.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0001-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "The REW-MSLM decoder estimated intended leg movements from cortical signals and adjusted spinal stimulation. Researchers calibrated it for the participant and set the permitted stimulation ranges." } }, "ai_relationship": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "category": "benefit created", "ai_role": { "status": "assessed", "statement": "The REW-MSLM decoder estimated intended leg movements from cortical signals and adjusted spinal stimulation. Researchers calibrated it for the participant and set the permitted stimulation ranges." } } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "ai_role", "category" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].alternatives": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].assessor_date": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "structured", "data": { "assessor": "AIBD, assisted by Codex", "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" } }, "provenance": { "kind": "curatorial", "basis": "Recorded this review without attributing it to an independent human assessor.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "AIBD, assisted by Codex, on 25 October 2026." } }, "assessments[].depth": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "ratings": [ { "group": "personal", "depth": 3, "reason": "Life-changing benefit to one identifiable person: standing, walking, stair climbing and independent home use restored after ten years of paralysis. Some recovery persists when the device is switched off." } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "ratings" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].display_confidence": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "structured", "data": { "confidence": "medium", "evidence_word": "reported", "claim_status": "Independently reported", "basis": "Sources: one independent news report, the makers' peer-reviewed study, the makers' dataset and three press releases from the makers. The cited evidence includes no independent study or report and no finding by a regulator or court.", "interpretation": "Existing display rule preserved; the richer outcome-specific confidence question still needs review." } }, "provenance": { "kind": "curatorial", "basis": "Derived from the existing case display properties; not a new evidentiary judgment.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].rationale": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "The participant regained movement and used the interface at home over several months." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Results: Neurorehabilitation and neurological recovery; Independent use of the BSI.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0001-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete" }, "assessments[].rubric_version": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "assessments[].status_basis": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Walking was observed in clinical tests and during home use." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Results; Independent use of the BSI.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0001-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Walking was observed in clinical tests and during home use." } }, "assessments[].target": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "ratings": [ { "group": "personal", "depth": 3, "reason": "Life-changing benefit to one identifiable person: standing, walking, stair climbing and independent home use restored after ten years of paralysis. Some recovery persists when the device is switched off." } ] } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "ratings" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "availability": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "ARC-BCI remained investigational and unavailable for commercial use in ONWARD’s January 2026 announcement." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "ONWARD January 22, 2026, p. 3, Other Investigational Products.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0001-source-0005" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "ARC-BCI remained investigational and unavailable for commercial use in ONWARD’s January 2026 announcement." } }, "brief": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "case_kind": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "One participant in a clinical feasibility study." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Methods: Study design and participant.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0001-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "One participant in a clinical feasibility study." } }, "case_links[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "claims[].evidence_links": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "claims[].evidence_strength": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "claims[].missingness": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "claims[].proposition": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial" }, "cross_border_flows[]": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "The Swiss clinical team worked with CEA-Clinatec in France. Brain mapping took place in Grenoble, while surgery and rehabilitation took place in Lausanne." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Methods: Study design and participant.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0001-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "The Swiss clinical team worked with CEA-Clinatec in France. Brain mapping took place in Grenoble, while surgery and rehabilitation took place in Lausanne." } }, "decisions[].action_outcome": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "institutional decisions" }, "decisions[].grounds": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "institutional decisions" }, "decisions[].institution_task": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "institutional decisions" }, "decisions[].success_criterion": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "institutional decisions" }, "deployment_stage": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Clinical feasibility study." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Methods: Study design and participant.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0001-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Clinical feasibility study." } }, "economics[].amount": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].costs[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].counterfactual": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].currency_price_basis": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].gross_net": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].measure_type": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].period_unit": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].realization": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].recipient_payer": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].return_payback": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "economics[].valuation_method": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "monetary observations" }, "evaluations[].ai_uplift": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Brain-controlled stimulation produced more natural steps than stimulation triggered by motion sensors. The study did not compare different decoders." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Figure 3; Extended Data Figure 4.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0001-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Brain-controlled stimulation produced more natural steps than stimulation triggered by motion sensors. The study did not compare different decoders." } }, "evaluations[].comparator": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Walking with brain-controlled stimulation was compared with stimulation triggered by motion sensors and with no stimulation." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Figure 3; Extended Data Figure 4; Methods: Electromyography and kinematics.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0001-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Walking with brain-controlled stimulation was compared with stimulation triggered by motion sensors and with no stimulation." } }, "evaluations[].design": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Researchers followed one participant and compared walking under different stimulation conditions. Six independent physiotherapists assessed gait videos without knowing the condition." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Methods: Study design and participant; Observational gait analysis.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0001-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Researchers followed one participant and compared walking under different stimulation conditions. Six independent physiotherapists assessed gait videos without knowing the condition." } }, "evaluations[].effect": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "After rehabilitation, the participant walked more than 10 meters with crutches and no stimulation. Brain-controlled stimulation also improved walking across uneven terrain." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Figures 3–4; Neurorehabilitation and neurological recovery.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0001-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "After rehabilitation, the participant walked more than 10 meters with crutches and no stimulation. 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ONWARD’s announcements document later implantations, and Zenodo hosts the data." } }, "strategic_assessments[]": { "state": "not_assessed", "review_state": "not_assessed", "coverage": "partial", "family": "strategic assessments" }, "summary": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "record_fields", "fields": { "summary": "Gert-Jan Oskam used the STIMO-BSI interface to stand, walk, and climb stairs after a spinal cord injury.", "account": "Gert-Jan Oskam received the STIMO-BSI brain–spine interface after an incomplete cervical spinal cord injury. The decoder translated signals from his brain into spinal stimulation. He regained control of standing and walking, including stairs and uneven ground. After 40 rehabilitation sessions, he could also walk more than 10 meters with crutches while the stimulation was off.\n\nThe researchers reported stable control for over a year, including seven months of home use. An infection required removal of one cortical implant 167 days after implantation. Rehabilitation continued after treatment, and the implant was replaced in March 2023. The report concerns one participant." } }, "provenance": { "kind": "legacy_record", "basis": "Preserved from the existing AIBD record; external sources were not rechecked.", "record_fields": [ "summary", "account" ], "source_refs": [] }, "review_state": "record_mapped", "coverage": "partial" }, "systems[].autonomy_permissions": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Stimulation followed movement intentions within preset amplitude limits. The participant could start activities and adjust the permitted range." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Extended Data Figure 1; Independent use of the BSI.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0001-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Stimulation followed movement intentions within preset amplitude limits. The participant could start activities and adjust the permitted range." } }, "systems[].component_role": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "The decoder estimated intended leg movements and adjusted spinal stimulation." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Extended Data Figure 1.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0001-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "The decoder estimated intended leg movements and adjusted spinal stimulation." } }, "systems[].deployment_configuration": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "WIMAGINE implants recorded brain activity. A portable computer controlled an ACTIVA RC pulse generator and a Specify 5-6-5 spinal lead." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Digital bridge from brain to spinal cord; Extended Data Figure 1.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0001-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "WIMAGINE implants recorded brain activity. A portable computer controlled an ACTIVA RC pulse generator and a Specify 5-6-5 spinal lead." } }, "systems[].inputs_outputs": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "Cortical signals entered the decoder. Its predictions set the timing and strength of spinal stimulation." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Extended Data Figure 1.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0001-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "Cortical signals entered the decoder. Its predictions set the timing and strength of spinal stimulation." } }, "systems[].model_name": { "state": "value_present", "value": { "kind": "text", "text": "REW-MSLM, a decoder that combines a hidden Markov model with multilinear regressions." }, "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Methods: Decoding motor intentions with the brain–spine interface.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0001-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "REW-MSLM, a decoder that combines a hidden Markov model with multilinear regressions." } }, "systems[].model_version": { "state": "not_reported", "provenance": { "kind": "source_review", "basis": "Methods: Decoding motor intentions; Online decoder training.", "record_fields": [], "source_refs": [ "AIBD-0001-source-0001" ], "reviewed_on": "2026-10-25" }, "reason": "The Nature methods identify the decoder and its calibration procedure but no release identifier.", "review_state": "reviewed", "coverage": "complete", "display": { "answer": "The decoder was calibrated for the participant. 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